Abramowitz, Alan I. and Saunders, Kyle L.. 2008. “Is Polarization a Myth?” The Journal of Politics, 70(2): 542–555.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, Alan I. and Webster, Steven W.. 2018. “Negative Partisanship: Why Americans Dislike Parties but Behave Like Rabid Partisans.” Political Psychology, 39(S1): 119–135.Google Scholar

Ahler, Douglas. 2014. “Self-Fulfilling Misperceptions of Public Polarization.” Journal of Politics, 76(3): 607–620.Google Scholar

Ahn, T. K., Huckfeldt, Robert, and Ryan, John Barry. 2015. Experts, Activists, and Democratic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John, Lake, David A., Mansbridge, Jane C. et al. 2020. “Will the US Media Call the Right Winner on Election Night? Don’t Count on It.” The Guardian, October 7: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/07/us-media-election-night-apsaGoogle Scholar

Alicke, Mark D. 2000. “Evaluating Social Comparison Targets.” In Suls, Jerry and Wheeler, Ladd (eds.), Handbook of Social Comparison: Theory and Research. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. pp.271–293.Google Scholar

Almond, Gabriel and Verba, Sidney. 1965. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Anderson, Sarah E., Butler, Daniel M., and Harbridge-Yong, Laurel. 2020. Rejecting Compromise: Legislators’ Fear of Primary Voters. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

American Political Science Association. 1950. “Towards a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Report of the Committee on Political Parties.” American Political Science Review, 44(3 – Supplement): 1–96.Google Scholar

Aronow, Peter, Kalla, Joshua, Orr, Lilla, and Ternovski, John. 2020. “Evidence of Rising Rates of Inattentiveness on Lucid in 2020.” Working paper: https://osf.io/8sbe4/downloadGoogle Scholar

Auger, Giselle. 2013. “Fostering Democracy through Social Media: Evaluating Diametrically Opposed Nonprofit Advocacy Organizations’ Use of Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.” Public Relations Review, 39: 369–376.Google Scholar

Badger, Emily and Bui, Quoctrung. 2018. “Americans Say Their Politics Don’t Define Them. But It’s Complicated.” The New York Times, October 12: www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/12/upshot/us-politics-identity.htmlGoogle Scholar

Bail, Christopher A., Argyle, Lisa P., Brown, Taylor W. et al. 2018. “Exposure to Opposing Views on Social Media Can Increase Political Polarization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(37): 9216–9221.Google Scholar

Barabas, Jason, Jerit, Jennifer, Pollock, William, and Rainey, Carlisle. 2014. “The Question(s) of Political Knowledge.” American Political Science Review, 108(4): 840–855.Google Scholar

Barber, Michael and Pope, Jeremy. 2019. “Does Party Trump Ideology? Disentangling Party and Ideology in America.” American Political Science Review, 113(1): 38–54.Google Scholar

Bastos, Marco T. and Mercea, Dan. 2016. “Serial Activists: Political Twitter beyond Influentials and the Twittertariat.” New Media and Society, 18(10): 2359–2378.Google Scholar

Baumeister, Roy F. 1991. Meanings in Life. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Beaumont, Elizabeth. 2011. “Promoting Political Agency, Addressing Political Inequality: A Multilevel Model of Internal Political Efficacy.” The Journal of Politics, 73(1): 216–231.Google Scholar

Beck, Paul Allen and Jennings, M. Kent. 1982. “Pathways to Participation.” American Political Science Review, 76(1): 94–108.Google Scholar

Beckers, Kathleen. 2017. “How Ordinary is the Ordinary Wo(man) on the Street? An Analysis of Vox Pop Characteristics in Television News.” Journalism Practice, 11(8): 1026–1041.Google Scholar

Beckers, Kathleen. 2018. “Vox Pops in the News: The Journalists’ Perspective.” Communications, 43(1): 101–111.Google Scholar

Beckers, Kathleen. 2019. “What Vox Pops Say and How That Matters: Effects of Vox Pops in Television.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(4): 980–1003.Google Scholar

Beckers, Kathleen. 2020. “The Voice of the People in the News: A Content Analysis of Public Opinion Displays in Routine and Election News” Journalism Studies, 21(15), 2078–2095.Google Scholar

Beckers, Kathleen and Harder, Raymond A.. 2016. “ ‘Twitter Just Exploded’: Social Media As Alternative Vox Pop.” Digital Journalism, 4(7): 910–920.Google Scholar

Beckers, Kathleen, Walgrave, Stefaan, and Van den Bulck, Hilde. 2018. “Opinion Balance in Vox Pop Television news.” Journalism Studies, 19(2): 284–296.Google Scholar

Bekkers, René. 2005. “Participation in Voluntary Associations: Relations with Resources, Personality, and Political Values.” Political Psychology, 26(3): 439–454.Google Scholar

Belk, Russel W., Ger, Güliz, and Askegaard, Søren. 2003. “The Fire of Desire: A Multi-Sited Inquiry into Consumer Passion.” Journal of Consumer Research, 30(3): 326–352.Google Scholar

Benenson, Jodi and Bergom, Inger. 2019. “Voter Participation, Socioeconomic Status, and Institutional Contexts in Higher Education.” The Review of Higher Education, 42(4): 1665–1688.Google Scholar

Bennett, Linda L. M. and Bennett, Stephen Earl. 1989. “Enduring Gender Differences in Political Interest: The Impact of Socialization and Political Dispositions.” American Politics Research, 17(1): 105–122.Google Scholar

Berelson, Bernard, Lazarsfeld, Paul, and McPhee, William (1954). Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Berinsky, Adam J. 2004. “Can We Talk? Self-Presentation and the Survey Response.” Political Psychology, 25(4): 643–659.Google Scholar

Berinsky, Adam J. and Lenz, Gabriel S.. 2011. “Education and Political Participation: Exploring the Causal Link.” Political Behavior, 33(3): 357–373.Google Scholar

Berry, Jeffrey and Sobieraj, Sarah. 2013. The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bevan, Jennifer L., Gomez, Ruth, and Sparks, Lisa. 2014. “Disclosures about Important Life Events on Facebook: Relationships with Stress and Quality of Life.” Computers in Human Behavior, 39: 246–253.Google Scholar

Bloch, Peter H., Commuri, Suraj, and Arnold, Todd J.. 2009. “Exploring the Origins of Enduring Product Involvement.” Qualitative Market Research, 12(1): 49–69.Google Scholar

Boczkowski, Pablo J., Mitchelstein, Eugenia, and Walter, Martin. 2011. “Convergence across Divergence: Understanding the Gap in the Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers in Western Europe and Latin America.” Communication Research, 38: 376–396.Google Scholar

Bode, Leticia. 2016. “Political News in the News Feed: Learning Politics from Social Media.” Mass Communication and Society, 19(1): 24–48.Google Scholar

Bolsen, Toby and Leeper, Thomas. 2013. “Self-Interest and Attention to News among Issue Publics.” Political Communication, 30: 329–248.Google Scholar

Booth, Paul and Booth, Katie. 2014. “The Discourse of Authenticity in the Doctor Who Fan Community.” In Barr, Jason and Mustachio, Camille D.G. (eds.), The Language of Doctor Who: From Shakespeare to Alien Tongues. London: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 259–273.Google Scholar

Bosch, Brandon. 2014. “Beyond Vox Pop: The Role of News Sourcing and Political Beliefs in Exemplification Effects.” Mass Communication and Society, 17(2): 217–235.Google Scholar

Boudreau, Cheryl and MacKenzie, Scott A.. 2014. “Informing the Electorate? How Party Cues and Policy Information Affect Public Opinion about Initiatives.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(1): 48–62.Google Scholar

Bougher, Lori. 2017. “The Correlates of Discord: Identity, Issue Alignment, and Political Hostility in Polarized America.” Political Behavior, 39(3): 731–762.Google Scholar

Boulianne, Shelley. 2011. “Stimulating or Reinforcing Political Interest: Using Panel Data to Examine Reciprocal Effects between News Media and Political Interest.” Political Communication, 28(2): 147–162.Google Scholar

Bowman, Nicholas A. and Bastedo, Michael N.. 2011. “Anchoring Effects in World University Rankings: Exploring Biases in Reputation Scores.” Higher Education, 61: 431–444.Google Scholar

boyd, danah. 2010. “Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications.” In Papacharissi, Zizi (ed.), A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites. New York: Routledge, pp. 39–58.Google Scholar

Boydstun, Amber E. 2013. Making the News: Politics, the Media, and Agenda Setting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Bradshaw, Alan. 2012. “Interview with Morris Holbrook.” Royal Holloway University of London Marketing Blog, June 28: http://royalhollowaymarketing.blogspot.com/2012/06/interview-with-morris-holbrook.htmlGoogle Scholar

Brady, Henry E., Verba, Sidney, and Schlozman, Kay Lehman. 1995. “Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation.” American Political Science Review, 89(2): 271–294.Google Scholar

Brady, William J., Crockett1, M. J., and Van Bavel, Jay J. 2020. “The MAD Model of Moral Contagion: The Role of Motivation, Attention, and Design in the Spread of Moralized Content Online.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(4): 978–1010.Google Scholar

Brennan, Jason. 2016. “Trump Won Because Voters are Ignorant, Literally.” Foreign Policy, November 10: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/11/10/the-dance-of-the-dunces-trump-clinton-election-republican-democrat/Google Scholar

Bright, Jonathan. 2016. “The Social News Gap: How News Reading and News Sharing Diverge.” Journal of Communication, 66: 343–365.Google Scholar

Brosius, Hans-Bernd and Bathelt, Anke. 1994. “The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications.” Communication Research, 21(2): 48–78.Google Scholar

Broockman, David E. and Skovron, Christopher. 2018. “Bias in Perceptions of Public Opinion among Political Elites.” American Political Science Review, 112(3): 542–563.Google Scholar

Broockman, David E., Kalla, Joshua L., and Westwood, Sean J.. 2021. “Does Affective Polarization Undermine Democratic Norms or Accountability? Maybe Not.” Working paper: 10.31219/osf.io/9btsqGoogle Scholar

Burns, Alexander and Martin, Jonathan. 2020. “Trump Struggles on GOP Turf As Women Favor Biden.” The New York Times, September 25: Section A Page 1.Google Scholar

Burns, Nancy, Schlozman, Kay, and Verba, Sidney. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Burrow, Anthony and Rainone, Nicolette. 2017. “How Many Likes Did I Get?: Purpose Moderates Links between Positive Social Media Feedback and Self-Esteem.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69: 232–236.Google Scholar

Buttice, Matthew, Huckfeldt, Robert, and Ryan, John Barry. 2009. “Political Polarization and Communication Networks in the 2006 Congressional Elections.” In Mondak, Jeffery J. and Mitchell, Donna-Gene (eds.), Fault Lines: Why the Republicans Lost Congress. New York: Routledge, pp. 42–60.Google Scholar

Cain Miller, Claire. 2020. “More Partisanship But Happier Couples?” The New York Times, October 27: Section A Page 14.Google Scholar

Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E.. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Cappella, Joseph N. 1985. “Production Principles for Turn-Taking Rules in Social Interaction: Socially Anxious vs. Socially Secure Persons.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4: 193–212.Google Scholar

Carlson, Taylor N. 2018. “Modeling Political Information Transmission as a Game of Telephone.” The Journal of Politics, 80(1): 348–352.Google Scholar

Carlson, Taylor N. 2019. “Through the Grapevine: Informational Consequences of Interpersonal Political Communication.” American Political Science Review, 113(2): 325–339.Google Scholar

Carlson, Taylor and Settle, Jaime. 2016. “Political Chameleons: An Exploration of Conformity in Political Discussions.” Political Behavior, 38(4): 817–859.Google Scholar

Chatzitheochari, Stella and Arber, Sara. 2012. “Class, Gender and Time Poverty: A Time-Use Analysis of British Workers’ Free Time Resources.” The British Journal of Sociology, 63(3): 451–471.Google Scholar

Chen, M. Keith and Rohla, Ryne. 2018. “The Effect of Partisanship and Political Advertising on Close Family Ties.” Science, 360(6392): 1020–1024.Google Scholar

Choi, Sujin. 2014. “Flow, Diversity, Form, and Influence of Political Talk in Social-Media-Based Public Forums.” Human Communication Research, 40: 209–237.Google Scholar

Cisneros, J. David and Nakayama, Thomas K.. 2015. “New Media, Old Racisms: Twitter, Miss America, and Cultural Logics of Race.” Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 8(2): 108–127.Google Scholar

Claassen, Ryan L. and Ryan, John Barry. 2016. “Social Desirability, Hidden Biases, and Support for Hillary Clinton.” PS, 49(4): 730–735.Google Scholar

Clark, Jenna L., Algoe, Sara B., and Green, Melanie C.. 2018. “Social Network Sites and Well-Being: The Role of Social Connection.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(1): 32–37.Google Scholar

Cohen, Jacob. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition. New York: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Cohn, Nate and Quealy, Kevin. 2019. “The Democratic Electorate on Twitter Is Not the Actual Democratic Electorate.” The New York Times, April 9: www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/08/upshot/democratic-electorate-twitter-real-life.htmlGoogle Scholar

Connors, Elizabeth C. 2020. “The Social Dimension of Political Values.” Political Behavior, 42(3): 961–982.Google Scholar

Connors, Elizabeth C., Krupnikov, Yanna, and Ryan, John Barry. 2019. “How Transparency Affects Survey Responses.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(S1): 185–209.Google Scholar

Conover, Pamela Johnston, Searing, Donald D. and Crewe, Ivor M.. 2002. “The Deliberative Potential of Political Discussion.” British Journal of Political Science, 32(1): 21–62.Google Scholar

Converse, Philip. 1962. “Information Flow and the Stability of Partisan Attitudes.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 26(4): 578–599.Google Scholar

Converse, Phillip. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems In Mass Publics.” In Apter, David (ed.), Ideology and Discontent. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, pp. 206–261.Google Scholar

Coppock, Alexander and McClellan, Oliver A.. 2019. “Validating the Demographic, Political, Psychological, and Experimental Results Obtained from a New Source of Online Survey Respondents.” Research & Politics, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018822174Google Scholar

Coppock, Alexander, Leeper, Thomas J., and Mullinix, Kevin J.. 2018. “Generalizability of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimates Across Samples.” Proceedings of the National Academic of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(49): 12441–12446.Google Scholar

Cornwall, Gail. 2020. “The Right Way to Talk About Politics with Your Kids, According to Experts.” Good Housekeeping, August 24: www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/parenting/a32811769/talking-to-kids-about-politics/Google Scholar

Cornwell, Susan, Morgan, David and Cowen, Richard. 2020. “Trump Impeachment Trial Opens as Watchdog Faults White House on Ukraine.” Reuters. Retrieved from https://fr.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-trump-impeachment-idUKKBN1ZF18QGoogle Scholar

Costa, Mia. 2021. “Ideology, Not Affect: What Americans Want From Political Representation.” American Journal of Political Science, 65(2): 342–358.Google Scholar

Dafoe, Allan, Zhang, Baobao, and Caughey, Devin. 2018. “Information Equivalence in Survey Experiments.” Political Analysis, 26(4): 399–416.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell. 1980. “Reassessing Parental Socialization: Indicator Unreliability Versus Generational Transfer.” American Political Science Review, 74(2): 421–431.Google Scholar

Darling, Nancy and Steinberg, Laurence. 1993. “Parenting Style as Context: An Integrative Model.” Psychological Bulletin, 113(3): 487–496.Google Scholar

Daschmann, Gregor. 2000. “Vox Pop & Polls: The impact of Poll Results and Voter Statements in the Media on the Perception of a Climate of Opinion.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12: 160–181.Google Scholar

Daschmann, Gregor and Brosius, Hans-Bernd. 1999. “Can a Single Incident Create an Issue? Exemplars in German Television Magazine Shows.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1): 35–51.Google Scholar

Davis, Robert and Lee Phillip, McGinnis. 2016. “Conceptualizing Excessive Fan Consumption Behavior.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 28: 252–262.Google Scholar

de Zúñiga, Homero Gil, Logan Molyneux,and Pei Zheng. 2014. “Social Media, Political Expression, and Political Participation: Panel Analysis of Lagged and Concurrent Relationships.” Journal of Communication, 64(4): 612–634.Google Scholar

de Zúñiga, Homero Gil, Valenzuela, Sebastián, and Weeks, Brian E.. 2016. “Motivations for Political Discussion: Antecedents and Consequences on Civic Engagement.” Human Communication Research, 42(4): 533–552.Google Scholar

Dean, Jonathan. 2017. “Politicising Fandom.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(2): 408–424.Google Scholar

Delton, Andrew W., DeScioli, Peter, and Ryan, Timothy J.. 2020. “Moral Obstinacy in Political Negotiations.” Political Psychology, 41(1): 3–20.Google Scholar

Denham, Bryan E. 2008. “Folk Devils, News Icons and the Construction of Moral Panics.” Journalism Studies, 9(6): 945–961.Google Scholar

Dias, Nicholas and Lelkes, Yphtach. 2021. “The Partisan Roots of Affective Polarization: Disentangling Partisanship from Policy Positions.” American Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12628Google Scholar

Dickerson, John. 2020. The Hardest Job in the World: The American Presidency. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Dickerson, Mary Dee and Gentry, James W.. 1983. “Characteristics of Adopters and Non-Adopters of Home Computers.” Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2): 225–235.Google Scholar

Diehl, Trevor, Ardèvol-Abreu, Alberto and de Zúñiga, Homero Gil. 2019. “How Engagement with Journalists on Twitter Reduces Public Perceptions of Media Bias.” Journalism Practice, 13(8): 971–975.Google Scholar

Dimmock, James A. and Grove, J. Robert. 2005. “Relationship of Fan Identification to Determinants of Aggression.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1): 37–47.Google Scholar

Dinas, Elias. 2013. “Opening ‘Openness to Change‘: Political Events and the Increased Sensitivity of Young Adults.” Political Research Quarterly, 66(4): 868–882.Google Scholar

Dinas, Elias. 2014. “Why Does the Apple Fall Far from the Tree? How Early Political Socialization Prompts Parent-Child Dissimilarity.” British Journal of Political Science, 44(4): 827–852.Google Scholar

Dionísio, Pedro, Leal, Carmo and Mountinho, Luiz. 2008. “Fandom Affiliation and Tribal Behaviour: A Sports Marketing Application.” Qualitative Marketing Research: An International Journal, 11(1): 17–39.Google Scholar

Doosje, Bertjan, Spears, Russell, Ellemers, Naomi and Koomen, Willem. 1999. “Perceived Group Variability in Intergroup Relations: The Distinctive Role of Social Identity.” European Review of Social Psychology, 10(1): 41–74.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Druckman, James N. and Levendusky, Matthew. 2019. “What Do We Measure When We Measure Affective Polarization?” Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(1): 114–122.Google Scholar

Druckman, James N., Klar, Samara, Krupnikov, Yanna, Levendusky, Matthew, and Ryan, John Barry. 2020. “How Affective Polarization Shapes Americans’ Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Experimental Political Science, DOI: 10.1017/XPS.2020.28Google Scholar

Druckman, James N., Klar, Samara, Krupnikov, Yanna, Levendusky, Matthew, and Ryan, John Barry. 2021a. “Affective Polarization, Local Contexts, and Public Opinion in America.” Nature Human Behaviour, 5: 28–38Google Scholar

Druckman, James N., Klar, Samara, Krupnikov, Yanna, Levendusky, Matthew, and Ryan, John Barry. 2021b. “(Mis-)Estimating Affective Polarization.” The Journal of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1086/715603Google Scholar

Duggan, Maeve and Smith, Aaron. 2016. “The Political Environment on Social Media.” Pew Report, October 25: www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/10/25/the-political-environment-on-social-media/Google Scholar

Dunaway, Johanna and Lawrence, Regina G.. 2015. “What Predicts the Game Frame? Media Ownership, Electoral Context, and Campaign News.” Political Communication, 32(1): 43–60.Google Scholar

Dunaway, Johanna L., Searles, Kathleen, Sui, Mingxiao, and Paul, Newly. 2018. “News Attention in a Mobile Era.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 23(2):107–124.Google Scholar

Edelman, Murray. 1964. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Edelman, Murray. 1988. Constructing the Political Spectacle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Edrington, Candice L. and Lee, Nicole. 2018. “Tweeting a Social Movement: Black Lives Matter and its use of Twitter to Share Information, Build Community, and Promote Action.” Journal of Public Interest Communications, 2(2): 289–306.Google Scholar

Eiser, J. Richard., Stafford, Thomas, Henneberry, John and Catney, Philip. 2009. “‘Trust me, I’m a Scientist (Not a Developer)’: Perceived Expertise and Motives as Predictors of Trust in Assessment of Risk from Contaminated Land.” Risk Analysis, 29(2): 288–297.Google Scholar

Ellemers, Naomi and Wendy, Van Rijswijk. 1997. “Identity Needs Versus Social Opportunities: The Use of Group-Level and Individual-Level Identity Management Strategies.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 60(1): 52–65.Google Scholar

Naomi, Ellemers, Spears, Russell and Doosje, Bertjan. 2002. “Self and Social Identity.” Annual Review of Psychology, 53: 161–186.Google Scholar

Epstein, Reid. 2020. “Wild Card in Wisconsin: Virus in a Purple Region.” The New York Times, October 31: Section A Page 15.Google Scholar

Eulau, Heinz and Schneider, Peter. 1956. “Dimensions of Political Involvement.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 20(1): 128–142.Google Scholar

Eveland, William P. Jr., Morey, Alyssa C., and Hutchens, Myiah J.. 2011. “Beyond Deliberation: New Directions for the Study of Informal Political Conversation from a Communication Perspective.” Journal of Communication, 61: 1082–1103.Google Scholar

Fan, Rui, Varameshb, Ali, Varolc, Onur, et al. 2018. “Does Putting Your Emotions Into Words Make You Feel Better? Measuring the Minute-Scale Dynamics of Emotions from Online Data.” Working paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1807.09725.pdfGoogle Scholar

Fandos, Nicholas. 2020. “A Step-by-Step Guide to Trump’s Impeachment Trial.” The New York Times, January 14: Section A, Page 16.Google Scholar

Fandos, Nicholas, Schaff, Erin and Cochrane, Emily. 2021. “‘It Didn’t Feel Real’: Covering Politics One Moment, and Chaos the Next.” The New York Times, January 8: Section A, Page 15.Google Scholar

Federico, Christopher M. and Hunt, Corrie V.. 2013. “Political Information, Political Involvement, and Reliance on Ideology in Political Evaluation.” Political Behavior, 35(1): 89–112.Google Scholar

Fiorina, Morris P. 1990. “Information and Rationality in Elections.” In Ferejohn, John A. and Kuklinski, James H. (eds.), Information and Democratic Processes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 329–342.Google Scholar

Fiorina, Morris P. 2016. “The Political Parties Have Sorted.” Hoover Institution Essays on Contemporary American Politics, Series No. 3. www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/fiorina_3_finalfile.pdfGoogle Scholar

Fiorina, Morris. 2017. Unstable Majorities: Polarization, Party Sorting and Political Stalemate. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar

Fox, Richard L. and Lawless, Jennifer L.. 2014. “Uncovering the Origins of the Gender Gap in Political Ambition.” American Political Science Review, 108(3): 499–519.Google Scholar

Francis, Lizzy. 2017. “7 Fathers on Why They Take Their Kids to Protests.” Fatherly.com, www.fatherly.com/love-money/7-dads-on-why-they-take-their-kids-to-protests/Google Scholar

Freelon, Deen. 2015. “Discourse Architecture, Ideology, and Democratic Norms in Online Political Discussion.” New Media & Society, 17(5): 772–791.Google Scholar

Freelon, Deen, McIlwain, Charlton and Clark, Meredith. 2018. “Quantifying the Power and Consequences of Social Media Protest.” New Media & Society, 20(3): 990–1011.Google Scholar

Fry, Richard and Cilluffo, Anthony. 2019. “A Rising Share of Undergraduates Are From Poor Families, Especially at Less Selective. Colleges.” Pew Research Center Report. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/05/22/a-rising-share-of-undergraduates-are-from-poor-families-especially-at-less-selective-colleges/Google Scholar

Galais, Carolina and Blais, André and Bowler, Shaun. 2014. “Is Political Interest Absolute or Relative?” APSA 2014 Annual Meeting Paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2455573Google Scholar

Galston, William. 2004. “Civic Education and Political Participation.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 37(2): 263–266.Google Scholar

Galuszka, Patryk. 2015. “New Economy of Fandom.” Popular Music and Society, 38(1): 25–43.Google Scholar

Garrett, Kristin N. and Bankert, Alexa. 2020. “The Moral Roots of Partisan Division: How Moral Conviction Heightens Affective Polarization.” British Journal of Political Science, 50(2): 621–640.Google Scholar

Gaskins, Ben, Barabas, Jason, and Jerit, Jennifer. 2020. “Qualitative Quotes: The Prevalence and Effects of Survey Respondent Exemplars in Political News Coverage.” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(1): 96–114.Google Scholar

Gawronski, Bertram and Bodenhausen, Galen V.. 2006. “Associative and Propositional Processes in Evaluation: An Integrative Review of Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change.” Psychological Bulletin, 132(5): 692–731.Google Scholar

Gerson, Michael. 2019. “Politics is Religion and the Right is Getting Ready for the End Times.” The Washington Post, March 18: www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-left-was-about-salvation-the-right-is-about-the-end-times/2019/03/18/2cd16898-49b8-11e9-9663-00ac73f49662_story.htmlGoogle Scholar

Glasser, William. 1976. Positive Addiction. Oxford, England: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Gnolek, Shari L., Falciano, Vincenzo T. and Kuncl, Ralph W.. 2014. “Modeling Change and Variation in U.S. News & World Report College Rankings: What Would It Really Take to Be in the Top 20?” Research in Higher Education, 55: 761–779.Google Scholar

Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar

Gray, Jonathan. 2003. “New Audiences, New Textualities: Anti-Fans and Non-Fans.” International Journal of Cultural Studies, 6(1): 64–81.Google Scholar

Green, Donald, Palmquist, Bradley and Shickler, Eric. 2002. Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Green, Emma. 2018. “Politics as the New Religion for Progressive Democrats.” The Atlantic, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/poll-shows-activism-highest-among-non-religious-democrats/572674/Google Scholar

Greene, Steven. 1999. “Understanding Party Identification: A Social Identity Approach.” Political Psychology, 20(2): 393–403.Google Scholar

Greenstein, Fred I. 1965. Children and Politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Groenendyk, Eric. 2013. Competing Motives in the Partisan Mind: How Loyalty and Responsiveness Shape Party Identification and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Groenendyk, Eric. 2018. “Competing Motives in a Polarized Electorate: Political Responsiveness, Identity Defensiveness, and the Rise of Partisan Antipathy.” Advances in Political Psychology, 39(S1): 159–171.Google Scholar

Groenendyk, Eric. 2019. “Of Two Minds, But One Heart: A Good ‘Gut’ Feeling Moderates the Effect of Ambivalence on Attitude Formation and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science, 63(2): 368–384.Google Scholar

Groenendyk, Eric, Sances, Michael W., and Zhirkov, Kirill. 2020. “Intraparty Polarization in American Politics.” The Journal of Politics, 82(4): 1616–1620.Google Scholar

Grusec, Joan E. Goodnow, Jacqueline J., and Kuczynski, Leon. 2000. “New Directions in Analyses of Parenting Contributions to Children’s Acquisition of Values.” Child Development, 71(1): 205–211.Google Scholar

Guess, Andrew M., Nyhan, Brendan, Lyons, Benjamin and Reifler, Jason. 2018. “Avoiding the Echo Chamber About Echo Chambers: Why Selective Exposure to Like-Minded Political News is Less Prevalent Than You Think.” Knight Foundation White Paper. https://kf-site-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media_elements/files/000/000/133/original/Topos_KF_White-Paper_Nyhan_V1.pdfGoogle Scholar

Guess, Andrew M., Nyhan, Brendan, and Reifler, Jason. 2020. “Exposure to Untrustworthy Websites in the 2016 US Election.” Nature Human Behaviour, 4: 472–480.Google Scholar

Guschwan, Matthew. 2011. “Fans, Romans, Countrymen: Soccer Fandom and Civic Identity in Contemporary Rome.” International Journal of Communication, 5: 1990–2013.Google Scholar

Gutmann, Amy. 1980. “Children, Paternalism, and Education: A Liberal Argument.” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 9(4): 338–358.Google Scholar

Gutmann, Amy. 1995. “Civic Education and Social Diversity.” Ethics, 105(3): 557–579.Google Scholar

Hall, Judith A., Carter, Jason D., and Horgan, Terrence G.. 2000. “Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication of Emotion.” In Fischer, A. H. (ed.), Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 97–117.Google Scholar

Harbridge, Laurel, Malhotra, Neil and Harrison, Brian F.. 2014. “Public Preferences for Bipartisanship in the Policymaking Process.” Legislative Studies Quarterly, 39(3): 327–355.Google Scholar

Harder, Raymond A., Sevenans, Julie, Van Aelst, Peter. 2017. “Intermedia Agenda Setting in the Social Media Age: How Traditional Players Dominate the News Agenda in Election Times.” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(3): 275–293.Google Scholar

Hart, Joshua, Nailling, Elizabeth, Bizer, George Y. and Collins, Caitlyn K. 2015. “Attachment Theory as a Framework for Explaining Engagement with Facebook.” Personality and Individual Differences, 77: 33–40.Google Scholar

Hart, P. Sol, Chinn, Sedona, and Soroka, Stuart. 2020. “Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 News Coverage.” Science Communication, 42(5): 679–697.Google Scholar

Hasell, Ariel. 2020. “Shared Emotion: The Social Amplification of Partisan News on Twitter.” Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1831937Google Scholar

Hassell, Hans G., Holbein, John B. and Miles, Matthew R.. 2020. “There is no Liberal Media Bias in Which News Stories Political Journalist Choose to Cover.” Science Advances, 6(14): eaay9344.Google Scholar

Hatemi, Peter and Ojeda, Christopher. 2021. “The Role of Child Perception and Motivation in Political Socialization.” British Journal of Political Science, 51(3): 1097–1118.Google Scholar

Herbst, Susan. 2011. “(Un)Numbered Voices? Reconsidering the Meaning of Public Opinion in a Digital Age.” In Goidel, Kirby (ed.), Political Polling in the Digital Age: The Challenge of Measuring and Understanding Public Opinion, Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, pp. 85–98.Google Scholar

Hersh, Eitan. 2020. Politics is For Power: How To Move Beyond Political Hobbyism, Take Action, and Make Real Change. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar

Hersh, Eitan and Ghitza, Yair. 2018. “Mixed partisan households and electoral participation in the United States.” PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203997Google Scholar

Hersh, Richard H. 1999. “Generating Ideals and Transforming Lives: A Contemporary Case for the Residential Liberal Arts College.” Daedalus, 128(1): 173–194.Google Scholar

Hetherington, Marc J. 2001. “Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization.” The American Political Science Review, 95(3): 619–631.Google Scholar

Hetherington, Marc and Rudolph, Thomas. 2015. Why Washington Won’t Work: Polarization, Political Trust, and the Governing Crisis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hetherington, Marc J. and Weiler, Jonathan D.. 2009. Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hibbing, John R. and Elizabeth, Theiss-Morse. 2002. Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs about How Government Should Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hill, Ronald Paul and Robinson, Harold. 1991. “Fanatic Consumer Behavior: Athletics as a Consumption Experience.” Psychology & Marketing, 8(2): 79–99.Google Scholar

Hills, Matthew. 2002. Fan Cultures. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2005. “The Missing Link: Exploring the Relationship between Higher Education and Political Engagement.” Political Behavior, 27(1): 25–47.Google Scholar

Hinnant, Amanda, Len-Ríos, María E, and Young, Rachel. 2013. “Journalistic Use of Exemplars to Humanize Health News.” Journalism Studies, 14(4): 539–554.Google Scholar

Hoffman, Lindsay H., Jones, Philip Edward, and Young, Dannagal Goldthwaite. 2013. “Does My Comment Count? Perceptions of Political Participation in an Online Environment.” Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6): 2248–2256.Google Scholar

Holbein, John and Sunshine Hillygus, D.. 2020. Making Young Voters: Converting Civic Attitudes into Civic Actions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Holbrook, Morris B. 1987. “An Audiovisual Inventory of Some Fanatic Consumer Behavior: the 25-Cent Tour of a Jazz Collector’s Home.” In Wallendorf, Melanie and Anderson, Paul (eds.), Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 144–149.Google Scholar

Holbrook, Morris B. 2008. Playing the Changes on the Jazz Metaphor: An Expanded Conceptualization of Music, Management, and Marketing-Related Themes. Hanover, MA: Now Publishers.Google Scholar

Holbrook, Allyson K., Green, Melanie C., and Krosnick, Jon A.. 2003. “Telephone Versus Face-to-Face Interviewing of National Probability Samples with Long Questionnaires: Comparisons of Respondent Satisficing and Social Desirability Response Bias.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1): 79–125.Google Scholar

Holt, Douglas B. 1995. “How Consumers Consume: A Typology of Consumption Practices.” Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1): 1–16.Google Scholar

Housley, William, Webb, Helena, Williams, Meredydd, et al. 2018. “Interaction and Transformation on Social Media: The Case of Twitter Campaigns.” Social Media + Society: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117750721.Google Scholar

Huber, Gregory A. and Malhotra, Neil. 2017. “Political Homophily in Social Relationships: Evidence from Online Dating Behavior.” The Journal of Politics, 79(1): 269–283.Google Scholar

Huckfeldt, Robert. 2001. “The Social Communication of Political Expertise.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(2): 425–438.Google Scholar

Huckfeldt, Robert. 2007. “Unanimity, Discord, and the Communication of Public Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(4): 978–995.Google Scholar

Huckfeldt, Robert, Levine, Jeffrey, Morgan, William, and Sprague, John. 1999. “Accessibility and the Political Utility of Partisan and Ideological Orientations.” American Journal of Political Science, 43(3): 888–911.Google Scholar

Huckfeldt, Robert, Mendez, Jeanette, and Osborn, Tracy. 2004. “Disagreement, Ambivalence and Engagement: The Political Consequences of Heterogeneous Networks.” Political Psychology, 26: 65–96.Google Scholar

Huckfeldt, Robert and Sprague, John. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huddy, Leonie and Khatib, Nadia. 2007. “American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political Involvement.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(1): 63–77.Google Scholar

Huddy, Leonie, Mason, Lilliana, and Lene, Aarøe. 2015. “Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity.” American Political Science Review, 109(1): 1–17.Google Scholar

Hughes, Adam. 2019. “A Small Group of Prolific Users Account for a Majority of Political Tweets Sent by U.S. Adults.” Pew Research Center Fact Tank. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/23/a-small-group-of-prolific-users-account-for-a-majority-of-political-tweets-sent-by-u-s-adults/Google Scholar

Hutchings, Vincent L. 2005. Public Opinion and Democratic Accountability: How Citizens Learn about Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ishizuka, Patrick. 2019. “Social Class, Gender, and Contemporary Parenting Standards in the United States: Evidence from a National Survey Experiment.” Social Forces, 98(1): 31–58.Google Scholar

Iyengar, Shanto, Konitzer, Tobias and Tedin, Kent. 2018. “The Home as a Political Fortress: Family Agreement in an Era of Polarization.” The Journal of Politics, 80(4): 1326–1338.Google Scholar

Iyengar, Shanto and Krupenkin, Masha. 2018. “The Strengthening of Partisan Affect.” Advances in Political Psychology, 39(1): 201–218.Google Scholar

Iyengar, Shanto, Lelkes, Yphtach, Levendusky, Matthew, Malhotra, Neil, and Westwood, Sean. 2019. “The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States.” Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1): 129–146.Google Scholar

Iyengar, Shanto, Sood, Gaurav and Lelkes, Yphtach. 2012. “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3): 405–431.Google Scholar

Iyengar, Shanto and Westwood, Sean J.. 2015. “Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science, 59(3): 690–707.Google Scholar

Jackson, Sarah J., Bailey, Moya and Welles, Brooke Foucault. 2020. #HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie and Frantz, Cynthia McPherson. 1997. “The Impact of Trauma on Meaning: From Meaningless World to Meaningful Life.” In Power, Mick and Brewin, Chris (eds.), The Transformation of Meaning in Psychological Therapies: Integrating Theory and Practice. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 91–106.Google Scholar

Japutra, Arnold, Ekinci, Yuksel, and Simkin, Lyndon. 2017. “Self-Congruence, Brand Attachment and Compulsive Buying.” Journal of Business Research, 99: 456–463.Google Scholar

Jefferson, Hakeem. 2020. “The Curious Case of Black Conservatives: Construct Validity and the 7-point Liberal-Conservative Scale.” Working paper: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3602209Google Scholar

Jennings, M. Kent and Markus, Gregory B.. 1988. “Political Involvement in the Later Years: A Longitudinal Survey.” American Journal of Political Science, 32(2): 302–316.Google Scholar

Jennings, M. Kent and Niemi, Richard G.. 1968. “The Transmission of Political Values from Parent to Child.” American Political Science Review, 62(1): 169–184.Google Scholar

Jennings, M. Kent and Niemi, Richard G.. 1981. Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Jennings, M. Kent, Stoker, Laura and Bowers, Jake. 2009. “Politics across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined.” The Journal of Politics, 71(3): 782–799.Google Scholar

Jost, John, Glaser, Jack, Kruglanski, Arie and Sulloway, Frank. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin, 129(3): 339–375.Google Scholar

Kahne, Joseph, Lee, Nam-Jin and Timpany Feezell, Jessica. 2012. “Digital Media Literacy Education and Online Civic and Political Participation.” International Journal of Communication, 6: 1–24.Google Scholar

Kalmoe, Nathan and Mason, Lilliana. 2019. “Lethal Mass Partisanship: Prevalence, Correlates & Electoral Contingencies.” Paper presented at the National Capital Area Political Science Association American Political Workshop. Google Scholar

Kam, Cindy D. and Deichert, Maggie. 2020. “Boycotting, Buycotting, and the Psychology of Political Consumerism.” The Journal of Politics, 82(1): 72–88.Google Scholar

Kam, Cindy D. and Palmer, Carl L.. 2008. “Reconsidering the Effects of Education on Political Participation.” The Journal of Politics, 70(3): 612–631.Google Scholar

Karpowitz, Christopher and Pope, Jeremy. 2020. American Family Survey Summary Report: Life During a Pandemic. https://media.deseret.com/media/misc/pdf/afs/2020-AFS-Final-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar

Kashdan, Todd B. and Silvia, Paul. 2009. “Curiosity and Interest: The Benefits of Thriving on Novelty and Challenge.” In Lopez, Shane J. and Snider, C.R. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 367–374.Google Scholar

Katz, Elihu. 1957. “The Two Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 21(1): 67–81.Google Scholar

Katz, Elihu and Lazarsfeld, Paul. 1955. Personal Influence. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Kim, Hyun Suk. 2015. “Attracting Views and Going Viral: How Message Features and News- Sharing Channels Affect Health News Diffusion.” Journal of Communication, 65: 512–534.Google Scholar

Kingzette, Jon. 2020. “Who Do You Loathe? Feelings toward Politicians vs. Ordinary People in the Opposing Party.” Journal of Experimental Political Science. DOI: 10.1017/XPS.2020.9Google Scholar

Kingzette, Jon, Druckman, James N., Klar, Samara, et al. 2021. “How Affective Polarization Undermines Support for Democratic Norms.” Public Opinion Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfab029Google Scholar

Klar, Samara. 2014. “Partisanship in a Social Setting.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(3): 687–704.Google Scholar

Klar, Samara and Krupnikov, Yanna. 2016. Independent Politics: How American Disdain for Parties Leads to Political Inaction. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Klar, Samara, Krupnikov, Yanna and Ryan, John Barry. 2018. “Affective Polarization or Partisan Disdain? Untangling a Dislike for the Opposing Party from a Dislike of Partisanship.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(2): 379–390.Google Scholar

Klar, Samara, Leeper, Thomas and Robison, Joshua. 2020. “Studying Identities with Experiments: Weighing the Risk of Posttreatment Bias against Priming Effects.” Journal of Experimental Political Science, 7(1): 56–60.Google Scholar

Klofstad, Casey A. McClurg, Scott D., and Rolfe, Meredith. 2009. “Measurement of Political Discussion Networks: A Comparison of Two ‘Name Generator’ Procedures.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(3): 462–483.Google Scholar

Knight Foundation. 2020. “The 100 Million Project: The Untold Story of American Non-Voters.” https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-100-Million-Project_KF_Report_2020.pdfGoogle Scholar

Kozinets, Robert V. 2001. “Utopian Enterprise: Articulating the Meanings of Star Trek’s Culture of Consumption.” Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1): 67–88.Google Scholar

Kraft, Patrick W, Krupnikov, Yanna, Milita, Kerri, Ryan, John Barry and Soroka, Stuart. 2020. “Social Media and the Changing Information Environment: Sentiment Differences in Read versus Circulated Content.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 84(S1): 195–215.Google Scholar

Krämer, Benjamin and Christina, Peter. 2020. “Exemplification Effects: A Meta-Analysis.” Human Communication Research. 46(2–3): 192–221.Google Scholar

Krauss, Robert M., Chen, Yihsiu, and Chawla, Purnima. 1996. “Nonverbal Behavior and Nonverbal Communication: What do Conversational Hand Gestures Tell Us?” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28: 389–450.Google Scholar

Kreiss, Daniel. 2014. “Seizing the Moment: The Presidential Campaigns’ Use of Twitter During the 2012 Electoral Cycle.” New Media and Society 18(8): 1473–1490.Google Scholar

Krosnick, Jon A. 1991. “Response Strategies for Coping with the Cognitive Demands of Attitude Measures in Surveys.” Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5(3): 213–236.Google Scholar

Krosnick, Jon A., Narayan, Sowmya, and Smith, Wendy R.. 1996. “Satisficing in Surveys: Initial Evidence.” New Directions for Evaluation, 70: 29–44.Google Scholar

Krupnikov, Yanna. 2019. “Overcoming Biases and Bridging Gaps: The Democratic Dilemma’s Perspective of Hope.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 52(4): 634–637.Google Scholar

Krupnikov, Yanna and Levine, Adam Seth. 2019. “Political Issues, Evidence, and Citizen Engagement: The Case of Unequal Access to Affordable Health Care.” The Journal of Politics, 81(2): 385–398.Google Scholar

Krupnikov, Yanna, Nam, H. Hannah and Style, Hillary. 2021. “Convenience Samples in Political Science Experiments.” in Druckman, James N. and Green, Donald P. (eds). Advances in Experimental Political Science. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165–183.Google Scholar

Kudrnáč, Aleš and Lyons, Pat. 2017. “Parental Example as Motivation for Turnout among Youths.” Politcal Studies, 65(1): 43–63.Google Scholar

Kubin, Emily, Puryear, Curtis, Schein, Chelsea and Gray, Kurt. 2021 “Personal Experiences Bridge Moral and Political Divides Better than Facts.” PNAS, 118(6): e 2008389118.Google Scholar

Maja, Kutlaca, Martjin, van Zomeren, and Kai, Epstude. 2020. “Friends or Foes? How Activists and Non-Activists Perceive and Evaluate Each Other.” PLoS ONE, 15(4): e0230918, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230918Google Scholar

Kwong, Matt. 2018. “In A Divided US, Therapists Treating Anxiety Are Hearing the Same Name Over and Over: Donald Trump.” CBC.com, July 28: www.cbc.ca/news/world/trump-anxiety-disorder-mental-health-political-divide-us-1.4762487Google Scholar

Langmuir, Molly. 2018. “Donald Trump is Destroying My Marriage.” New York Magazine, November 27: https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/11/donald-trump-is-destroying-my-marriage.htmlGoogle Scholar

LaRose, Robert. 2010. “The Problem of Media Habits.” Communication Theory, 20: 194–222.Google Scholar

Lasswell, Harold D. 1936. Politics: Who Gets What, When, How. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Lavine, Howard G., Johnston, Christopher D., and Steenbergen, Marco R.. 2012. The Ambivalent Partisan: How Critical Loyalty Promotes Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lawless, Jennifer L. and Fox, Richard L.. 2010. It Still Takes A Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lawson, Caitlin E. 2018. “Platform Vulnerabilities: Harassment and Misogynoir in the Digital Attack on Leslie Jones.” Information, Communication & Society, 21: 818–833.Google Scholar

Ledbetter, Andrew M., Mazer, Joseph P., DeGroot, Jocelyn M., et al. 2011. “Attitudes Toward Online Social Connection and Self-Disclosure as Predictors of Facebook Communication and Relational Closeness.” Communication Research, 38(1): 27–53.Google Scholar

Lefevere, Jonas, De Swert, Knut, and Walgrave, Stefaan. 2012. “Effects of Popular Exemplars in Television News.” Communication Research, 39(1): 103–119.Google Scholar

Leighley, Jan. 1991. “Participation as a Stimulus of Political Conceptualization.” The Journal of Politics, 53(1): 198–211.Google Scholar

Lerer, Lisa and Herndon, Astead W.. 2020. “Why The Turnout In Iowa Has Some Democrats Worried.” The New York Times, February 10: Section A Page 19.Google Scholar

Levendusky, Matthew. 2009. The Partisan Sort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Levendusky, Matthew S. and Malhotra, Neil. 2016. “(Mis)Perceptions of Partisan Polarization in the American Public.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1): 387–91.Google Scholar

Lewis, Justin and Cushion, Stephen. 2009. “The Thirst To Be First: An Analysis of Breaking News Stories and Their Impact on the Quality of 24-hour News Coverage in the UK.” Journalism Practice, 3(3): 304–318.Google Scholar

Lewis, Justin, Inthorn, Sanna and Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin. 2005. Citizens or Consumers? What the Media Tell Us About Political Participation. New York: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar

Litman, Jordan A. and Spielberger, Charles D.. 2003. “Measuring Epistemic Curiosity and Its Diversive and Specific Components.” Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1): 75–86.Google Scholar

Litt, Eden. 2012. “Knock, Knock. Who’s There? The Imagined Audience.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(3): 330–345.Google Scholar

Litt, Eden and Hargittai, Eszter. 2016. “The Imagined Audience on Social Network Sites.” Social Media & Society, 2(1): 1–12.Google Scholar

Lockwood, Penelope and Kunda, Ziva. 1997. “Superstars and Me: Predicting the Impact of Role Models on the Self.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1): 91–103.Google Scholar

Lukito, Josephine Jiyoun Suk, Zhang, Yini, Doroshenko, Larissa, Kim, Sang Jung, Su, Min-Hsin, Xia, Yiping, Freelon, Deen, and Wells, Chris. 2020. “The Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing: How Russia’s Internet Research Agency Tweets Appeared in U.S. News as Vox Populi.” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(2): 196–216.Google Scholar

Lupia, Arthur. 2016. Uninformed: Why People Seem to Know So Little about Politics and What We Can Do about It. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lupia, Arthur and Mathew, McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lupton, Robert, Smallpage, Steven and Enders, Adam. 2020. “Values and Political Predispositions in the Age of Polarization: Examining the Relationship between Partisanship and Ideology in the United States, 1988–2012.” British Journal of Political Science, 50(1): 241–260.Google Scholar

Ma, Will W. K. and Chan, Albert. 2014. “Knowledge Sharing and Social Media: Altruism, Perceived Online Attachment Motivation, and Perceived Online Relationship Commitment.” Computers in Human Behavior, 39: 51–58.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, Amy and Gramer, Robbie. 2019. “In Historic Vote, House Impeaches Trump Over Ukraine Scandal.” Foreign Policy, December 18: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/18/house-representatives-historic-vote-impeach-trump-ukraine/Google Scholar

Mahler, Jonathan. 2016. “In Sunset of the Baby Boom Generation, the Election Reawakens an Old Divide.” The New York Times, November 7: Section A Page 15.Google Scholar

Makse, Todd, Minkoff, Scott L. and Sokhey, Anand E.. 2019. Politics on Display: Yard Signs and the Politicization of Social Spaces. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Martherus, James L., Martinez, Andres G., Piff, Paul K., and Theodoridis, Alexander G.. 2021. “Party Animals? Extreme Partisan Polarization and Dehumanization.” Political Behavior, 43: 517–540.Google Scholar

Martin, Jonathan and Cohn, Nate. 2016. “Electoral Map a Reality Check to a Trump Bid.” The New York Times, April 3: Section A Page 1.Google Scholar

Martin, Jonathan and Mazzei, Patricia. 2020. “A Tight Trump-Biden Race in Florida: Here Is The State of Play” The New York Times, September 15: Section A Page 1.Google Scholar

Marwick, Alice E. and boyd, danah. 2011. “I Tweet Honestly, I Tweet Passionately: Twitter Users, Context Collapse, and the Imagined Audience.” New Media and Society, 13: 114–133.Google Scholar

Mason, Lilliana. 2015. “’I Disrespectfully Agree’: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science, 59(1):128–45.Google Scholar

Mason, Lilliana. 2018. Uncivil Agreement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Mazzei, Patricia. 2019. “Impeachment Divides a Nation, a District and a Dinner Table” The New York Times, December 19: Section A Page 20.Google Scholar

Nolan, McCarty, Poole, Keith T. and Rosenthal, Howard. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT PressGoogle Scholar

McClendon, Gwyneth H. 2018. Envy in Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

McDevitt, Michael. 2018. “Political Socialization and Child Development.” In Outhwaite, William and Turner, Stephen (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Political Sociology. London: SAGE, pp.797–811.Google Scholar

McDevitt, Michael and Kiousis, Spiro. 2015. “Active Political Parenting: Youth Contributions During Election Campaigns.” Social Science Quarterly, 96(1): 19–33.Google Scholar

McGregor, Shannon. 2019. “Social Media as Public Opinion: How Journalists use Social Media to Represent Public Opinion.” Journalism, 20(8): 1070–1086.Google Scholar

McGregor, Shannon. 2020. “‘Taking the Temperature of the Room’: How Political Campaigns Use Social Media to Understand and Represent Public Opinion” Public Opinion Quarterly, 84(S1): 236–256Google Scholar

McGregor, Shannon and Logan, Molyneux. 2020. “Twitter’s Influence on News Judgment: An Experiment Among Journalists” Journalism, 21(5)597–613.Google Scholar

Mead, George H. 1934. Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Medina, Jennifer. 2020. “How Democrats Missed Trump’s Appeal to Latino Voters.” The New York Times, November 9: Section A Page 1.Google Scholar

Mendelberg, Tali, McCabe, Katherine and Thal, Adam. 2017. “College Socialization and the Economic Views of Affluent Americans.” American Journal of Political Science, 61(3): 606–623.Google Scholar

Mendelberg, Tali, Mérola, Vittorio, Raychaudhuri, Tanika, and Thal, Adam. 2020. “When Poor Students Attend Rich Schools: Do Affluent Social Environments Increase or Decrease Participation?” Perspectives on Politics, 1–17. DOI: 10.1017/S1537592720000699Google Scholar

Meraz, Sharon and Papacharissi, Zizi. 2013. “Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on #Egypt.” The International Journal of Press/ Politics, 18(2): 138–166.Google Scholar

Mettler, Suzanne and Welch, Eric. 2004. “Civic Generation: Policy Feedback Effects of the GI Bill on Political Involvement over the Life Course.” British Journal of Political Science, 34(3): 497–518.Google Scholar

Milita, Kerri, Ryan, John Barr, and Simas, Elizabeth N.. 2014. “Nothing to Hide, Nowhere to Run, or Nothing to Lose: Candidate Position-Taking in Congressional Elections.” Political Behavior, 36(2): 427–449.Google Scholar

Mill, John Stuart. 1956. On Liberty. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar

Miller, Kevin P., Brewer, Marilynn B. and Arbuckle, Nathan L.. 2009. “Social Identity Complexity: Its Correlates and Antecedents.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12(1): 79–94.Google Scholar

Miller, Joanne M., Saunders, Kyle, and Farhart, Christina E.. 2016. “Conspiracy Endorsement as Motivated Reasoning: The Moderating Roles of Political Knowledge and Trust.” American Journal of Political Science, 60(4): 824–844.Google Scholar

Mimms, Sarah. 2014. “Chuck Schumer: Passing Obamacare in 2010 Was a Mistake.” The Atlantic, November25: www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/11/chuck-schumer-passing-obamacare-in-2010-was-a-mistake/449700/Google Scholar

Minozzi, William, Song, Hyunjin, Lazer, David M. J., Neblo, Michael A., and Ognyanova, Katherine. 2020. “The Incidental Pundit: Who Talks Politics with Whom, and Why?” American Journal of Political Science, 64(1): 135–151.Google Scholar

Minson, Julia and Monin, Benoît. 2012. “Do-Gooder Derogation: Disparaging Morally Motivated Minorities to Defuse Anticipated Reproach.” Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2): 200–207.Google Scholar

Mittal, Banwari. 1995. “A Comparative Analysis of Four Scales of Consumer Involvement.” Psychology & Marketing, 12(7): 663–682.Google Scholar

Molyneux, Logan and McGregor, Shannon C.. 2021. “Legitimating a platform: evidence of journalists’ role in transferring authority to Twitter.” Information, Communication & Society, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1874037Google Scholar

Molyneux, Logan and Mourão, Rachel R.. 2019. “Political Journalists’ Normalization of Twitter: Interaction and New Affordances.” Journalism Studies, 20(2): 248–266.Google Scholar

Monin, Benoît, Sawyer, Pamela and Marquez, Michael. 2008. “The Rejection of Moral Rebels: Resenting those Who do the Right Thing.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1): 76–93.Google Scholar

Montgomery, Jacob M., Nyhan, Brendan, and Torres, Michelle. 2018. “How Conditioning on Posttreatment Variables Can Ruin Your Experiment and What to Do about It.” American Journal of Political Science, 62(3): 760–775.Google Scholar

Moore-Berg, Samantha L, Ankori-Karlinsky, Lee-Or, Hameiri, Boaz and Bruneau, Emile. 2020. “Exaggerated Meta-Perceptions Predict Intergroup Hostility between American Political Partisans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(26): 14864–14872, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001263117Google Scholar

Morrell, Michael E. 2003. “Survey and Experimental Evidence for a Reliable and Valid Measure of Internal Political Efficacy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(4): 589–602.Google Scholar

Morsbach, Sarah K. and Prinz, Ronald. 2006. “Understanding and Improving the Validity of Self-Report of Parenting.” Clinical Child and Parenting Psychology Review, 9(1): 1–21.Google Scholar

Muller, Dominique and Butera, Fabrizio. 2007. “The Focusing Effect of Self-Evaluation Threat in Coaction and Social Comparison.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(2): 194–211.Google Scholar

Munar, Ana María and Jacobsen, Jens Kr. Steen. 2014. “Motivations for Sharing Tourism Experiences through Social Media.” Tourism Management, 43: 46–54.Google Scholar

Najle, Mazine and Jones, Robert P.. 2019. “American Democracy in Crisis: The Fate of Pluralism in a Divided Nation.” PRRI Research Report. https://www.prri.org/research/american-democracy-in-crisis-the-fate-of-pluralism-in-a-divided-nation/Google Scholar

Neundorf, Anja, Niemi, Richard, and Smets, Kaat. 2016. “The Compensation Effect of Civic Education on Political Engagement: How Civics Classes Make Up for Missing Parental Socialization.” Political Behavior, 38(4): 921–949.Google Scholar

Neundorf, Anja and Smets, Kaat. 2017. “Political Socialisation and the Making of Citizens” Oxford Handbooks Online. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935307.013.98Google Scholar

Newcomb, Theodore M. 1943. Personality and Social Change; Attitude Formation in a Student Community. New York: Dryden Press.Google Scholar

Newcomb, Theodore M., Koenig, Kathryn E., Flacks, Richard, and Warwick, Donald P.. 1967. Persistence and Change: Bennington College and Its Students after Twenty-Five Years. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Niemi, Richard G., Craig, Stephen C., and Mattei, Franco. 1991. “Measuring Internal Political Efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study.” American Political Science Review, 85(4): 1407–1413.Google Scholar

Niemi, Richard and Junn, Jane. 1998. Civic Education: What Makes Students Learn. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Noel, Hans. 2019. “Ideology and Its Discombobulations.” The Journal of Politics, 81(3): e57–e61.Google Scholar

Noel, Hans and Nyhan, Brendan. 2011. “The “Unfriending” Problem: The Consequences of Homophily in Friendship Retention for Causal Estimates of Social Influence.” Social Networks, 33(3): 211–218.Google Scholar

Ognyanova, Katherine. 2020. “Contagious Politics: Tie Strength and the Spread of Political Knowledge.” Communication Research, https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220924179Google Scholar

Oliver, J. Eric and Wood, Thomas J.. 2014. “Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(4): 952–966.Google Scholar

Ondercin, Heather and Lizotte, Mary Kate. 2020. “You’ve Lost That Loving Feeling: How Gender Shapes Affective Polarization.” American Politics Research, https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X20972103Google Scholar

Orr, Lilla V. and Huber, Gregory A.. 2020. “The Policy Basis of Measured Partisan Animosity in the United States.” American Journal of Political Science 64(3): 569–86.Google Scholar

Ottoni-Wilhelm, Mark, Estell, David B. and Perdue, Neil H.. 2014. “Role-Modeling and Conversations About Giving in the Socialization of Adolescent Charitable Giving and Volunteering.” Journal of Adolescence, 37(1): 53–66.Google Scholar

Oxley, Zoe, Holman, Mirya R., Greenlee, Jill S., Bos, Angela L. and Celeste Lay, J.. 2020. “Children’s Views of the American Presidency.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 84(1): 141–157.Google Scholar

Padgett, Jeremy Dunaway, Johanna L, and Darr, Joshua P. 2019. “As Seen on TV? How Gatekeeping Makes the U.S. House Seem More Extreme.” Journal of Communication, 69 (6): 696–719.Google Scholar

Pajer, Nicole. 2020. “Can Love Survive This Election?” The New York Times, August 25: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/fashion/weddings/can-love-relationships-survive-this-election.htmlGoogle Scholar

Panning, Jennifer. 2017. “Trump Anxiety Disorder: The Trump Effect on the Mental Health of Half of the Nation and Special Populations.” In Lee, Bandy, (ed.), The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump: 27 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, pp. 235–243.Google Scholar

Papacharissi, Zizi. 2010. A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age. Malden, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Papacharissi, Zizi. 2012. “Without You, I’m Nothing: Performances of the Self on Twitter.” International Journal of Communication, 6: 1989–2006.Google Scholar

Park, Crystal L. 2010. “Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: An Integrative Review of Meaning Making and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events.” Psychological Bulletin, 136(2): 257–301.Google Scholar

Park, Chang Sup. 2013. “Does Twitter Motivate Involvement in Politics? Tweeting, Opinion Leadership, and Political Engagement.” Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4): 1641–1648.Google Scholar

Parker, Christopher S. and Barreto, Matt A.. 2014. Change They Can’t Believe In: The Tea Party and Reactionary Politics in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Patterson, Thomas E. 1997. “The News Media: An Effective Political Actor?” Political Communication, 14(4): 445–455.Google Scholar

Pegoraro, Ann. 2013. “Sport Fandom in the Digital World.” In Pederson, Paul M., (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Sport Communication. Routledge, pp. 248–258.Google Scholar

Penney, Joel. 2016. “Motivations for Participating in ‘Viral Politics’: A Qualitative Case Study of Twitter Users and the 2012 US Presidential Election.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 22(1): 71–87.Google Scholar

Perry, Gina. 2018. The Lost Boys: Inside Muzafer Sherif’s Robbers Cave Experiment. London, UK: Scribe Publications.Google Scholar

Petersen, Michael Bang and Lene, Aarøe. 2013. “Politics in the Mind’s Eye: Imagination as a Link between Social and Political Cognition.” American Political Science Review, 107(2): 275–293.Google Scholar

Pew 2019. “National Politics on Twitter Small Share of U.S. Adults Produce Majority of Tweets.” Pew Report. www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/10/23/national-politics-on-twitter-small-share-of-u-s-adults-produce-majority-of-tweets/#those-who-tweet-about-politics-differ-from-those-who-avoid-the-topic-or-tweet-infrequentlyGoogle Scholar

Peyton, Kyle, Huber, Gregory and Coppock, Alexander. 2020. “The Generalizability of Online Experiments Conducted During The COVID-19 Pandemic.” Working Paper: 10.31235/osf.io/s45ygGoogle Scholar

Pietryka, Matthew T. and DeBats, Donald A.. 2017. “It’s Not Just What You Have, but Who You Know: Networks, Social Proximity to Elites, and Voting in State and Local Elections.” American Political Science Review, 111(2): 360–378.Google Scholar

Preece, Jessica. 2016. “Mind the Gender Gap: An Experiment on the Influence of Self-Efficacy on Political Interest.” Politics & Gender, 12(1): 198–217.Google Scholar

Pressgrove, Geah, Weberling McKeever, Brooke and Jang, S. Mo. 2018. “What is Contagious? Exploring Why Content Goes Viral on Twitter: A case study of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge.” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 23: e1586.Google Scholar

Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality In Political Involvement and Polarizes the Electorate. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Prior, Markus. 2010. “You’ve Either Got It or You Don’t? The Stability of Political Interest Over the Life Cycle.” The Journal of Politics, 72(3): 747–766.Google Scholar

Prior, Markus. 2019. Hooked: How Politics Captures People’s Interest. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pye, Lucian W. 1959. “Political Modernization and Research on the Process of Political Socialization.” Items, 13: 25–28.Google Scholar

Quinn, Kelly. 2016. “Contextual Social Capital: Linking the Contexts of Social Media Use to Its Outcomes.” Information, Communication & Society, 19(5): 582–600.Google Scholar

Rainie, Lee and Wellman, Barry. 2012. Networked: The New Social Operating System. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Raychaudhuri, Tanika. 2018. “The Social Roots of Asian American Partisan Attitudes.” Politics, Groups, and Identities, 6(3): 389–410.Google Scholar

Renninger, Ann and Hidi, Suzanne, 2011. “Revisiting the Conceptualization, Measurement and Generation of Interest.” Educational Psychologist, 46(3): 168–184.Google Scholar

Riesman, David and Glazer, Nathan. 1950. “Criteria for Political Apathy.” In Gouldner, Alvin W., (ed.), Studies in Leadership. New York: Harper and Brothers, pp. 505–559.Google Scholar

Robinson, Sue, Yiping, Xia and Zahay, Megan. 2019. “Public Political Talk on Twitter and Facebook: The View from Journalists.” Knight Foundation Report. https://knightfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/KF-Twitter-Report-Part2.pdfGoogle Scholar

Robison, Joshua and Mullinix, Kevin J. 2016. “Elite Polarization and Public Opinion: How Polarization is Communicated and Its Effects.” Political Communication, 33(2): 261–282.Google Scholar

Rogowski, Jon and Sutherland, Joseph. 2016. “How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization.” Political Behavior, 38(3): 485–508.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, Howard and Feldman, Charles. 2008. No Time To Think: The Menace of Media Speed and the 24-hour News Cycle. New York: Continuum.Google Scholar

Rosenstone, Stephen J. and Hansen, John Mark. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan Publishing CompanyGoogle Scholar

Ross, Andrew R. N. and Delia, Dumitrescu. 2019. “’Vox Twitterati’ Investigating the Effects of Social Media Exemplars in Online News Articles.” New Media & Society, 21(4): 962–983.Google Scholar

Rubin, Bonnie Miller. 2020. “A Lesson in Civics or Indoctrination? Deciding Whether to Bring Kids to Political Protests.” The Washington Post, March 5: www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2020/03/05/lesson-civics-or-indoctrination-deciding-whether-bring-kids-political-protests/Google Scholar

Rubin, Rebecca, Perse, Elizabeth M. and Barbato, Carole E.. 1988. “Conceptualization and Measurement of Interpersonal Communication Motives.” Human Communication Research, 14(4): 602–628.Google Scholar

Rudolph, Thomas J., Gangl, Amy, and Stevens, Dan. 2000. “The Effects of Efficacy and Emotions on Campaign Involvement.” The Journal of Politics, 62(4): 1189–1197.Google Scholar

Rudy, Duane and Grusec, Joan E.. 2001. “Correlates of Authoritarian Parenting in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and Implications for Understanding the Transmission of Values.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(2): 202–212.Google Scholar

Russo, Silvia and Stattin, Håkan. 2017. “Stability and Change in Youth’s Political Interest.” Social Indicators Research, 132(2): 643–658.Google Scholar

Ryan, John Barry. 2011. “Accuracy and Bias in Perceptions of Political Knowledge.” Political Behavior, 33(2): 335–356.Google Scholar

Saleem, Hajra, Rahman, Jawaria, Aslam, Nida, Murtazaliev, Salikh and Khan, Safeera. 2020. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children: Vulnerable or Spared? A Systematic Review.” Cureus, 12(5): e8207.Google Scholar

Sanger-Katz, Margot. 2020 “On Coronavirus, Americans Still Trust the Experts.” New York Times, June 27: www.nytimes.com/2020/06/27/upshot/coronavirus-americans-trust-experts.html#:~:text=In%20the%20Times%20survey%2C%2084,and%2083%20percent%20among%20Democrats.Google Scholar

Sapiro, Virginia. 2004. “Not Your Parents’ Political Socialization: Introduction for a New Generation.” Annual Review of Political Science, 7: 1–23.Google Scholar

Shulman, Hillary C. and Levine, Timothy R.. 2012. “Exploring Social Norms as a Group‐Level Phenomenon: Do Political Participation Norms Exist and Influence Political Participation on College Campuses?” Journal of Communication, 62(3): 532–552.Google Scholar

Schulz, William Small, Guess, Andrew M., Barberá, Pablo, et al. 2021. “(Mis)representing Ideology on Twitter: How Social Influence Shapes Online Political Expression.” Working Paper available at https://csdp.princeton.edu/sites/csdp/files/media/schulzguess_spirals_csdp.pdfGoogle Scholar

Segesten, Anamaria Dutceac and Bossetta, Michael. 2017. “A Typology of Political Participation Online: How Citizens used Twitter to Mobilize during the 2015 British General Elections.” Information, Communication & Society, 20(11): 1625–1643.Google Scholar

Seregina, Anastasia and Schouten, John W.. 2017. “Resolving Identity Ambiguity through Transcending Fandom.” Consumption Markets & Culture, 20(2): 107–130.Google Scholar

Settle, Jaime E. 2018. Frenemies: How Social Media Polarizes America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Settle, Jaime and Carlson, Taylor. 2019. “Opting Out of Political Discussion.” Political Communication, 36(3): 476–496.Google Scholar

Sherif, Muzafer, Harvey, O. J., Jack White, B., Hood, William R. and Sherif, Carolyn W.. 1988. The Robber’s Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar

Silvia, Paul. 2005. “What is Interesting? Exploring the Appraisal Structure of Interest.” Emotion, 5(1): 89–102.Google Scholar

Smith, Glen and Kathleen, Searles. 2014. “Who Let the (Attack) Dogs Out? New Evidence for Partisan Media Effects.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(1): 71–99.Google Scholar

Sokhey, Anand E. and Djupe, Paul A.. 2011. “Interpersonal Networks and Democratic Politics.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 44(1): 55–59.Google Scholar

Soroka, Stuart N. 2012. “The Gatekeeping Function: Distributions of Information in Media and the Real World.” The Journal of Politics 74(2): 514–528.Google Scholar

Spears, Russel, Doosje, Bertjan and Ellemers, Naomi. 1997. “Self-Stereotyping in the Face of Threats to Group Status and Distinctiveness: the Role of Group Identification.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23: 538–553Google Scholar

Spry, Amber. 2018. Identity in American Politics: A Multidimensional Approach to Study and Measurement. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University.Google Scholar

Standage, Tom. 2013. Writing on the Wall: Social Media – the First 2,000 Years. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Stewart, Emily. 2019. “The Incredibly Absurd Trump/CNN SharpieGate Feud, Explained.” Vox.com, September 6: www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/9/6/20851971/trump-hurricane-dorian-alabama-sharpie-cnn-mediaGoogle Scholar

Stockton, Nick. 2017. “The New FOMO: Who Cares About My Friends? I’m Missing the News.” Wired Magazine, September: www.wired.com/2017/08/fomo/.Google Scholar

Stoker, Laura and Bass, Jackie. 2011. “Political Socialization: Ongoing Questions and New Directions.” In Edwards III, George C., Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Shapiro, Robert Y. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 453–470.Google Scholar

Strömbäck, Jesper, Djerf-Pierre, Monika and Shehata, Adam (2013). “The Dynamics of Political Interest and News Media Consumption: A Longitudinal Perspective” International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(4): 414–435.Google Scholar

Stromer-Galley, Jennifer. 2002. “New Voices in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of Interpersonal and Online Political Talk.” Javnost-The Public, 9(2): 23–41.Google Scholar

Strother, Logan, Piston, Spencer, Golberstein, Ezra, Gollust, Sarah E. and Eisenberg, Daniel. 2021. “College Roommates have a Modest but Significant Influence on Each Other’s Political Ideology.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2): e2015514117.Google Scholar

Suls, Jerry, Martin, René and Wheeler, Ladd. 2002. “Social Comparison: Why, With Whom, and With What Effect?” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5): 159–163.Google Scholar

Sunstein, Cass R. 2002. “The Law of Group Polarization.” The Journal of Political Philosophy, 10(2): 175–195.Google Scholar

Taber, Charles S. and Lodge, Milton. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science, 50(3): 755–769.Google Scholar

Taylor, Jessica. 2017. “Republicans and Democrats Don’t Agree, Or Like Each Other – And its Worse Than Ever.” NPR, October 5: https://www.npr.org/2017/10/05/555685136/republicans-and-democrats-dont-agree-dont-like-each-other-and-its-worst-than-eveGoogle Scholar

Tavernise, Sabrina and Cohn, Nate. 2019. “Moderate Majority with Other Things to Worry About.” The New York Times, September 24: Section A Page 11.Google Scholar

Thomas, Nancy and Brower, Margaret. 2017. “Politics 365: Fostering Campus Climates for Student Political Learning & Engagement” Institute for Democracy and Higher Education Report. https://tischcollege.tufts.edu/sites/default/files/Politics%20365.pdfGoogle Scholar

Thompson, Dondrea. 2002. “The Politics of Display or the Display of Politics? Cultural Policy and the Museo del Hombre Dominicano.” Museum Anthropology, 25(2): 38–49.Google Scholar

Thomsen, Danielle. 2017. Opting Out of Congress: Partisan Polarization and the Decline of Moderate Candidates. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia, Mithani, Jasmine, and Bronner, Laura. 2020. “Why Many Americans Don’t Vote: And Why for Some, This Year Could Be Different.” Five Thirty Eight, October 26: https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/non-voters-poll-2020-election/Google Scholar

Thorne, Scott and Bruner, Gordon C.. 2006. “An Exploratory Investigation of the Characteristics of Consumer Fanaticism” Qualitative Market Research, 9(1): 51–72.Google Scholar

Thorson, Emily. 2014. “Beyond Opinion Leaders: How Attempts to Persuade Foster Political Awareness and Campaign Learning.” Communication Research, 41(3): 353–374.Google Scholar

Toff, Benjamin J. 2016. The Blind Scorekeepers: Journalism, Polling, and the Battle to Define Public Opinion in American Politics. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI.Google Scholar

Torre, Jared B. and Lieberman, Matthew D.. 2018. “Putting Feelings Into Words: Affect Labeling as Implicit Emotion Regulation.” Emotion Review, 10(2): 116–124.Google Scholar

Trussler, Marc and Stuart, Soroka. 2014. “Consumer Demand for Cynical and Negative News Frames.” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(3): 360–379.Google Scholar

Turner, John C. and Reynolds, Katherine. 2012. “Self-Categorization Theory.” In Van Lange, Paul, Kruglanski, Arie and Higgins, E. Tory (eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume Two. London: SAGE, pp. 399–417.Google Scholar

Turner, Julius. 1951. “Responsible Parties: A Dissent from the Floor.” American Political Science Review, 45(1): 143–152.Google Scholar

Tworek, Heidi. 2018. “Tweets are the New Vox Populi.” Columbia Journalism Review, March 27: https://www.cjr.org/analysis/tweets-media.phpGoogle Scholar

Usher, Nikki and Margaret, Yee Man Ng. 2020. “Sharing Knowledge and ‘Microbubbles’: Epistemic Communities.” Social Media + Society, 6(2): https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120926639Google Scholar

Usher, Nikki, Holcomb, Jesse, and Littman, Justin. 2018. “Twitter Makes it Worse: Political Journalists, Gendered Echo Chambers, and the Amplification of Gender Bias.” The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(3): 324–344.Google Scholar

Valentino, Nicholas, Gregorowicz, Krysha, and Groenendyk, Eric W.. 2009. “Efficacy, Emotions and the Habit of Participation.” Political Behavior, 31(3): 307–330.Google Scholar

Van Bavel, Jay J., Reinero, Diego A., Spring, Victoria, Harris, Elizabeth A., and Duke, Annie. 2021. “Speaking My Truth: Why Personal Experiences can Bridge Divides but Mislead.” PNAS, 118(8): e2100280118.Google Scholar

van Deth, Jan W., Abendschön, Simone and Vollmar, Meike. 2011. “Children and Politics: An Empirical Reassessment of Early Political Socialization.” Political Psychology 32(1): 147–174.Google Scholar

Van Duyn, Emily. 2018. “Hidden Democracy: Political Dissent in Rural America.” Journal of Communication, 68: 965–987.Google Scholar

Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y. 2013. “How Not to Learn From Catastrophe: Habermas, Critical Theory and the ‘Catastrophization’ of Political Life.” Political Theory, 41(5): 738–765.Google Scholar

Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay Lehman and Brady, Henry. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Volunteerism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Vromen, Ariadne, Xenos, Michael Andrew and Loader, Brian. 2013. The Civic Network: A Comparative Study of the Use of Social Media for Enhancing Young People’s Political Engagement, Australia, United Kingdom, & United States. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018–05–04. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37023.v1Google Scholar

Wagner, Claudia, Liao, Vera, Pirolli, Peter, Nelson, Les and Strohmaier, Markus. 2012. “It’s Not in Their Tweets: Modeling Topical Expertise of Twitter Users.” International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 International Conference on Social Computing, Amsterdam, pp. 91–100, DOI: 10.1109/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.30.Google Scholar

Wakefield Research Study. 2017. “The Trump Effect on American Relationships.” www.wakefieldresearch.com/blog/2017/05/10/new-wakefield-research-study-trump-effect-american-relationshipsGoogle Scholar

Wallace, Julian. 2018. “Modelling Contemporary Gatekeeping: The rise of individuals, algorithms and platforms in digital news dissemination.” Digital Journalism, 6(3): 274–293.Google Scholar

Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2004. Talking about Politics: Informal Groups and Social Identity in American Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Watson, Kathryn. 2019 “Trump Displays Seemingly Edited Map of Hurricane Dorian Projected Path.” CBS News, September 4: www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-hurricane-map-briefing-today-shows-dorian-tracker-seemingly-altered-with-black-pen-or-sharpie-marker-2019-09-04/Google Scholar

Weaver, David H., Willnat, Lars and Wilhoit, G. Cleveland. 2019. “The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Another Look at U.S. News People.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1): 101–130.Google Scholar

Webster, Steven. 2020. American Rage: How Anger Shapes Our Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Webster, Steven and Abramowitz, Alan. 2017. “The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization in the U.S. Electorate.” American Politics Research, 45(4): 621–647.Google Scholar

Weinschenk, Aaron and Dawes, Christopher. 2021. “Civic Education in High School and Voter Turnout in Adulthood.” British Journal of Political Science, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000435Google Scholar

Wells, Chris, Zhang, Yini, Lukito, Josephine and Pevehouse, Jon C. W.. 2020. “Modeling the Formation of Attentive Publics in Social Media: The Case of Donald Trump.” Mass Communication and Society, 23(2): 181–205.Google Scholar

West, Emily A. and Iyengar, Shanto. 2020. “Partisanship as a Social Identity: Implications for Polarization.” Political Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09637-yGoogle Scholar

Westwood, Sean, Messing, Solomon, and Lelkes, Yphtach. 2020. “Projecting Confidence: How the Probabilistic Horse Race Confuses and Demobilizes the Public” The Journal of Politics 82:4, 1530–1544.Google Scholar

Westwood, Sean J. and Peterson, Erik. 2020. “The Inseparability of Race and Partisanship in the United States.” Political Behavior, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-020-09648-9Google Scholar

Westwood, Sean J., Peterson, Erik, and Lelkes, Yphtach. 2019. “Are There Still Limits on Partisan Prejudice?” Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(3): 584–597.Google Scholar

White, Ismail and Laird, Chryl. 2020. Steadfast Democrats: How Social Forces Shape Black Political Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Whitesides, John. 2017. “From Disputes to a Breakup -- Wounds Still Raw After U.S. Election.” Reuters, February 7: https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-trump-relationships-insight-idUKKBN15M13PGoogle Scholar

Williams, Rebecca. 2013. “‘Anyone who Calls Muse a Twilight Band will be Shot on Sight’: Music, Distinction, and the `Interloping Fan’ in the Twilight Franchise.” Popular Music and Society, 36(3): 327–342.Google Scholar

Wojcik, Stefan and Hughes, Adam. 2019. “Sizing Up Twitter Users.” Pew Research Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/04/twitter_opinions_4_18_final_clean.pdfGoogle Scholar

Wolak, Jennifer. 2009. “Explaining Change in Party Identification in Adolescence.” Electoral Studies, 28(4): 575–583.Google Scholar

Wolak, Jennifer. 2020a. Compromise in an Age of Party Polarization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wolak, Jennifer. 2020b. “Conflict Avoidance and Gender Gaps in Political Engagement.” Political Behavior. DOI: 10.1007/s11109-020-09614-5Google Scholar

Wolak, Jennifer and Stapleton, Carey E.. 2020. “Self-Esteem and the Development of Partisan Identity.” Political Research Quarterly, 73(3): 609–622.Google Scholar

Woudstra, Kristy. 2017. “Why I won’t take my kids to protests” Today’s Parent. www.todaysparent.com/family/parenting/why-i-wont-take-my-kids-to-protests/Google Scholar

Xia, Yiping, Robinson, Sue, Zahay, Megan and Freelon, Deen. 2020 “The Evolving Journalistic Roles on Social Media: Exploring ‘Engagement’ as Relationship Building between Journalists and Citizens” Journalism Practice, 14(5): 556–573Google Scholar

Xu, Weiai Wayne and Feng, Miao. 2014. “Talking to the Broadcasters on Twitter: Networked Gatekeeping in Twitter Conversations with Journalists.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(3): 420–437.Google Scholar

Yair, Omer. 2020. “A Note on the Affective Polarization Literature.” Working paper available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3771264.Google Scholar

Yoo, Sung Woo, Kim, Ji Won, and de Zúñiga, Homero Gil. 2017. “Cognitive Benefits for Senders: Antecedents and Effects of Political Expression on Social Media.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(1): 17–37.Google Scholar

Zillmann, Dolf and Hans-Bernd, Brosius. 2000. Exemplification in Communication: The Influence of Case Reports on the Perception of Issues. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Zink, James. 2009. “The Language of Liberty and Law: James Wilson on America’s Written Constitution.” American Political Science Review, 103(3): 442–455.Google Scholar

Zmigrod, Leor, Rentfrow, Peter Jason and Robbins, Trevor. 2019. “The Partisan Mind: Is Extreme Political Partisanship Related to Cognitive Inflexibility?” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000661Google Scholar