Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. The Ottoman Road to War in 1914
  • Cited by 67
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2009
Print publication year:
2008
Online ISBN:
9780511551987
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551987
Subjects:
Area Studies, Regional and World History: General Interest, Military History, Twentieth Century European History, History, European Studies
Series:
Cambridge Military Histories
Information

Book description

Why did the Ottoman Empire enter the First World War in late October 1914, months after the war's devastations had become clear? Were its leaders 'simple-minded,' 'below-average' individuals, as the doyen of Turkish diplomatic history has argued? Or, as others have claimed, did the Ottomans enter the war because War Minister Enver Pasha, dictating Ottoman decisions, was in thrall to the Germans and to his own expansionist dreams? Based on previously untapped Ottoman and European sources, Mustafa Aksakal's dramatic study challenges this consensus. It demonstrates that responsibility went far beyond Enver, that the road to war was paved by the demands of a politically interested public, and that the Ottoman leadership sought the German alliance as the only way out of a web of international threats and domestic insecurities, opting for an escape whose catastrophic consequences for the empire and seismic impact on the Middle East are felt even today.

Reviews

Review of the hardback:'Overall, this work is an impressive and very valuable contribution to our understanding of the relationship between Germany and the Ottoman Empire, as well as their respective foreign policies, on the eve of the First World War.'

Source: H-Net

Review of the hardback:'What Aksakal offers is a meticulous analysis of the factors that induced the political leaders of the Ottoman Empire to enter the war on the German side in October 1914.'

Erik-Jan Zürcher Source: Diplomacy and Statecraft

Review of the hardback:'In this new study, Mustafa Aksakal demonstrates with authority that the general apprehension of dissolution and partition that drove Ottoman officials in 1914 derived from the disastrous Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 … and was based on a plethora of very real threats and secret negotiations leading up to the Ottoman signing of the alliance with Germany on August 2, 1914.'

Virginia Aksan Source: Insight Turkey

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References
Bibliography
UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS AND OFFICIAL HISTORIES
Austria-Hungary, Foreign Ministry. Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik: Von der bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1914, 8 vols., ed. Bittner, Ludwig, Pribram, Alfred Francis, Srbik, Heinrich, and Uebersberger, Hans. Vienna: Österreichischer Bundesverlag; 1930; reprinted, Nendeln: Kraus Reprint, 1972.
,Germany, Foreign Office. Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette, 1871–1914: Sammlung der Diplomatischen Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes (Im Auftrage des Auswärtigen Amtes) [Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette, 1871–1914], 40 vols., ed. Johannes, Lepsius, Bartholdy, Albrecht Mendelssohn, and Friedrich, Thimme. Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1922–7.
,Great Britain. British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914 [British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914], 11 vols., ed. Gooch, G. P. and Temperley, Harold. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1936.
Kautsky, Karl. Outbreak of the World War, trans. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. New York: Oxford University Press, 1924.
Kuneralp, Sinan, ed. Recueil des Traités, Conventions, Protocoles, Arrangements et Déclarations signés entre l'Empire Ottoman et les Puissances Étrangères, 1903–1922, vol. I, 1903–1916. Istanbul: Éditions Isis, 2000.
Empire, Ottoman. Meclis-i Mebusan Zabıt Ceridesi [Meclis-i Mebusan Zabit Ceridesi, Proceedings of the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies Proceedings of the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies]. Istanbul: Meclis-i Mebusan Matbaası, 1914.
Empire, Ottoman. Said Halim ve Mehmed Talat Paşalar Kabinelerinin Divan-ı Âliye Sevkleri Hakkında (Divaniye) Mebusu Fuad Bey Merhum Tarafından Verilen Takrir Üzerine Bera-ı Tahkikat Kura İsabet Eden Beşinci Şube Tarafından İcra Olunan Tahkikat Ve Zabt Edilen İfadatı Muhtevidir [Fifth Parliamentary Investigation Committee]. Istanbul: Meclis-i Mebusan Matbaası, 1334 [1918].
Empire, Ottoman. The Sublime Porte, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Boğazlar Meselesi [The Straits Question]. Istanbul: Matbaa-i Amire, 1334 [1918]).
,Republic of Turkey, Chief of the General Staff. Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk Harbi, vol. I, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Siyasî ve Askerî Hazırlıkları Ve Harbe Girişi. Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, 1970. Revised by Cemal Akbay. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1991.
,Republic of Turkey, Chief of the General Staff. Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk Harbi, vol. VIII, Deniz Harekâtı, by Saim Besbelli. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1976.
,Soviet Union. Die Internationalen Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus [Die Internationalen Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus]: Dokumente aus den Archiven der Zarischen und der Provisorischen Regierung herausgegeben von der Kommission beim Zentralexekutivkomitee der Sowjetregierung unter dem Vorsitz von M. N. Pokrowski (Einzig berechtigte deutsche Ausgabe Namens der Deutschen Gesellschaft zum Studium Osteuropas herausgegeben von Otto Hoetzsch). Series I–III. Berlin: Reimar Hobbing, 1931–43.
CONTEMPORARY PUBLICATIONS AND MEMOIRS
, A.Balkan Harbi'nde Neden Münhezim Olduk [Why We Were Routed in the Balkan War]. Part I. Kütübhane-i İntibah, Tüccarzade İbrahim Hilmi, no. 9. Istanbul: Kütübhane-i İslam ve Askeri, 1329 [March 1913–March 1914].
, A.Balkan Harbi'nde Neden Münhezim Olduk: Askeri Mağlubiyetimizin Esbabı [Why We Were Routed in the Balkan War: The Causes of Our Military Defeat]. Part II. Kütübhane-i İntibah, Tüccarzade İbrahim Hilmi, no. 12. Istanbul: Kütübhane-i İslam ve Askeri, 1329 [March 1913–March 1914].
Ahmed, Emin [Yalman]. “The Development of Modern Turkey as Measured by its Press.” Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law 59 (1914): 1–142.
Saib, Ahmed. Tarih-i Meşrutiyet Ve Şark Mesele-i Hazırası [The History of the Constitutional Period and the Current Eastern Crisis]. Istanbul: Necm-i İstikbal Matbaası, 1328 Hicrî. [1910].
Salâhaddin, Ahmed. Makedonya Meselesi Ve Balkan Harb-i Ahiri [The Macedonian Question and the Latest Balkan War]. Dersaadet: Kanaat Matbaası, 1331 [March 1915–March 1916].
Salâhaddin, Ahmed. Berlin Kongresi'nin Diplomasi Tarihine Bir Nazar [The Diplomatic History of the Berlin Congress]. Külliyat-ı Hukuk Ve Siyasiyatdan Birinci Kitab. n.p., 1327 [March 1911–March 1912].
Yusuf, Akçuraoğlu. “Türk, Cermen Ve Islavlar’ın Münasebat-ı Tarihiyeleri [Historical Relations among the Turks, Germans, and Slavs].” Address delivered November 19, 1914. [Istanbul]: Kader Matbaası, 1330.
Büyük Duygu: Onbeş Günde Bir Çıkar, Türkün Risalesidir [The Great Yearning: The Turk's Bimonthly Journal]. Bab-ı Âli Caddesinde Cemiyet Kütübhanesi. Yıl 1, Sayı 1, 2 Mart 1329–Yıl 1, Sayı 26, 18 Kanun-i Sani 1329 [Number 1, March 15, 1913–Number 26, January 31, 1914].
Cami, [Abdurrahman Cami Baykut]. Osmanlılığın Atisi: Düşmanları Ve Dostları [The Ottoman Future: Its Enemies and Its Friends]. Istanbul: İfham Matbaası, 1331 [5 Kanunisani 1328/January 18, 1913].
Cavid, . “Birinci Cihan Harbine Türkiye'nin Girmesi” [Turkey's Entry into the First World War]. Tanin, 15 Birinciteşrin 1944–2 Ağustos 1945 [October 15, 1944–August 2, 1945].
Foerster, Wolfgang, Generalfeldmarschall Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz: Denkwürdigkeiten. Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1929.
Hakkı, Hafız, [Major], Binbaşı. Bozgun [Morale and Defeat]. Tüccarzade İbrahim Hilmi Series. Dersaadet: Matbaa-i Hayriye, 1330 [March 1914–March 1915].
Hüseyin, Kâzım. Rum Patriği'ne Açık Mektub: Boykot Müslümanların Hakkı Değil Midir? [An Open Letter to the Greek Orthodox Patriarch: Do Muslims Not Have the Right to Boycott?]. Istanbul: Yeni Turan Matbaası, 1330 [March 1914–March 1915].
Karabekir, Kâzım. Tarih Boyunca Türk-Alman İlişkileri [Turkish-German Relations in History], ed. Orhan, Hülagü and Özalp, Ömer Hakan. Istanbul: Emre, 2001.
Karabekir, Kâzım. Türkiye'de Ve Türk Ordusunda Almanlar [Germans in Turkey and in the Turkish Military], ed. Orhan, Hülagü and Özalp, Ömer Hakan. Istanbul: Emre, 2001.
Karabekir, Kâzım. Cihan Harbine Neden Girdik, Nasıl Girdik, Nasıl İdare Ettik [Why We Entered the War, How We Entered It, and How We Administered It], vol. II, Cihan Harbine Nasıl Girdik? [How We Entered the World War]. Istanbul: Tecelli Basımevi, 1937.
Liman von Sanders, [Otto]. Fünf Jahre Türkei, 2nd edn. Berlin: August Scherl, 1920.
Mandelstam, André N.Das armenische Problem im Lichte des Völker- und Menschenrechts. Berlin: Georg Stilke, 1931.
Martı, Metin, ed. Bahriye Nazırı ve 4. Ordu Kumandanı Cemal Paşa: Hatırat [The Memoirs of Navy Minister and Fourth Army Commander Cemal Pasha], 5th edn. Istanbul: Arma, 1996.
Emin, Mehmed. Ey Türk Uyan [O Turk, Awake!]. [Istanbul]: Babikyan Matbaası, 1330 [March 1914–March 1915].
Şerif, Mehmed. Edirne Vilayetinden Rumlar Niçin Gitmek İstiyorlar? İzmir Mebusu Emanuelidi Efendi'ye [Why Do Greek Ottomans Want to Leave Edirne Province? (A Letter) To Emanuelidi Efendi, Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Izmir]. Edirne: Edirne Sanaii Mektebi Matbaası, 1330 [March 1914–March 1915].
Menteşe, Halil. Osmanlı Mebusan Reisi Halil Menteşe'nin Anıları [Memoirs of the Speaker of the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies Halil Menteşe], ed. İsmail, Arar. Istanbul: Hürriyet Vakfı, 1986.
Mühlmann, Carl. Deutschland und die Türkei, 1913–1914: Die Berufung der deutschen Militärmission nach der Türkei 1913, das deutsch-türkische Bündnis 1914 und der Eintritt der Türkei in den Weltkrieg (Unter Benutzung und Mitteilung bisher unveröffentlichter politischer Dokumente dargestellt). Politische Wissenschaft. Berlin-Grunewald: Rothschild, 1929.
İsmail, Naci. Londra Konferansı’ndaki Meselelerden: Anadolu'da Türkiye Yaşayacak Mı? Yaşamayacak Mı? [One of the Matters at the London Conference: Will Turkey Survive in Anatolia?], attrib. Jones Moll, trans. Habil Adem [pseud.] Istanbul: İkbal Kütübhanesi, n.d.
İsmail, Naci. Mağlub Milletler Nasıl İntikam Alırlar [How Do Defeated Nations Take Revenge?], attrib. Belak, trans. Habil Adem [pseud.]. Dersaadet: İkbal Kütübhanesi, 1332 h. [November 1913–November 1914].
Ömer, Seyfeddin. Yarınki Turan Devleti [Tomorrow's State of Turan]. Türk Yurdu Kütübhanesi. Istanbul: Kader Matbaası, 1330 [March 1914–March 1915].
[Şehbenderzade Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi], Özdemir. Türk Ruhu Nasıl Yapılıyor? Her Vatanperverden, Bu Eserciği Türklere Okumasını Ve Anlatmasını Niyaz Ederiz [How the Turkish Spirit is Formed: We Ask of Each Patriot to Read and Relate this Booklet to the Turks]. İkaz-ı Millet Kütübhanesi, no. 1. Darülhilâfe: Hikmet Matbaa-i İslamiyesi, 1329 [March 1913–March 1914].
Parvus, . İngiltere Galib Gelirse.: İtilaf-ı Müselles'in Zafer Ve Galibiyetinde Husule Gelecek Tebedüllat-ı Araziye [If England is Victorious … Territorial Changes in the Event of Triple Entente Victory]. Türk Yurdu Kütübhanesi. Umumi Harb Neticelerinden, no. 2. Istanbul: Kader Matbaası, 1330 [March 1914–March 1915].
Recai, . Foreword to Almanya Nasıl Dirildi? Harbe Nasıl Hazırlanıyor? [How Germany Revived and How It is Preparing for War]. Translation of La préparation de la lutte économique par l'Allemagne, by Antoine de Tarlé. Dersaadet: Nefaset Matbaası, 1329 [March 1913–March 1914].
Said, Halim Paşa, L'Empire Ottoman et la Guerre Mondiale. Studies on Ottoman Diplomatic History VIII. Istanbul: Éditions Isis, 2000.
Sâbis, Ali İhsan. Harp Hatıralarım: Birinci Dünya Harbi [My War Memoirs: The First World War], 4 vols. Nehir Edition. Istanbul: Nehir, 1990.
Söylemezoğlu, Galip Kemalî. Hatıraları: Atina Sefareti (1913–1916) [Memoirs: The Athens Embassy (1913–1916)]. Canlı Tarihler, no. 5. Istanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi, 1946.
Süleyman, Nazif. İki İttifakın Tarihçesi: İttifak-ı Müselles-İttifak-ı Müsenna [The History of the Two Alliances: Triple Alliance–Dual Alliance]. n.p.: Muhtar Halid Kütübhanesi, 1330 [March 1914–March 1915].
Tanin [Echo], Istanbul.
Toshev, Andrei. Balkanskite voini. Plovdiv and Sofia: H. G. Danov, 1931.
Tüccarzade, İbrahim Hilmi. Türkiye Uyan [Turkey Awake]. Kütübhane-i İntibah, no. 13. Dersaadet: Kütübhane-i İslam ve Askerî, 1329 [March 1913–March 1914].
“Turkey Distrusted Allies, Says Halim.” The New York Times, February 22, 1914.
Vardar, Galip. İttihad Ve Terraki İçinde Dönenler [The Games inside (the Committee of) Union and Progress], dictated to Samih Nafiz Tansu. Istanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi, 1960.
Ziya, Yusuf. Afterword to Anadolu'nun İstikbali ve Akdeniz Meselesi [Anatolia's Future and the Mediterranean Question]. Translation of Problème méditerranéen, 1913], by Charles Vellay. Kütübhane-i İntibah, Tüccarzade İbrahim Hilmi, no. 10. Istanbul: Kütübhane-i İslam ve Askeri, 1329 [March 1913–March 1914].
SECONDARY SOURCES
Adanır, Fikret. “Der jungtürkische Modernismus und die nationale Frage im Osmanischen Reich.” Zeitschrift für Türkeistudien 2 (1989): 79–91.
Ahmad, Feroz. “Ottoman Armed Neutrality and Intervention, August–November 1914.” Studies on Ottoman Diplomatic History 4 (1990): 41–69.
Ahmad, Feroz. The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Ahmad, Feroz. “Great Britain's Relations with the Young Turks, 1908–1914.” Middle Eastern Studies 2 (July 1966): 302–29.
Akşin, Sina. Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki. Istanbul: Remzi, 1987.
Akşin, Sina. İstanbul Hükümetleri ve Milli Mücadele. Istanbul: Cem Yayınevi, 1976.
Akmeşe, Handan Nezir. The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World War I. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005.
Alexandris, Alexis. “The Greek Census of Anatolia and Thrace (1910–1912): A Contribution to Ottoman Historical Demography.” In Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism, ed. Gondicas, Dimitri and Issawi, Charles, 45–76. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1999.
Anderson, M. S.The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1966.
Anscombe, Frederick F.The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Arıkan, Zeki. “Balkan Savaşı ve Kamuoyu.” In Bildiriler: Dördüncü Askeri Tarih Semineri, 168–88. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1989.
Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane and Becker, Annette. 14–18: Understanding the Great War, trans. Temerson, Catherine. New York: Hill and Wang, 2002.
Aydemir, Şevket Süreyya. Makedonya'dan Ortaasya'ya Enver Paşa, 3 vols. Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1971.
Aydın, Cemil. The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
Baberowski, Jörg. “Nationalismus aus dem Geist der Inferiorität: Autokratische Modernisierung und die Anfänge muslimischer Selbstvergewisserung im östlichen Transkaukasien, 1828–1914.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 26 (Aspekte des Nationalismus) (2000): 371–406.
Baykara, Tuncer. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na Girişin Psikolojik Sebepleri.” In Bildiriler: Dördüncü Askeri Tarih Semineri, 360–6. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1989.
Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet. Türk İnkılâbı Tarihi, 3 vols. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1940–67.
Berkes, Niyazi. The Development of Secularism in Turkey. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1964.
Beşirli, Mehmet. Die europäische Finanzkontrolle im Osmanischen Reich in der Zeit von 1908 bis 1914: Die Rivalitäten der britischen, französischen und deutschen Hochfinanz und der Diplomatie vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg am Beispiel der türkischen Staatsanleihen und der Bagdadbahn. Berlin: Buch und Mensch, 1999.
Bihl, Wolfdieter. Die Kaukasus-Politik der Mittelmächte, vol. I, Ihre Basis in der Orient-Politik und ihre Aktionen, 1914–1917. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs. Vienna: Böhlau, 1975.
Birinci, Ali. Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası: II. Meşrutiyet devrinde İttihat ve Terakki'ye karşı çıkanlar. Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 1990.
Bobroff, Ronald P.Roads to Glory: Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.
Bodger, Alan. “Russia and the End of the Ottoman Empire.” In The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 2nd edn., ed. Kent, Marian, 76–110. London: Frank Cass, 1995.
Bosworth, R. J. B. “Italy and the End of the Ottoman Empire.” In The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 2nd edn., ed. Kent, Marian, 52–75. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
Brummett, Palmira. Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Burak, Durdu Mehmed. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Türk–İngiliz İlişkileri. Ankara: Babil, 2004.
Corrigan, H. W. S. “German–Turkish Relations and the Outbreak of War in 1914: A Re-Assessment.” Past and Present (April 1967): 144–52.
Curtright, Lynn H.Muddle, Indecision and Setback: British Policy and the Balkan States, August 1914 to the Inception of the Dardanelles Campaign. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1986.
Davison, Roderic H. “The Armenian Crisis, 1912–1914.” American Historical Review 53 (April 1948): 481–505.
Demirhan, Pertev. Generalfeldmarschall Freiherr von der Goltz: das Lebensbild eines grossen Soldaten. Aus meinen persönlichen Erinnerungen. Göttingen: Göttinger Verlagsanstalt, 1960.
Farah, Irmgard. Die Deutsche Pressepolitik und Propagandatätigkeit im Osmanischen Reich von 1908–1918: Unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung des “Osmanischen Lloyd”. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1993.
Fischer, Fritz. Krieg der Illusionen: Die deutsche Politik von 1911 bis 1914. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1969.
Fischer, Fritz. Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland, 1914/18. Special Edition. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1967.
Fischer, Fritz. “Deutsche Kriegsziele, Revolutionierung und Separatfrieden im Osten 1914–1918.” Historische Zeitschrift 188 (1959): 249–310.
Friedrich, Wolfgang-Uwe. Bulgarien und die Mächte, 1913–1915. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1985.
Fuhrmann, Malte. Der Traum vom deutschen Orient: Zwei deutsche Kolonien im Osmanischen Reich, 1851–1918. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2006.
Fulton, L. Bruce. “France and the End of the Ottoman Empire.” In The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 2nd edn., ed. Kent, Marian, 141–71. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
Geertz, Clifford. “The Integrative Revolution.” In Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, ed. Geertz, C.. New York: The Free Press: 1963.
Ginio, Eyal. “Presenting the Desert to the Ottomans during WWI: The Perspective of Harb Mecmuası.” New Perspectives on Turkey 33 (2005): 43–62.
Ginio, Eyal. “Mobilizing the Ottoman Nation during the Balkan Wars (1912–1913): Awakening from the Ottoman Dream.” War in History 12 (April 2005): 156–77.
Gürsoy, Selçuk. “Liva el-Islam’da Enver Paşa'nın Yazıları.” Toplumsal Tarih 50 (February 1998): 24–34.
Hacipoğlu, Doğan. 29 Ekim 1914: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun 1. Dünya Harbine Girişi. Istanbul: Deniz İkmal Grup Komutanlığı, 2000.
Hall, Richard C.The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Hall, Richard C.Bulgaria's Road to the First World War. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1996. Distributed by Columbia University Press.
Halpern, Paul G.The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908–1914. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
Halpern, Paul G.A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994.
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. The Young Turks in Opposition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü., ed. Kendi Mektuplarında Enver Paşa. Istanbul: Der Yayınları, 1989.
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. “Jön Türk Basını.” In Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, vol. III, ed. Belge, Murat, 844–50. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1985.
Hanna, Martha. The Mobilization of the Intellect: French Scholars and Writers during the Great War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Heller, Joseph. British Policy towards the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1914. London: Frank Cass, 1983.
Heller, Joseph. “Sir Louis Mallet and the Ottoman Empire: The Road to War.” Middle Eastern Studies 12 (January 1976): 3–44.
Helmreich, Ernst Christian. The Diplomacy of the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.
Herrmann, David G.The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War. Princeton Studies in International History and Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Hiller, Marlene P.Krisenregion Nahost: Russische Orientpolitik im Zeitalter des Imperialismus, 1900–1914. Europäische Hochschulschriften. New York: Peter Lang, 1985.
Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, eds. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983; Canto edn., 1996.
Howard, Harry N.The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1931.
Jelavich, Charles and Barbara, . The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920. A History of East Central Europe, ed. Sugar, Peter F. and Treadgold, Donald W., vol. VIII. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977.
Jensen, Geoffrey. “Military Nationalism and the State: The Case of Fin-de-siècle Spain.” Nations and Nationalism 6 (2000): 257–74.
Joll, James. “1914: The Unspoken Assumptions.” Inaugural lecture delivered 25 April 1968, The London School of Economics.
Kaiser, Hilmar. Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories: The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians. Ann Arbor: Gomidas Institute, 1998.
Kampen, Wilhelm. “Studien zur deutschen Türkeipolitik in der Zeit Wilhelms II.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Kiel, Germany, 1968.
Karaömerlioğlu, M. Asim. “Helphand-Parvus and His Impact on Turkish Intellectual Life.” Middle Eastern Studies 40 (November 2004): 145–65.
Karpat, Kemal H.The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Karsh, Efraim and Karsh, Inari. Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in The Middle East, 1789–1923. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Kayalı, Hasan. Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
Kedourie, Elie. England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921, new edn. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.
Kennedy, Paul. The Realities behind Diplomacy: Background Influences on British External Policy, 1865–1980. London: Fontana Press, 1981.
Kerner, Robert J. “The Mission of Liman von Sanders.” Slavonic Review 6 (1927–8): 12–27, 344–63, 543–60 and Slavonic Review 7 (1928–9): 90–112.
Kerner, Robert J. “Russia, the Straits, and Constantinople, 1914–1915.” Journal of Modern History 1 (September 1929): 400–15.
Khalidi, Rashid Ismail. British Policy towards Syria and Palestine, 1906–1914: A Study of the Antecedents of the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence, the Sykes–Picot Agreement, and the Balfour Declaration. St Antony's Middle East Monographs. London: Ithaca Press, 1980.
Kocahanoğlu, Osman Selim. İttihat-Terakki'nin Sorgulanması ve Yargılanması: Meclis-i Mebusan Tahkikatı, Teşkilatı Mahsusa, Ermeni Tehcirinin İçyüzü, Divan-ı Harb-i Örfi Muhakemesi. Istanbul: Temel, 1998.
Koch, H. W., ed. The Origins of the First World War: Great Power Rivalry and German War Aims, 2nd edn. London: Macmillan, 1984.
Kröger, Martin. “Letzter Konflikt vor der Katastrophe: Die Liman-von-Sanders-Krise, 1913/14.” In Vermiedene Kriege: Deeskalation von Konflikten der Großmächte zwischen Krimkrieg und Erstem Weltkrieg, 1856–1914, ed. Dülffer, Jost, Kröger, Martin, and Wippich, Ralf-Harald, 657–71. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1997.
Kuneralp, Sinan. “Turco-Bulgarian Trade Relations on the Eve of World War One.” Turkish Review of Balkan Studies 1 (1993): 89–98.
Kurat, Y. T. “How Turkey Drifted into World War I.” In Studies in International History, ed. Bourne, K. and Watt, D. C., 291–315. London: Longmans, 1967.
Kürsat-Ahlers, Elçin. “Die Brutalisierung von Gesellschaft und Kriegsführung im Osmanischen Reich während der Balkankriege (1903–1914).” In Gewalt im Krieg: Ausübung, Erfahrung und Verweigerung von Gewalt in Kriegen des 20. Jahrhunderts, ed. Gestrich, Andreas. Jahrbuch für Historische Friedensforschung V (Münster: Lit-Verlag, 1995): 51–74.
Kushner, David. The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908. Totowa: Frank Cass, 1977.
Laitinen, KaukoChinese Nationalism in the Late Qing Dynasty: Zhang Binglin as an Anti Manchu Propagandist. Scandinavian Institute of Asia Studies. London: Curzon Press, 1990.
Landau, Jacob M.Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation, 2nd edn. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
Landau, Jacob M.The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and Organization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Lannon, Francis. “1898 and the Politics of Catholic Identity in Spain.” In The Politics of Religion in an Age of Revival, ed. Ivereigh, Austen, 56–73. London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 2000.
Lohr, Eric. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign against Enemy Aliens during World War I. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Makdisi, Ussama. “Ottoman Orientalism.” American Historical Review 107 (June 2002): 768–96.
Masters, Bruce. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
McCarthy, Justin. Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995.
McKale, Donald M.War by Revolution: Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998.
Miller, Geoffrey. Straits: British Policy towards the Ottoman Empire and the Origins of the Dardanelles Campaign. Hull: University of Hull Press, 1997.
Miller, Geoffrey. Superior Force: The Conspiracy behind the Escape of Goeben and Breslau. Hull: University of Hull Press, 1996.
Mommsen, Wolfgang J., ed., with Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. Kultur und Krieg: Die Rolle der Intellektuellen, Künstler und Schriftsteller im Ersten Weltkrieg, Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, no. 34. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996.
Moran, Daniel and Waldron, Arthur, eds. The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Müller, Herbert Landolin. Islam, ğihād (“Heiliger Krieg”) und Deutsches Reich: Ein Nachspiel zur wilhelminischen Weltpolitik im Maghreb, 1912–1918. Europäische Hochschulschriften, no. 506. New York: Peter Lang, 1991.
Ortaylı, İlber. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Alman Nüfuzu. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, 1981; reprinted, Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1998.
Osterhammel, Jürgen and Petersson, Niels P.. Globalization: A Short History, trans. Geyer, Dona. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Özcan, Azmi. Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877–1924). The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage. New York: Brill, 1997.
Özyüksel, Murat. Osmanlı-Alman İlişkilerinin Gelişim Sürecinde Anadolu ve Bağdat Demiryolları. Istanbul: Arba, 1988.
Pamuk, Şevket. A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Pamuk, Şevket. “Evolution in the Ottoman Monetary System.” In Faroqhi, Suraiya, McGowan, Bruce, Quataert, Donald, and Pamuk, Şevket, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, vol. II, 1600–1914, 947–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; paperback edn., 1997.
Polat, Nazım H.Müdafaa-i Milliye Cemiyeti. Kaynak Eserler, no. 52. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1991.
Polk, William R., and Chambers, Richard L.. Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.
Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922, 2nd edn. New Approaches to European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Ralston, David B.Importing the European Armies: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600–1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Reynolds, Michael A. “The Ottoman–Russian Struggle for Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1908–1918: Identity, Ideology and the Geopolitics of World Order.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 2003.
Rich, Norman. Great Power Diplomacy, 1814–1914. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.
Roshwald, Aviel. Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia and the Middle East, 1914–1923. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Şahin, Mustafa and Akyol, Yaşar. “Habil Adem ya da nam-ı diğer Naci İsmail (Pelister) hakkında” Toplumsal Tarih 11 (November 1994): 6–14.
Schöllgen, Gregor. Imperialismus und Gleichgewicht: Deutschland, England und die orientalische Frage, 3rd edn. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000.
Schöllgen, Gregor. Das Zeitalter des Imperialismus, 3rd edn. Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1994.
Schöllgen, Gregor., ed. Escape into War? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany. Providence: Berg, 1990.
Schwertfeger, Bernhard. Weltkrieg der Dokumente: zehn Jahre Kriegsschuldforschung und ihr Ergebnis. Berlin: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1929.
Şeker, Nesim. “Demographic Engineering in the late Ottoman Empire and the Armenians.” Middle Eastern Studies 43 (May 2007): 461–74.
Shils, Edward. “Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties.” British Journal of Sociology 8 (June 1957): 130–45.
Silverstein, Brian. “Islam and Modernity in Turkey: Power, Tradition and Historicity in the European Provinces of the Muslim World.” Anthropological Quarterly 76 (Summer 2003): 497–517.
Somakian, Joseph Manoug. Empires in Conflict: Armenia and the Great Powers, 1895–1920. International Library of Historical Studies. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1995.
Spence, Jonathan D.The Search for Modern China. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.
Strachan, Hew. The First World War, vol. I, To Arms. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Swanson, Glen W. “War, Technology and Society in the Ottoman Empire from the Reign of Abdülhamid II to 1913: Mahmud Şevket and the German Military Mission.” In War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, ed. Parry, V. J. and Yapp, M. E., 367–85. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Thaden, Edward C.Russia and the Balkan Alliance of 1912. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1965.
Toprak, Zafer. “Proto-globalization and Economic Change in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Commentary.” New Perspectives on Turkey 35 (2006): 129–34.
Toprak, Zafer. İttihad-Terakki ve Cihan Harbi: Savaş Ekonomisi ve Türkiye'de Devletçilik. Istanbul: Homer, 2003.
Toprak, Zafer. Milli İktisat-Milli Burjuvazi: Türkiye'de Ekonomi ve Toplum (1908–1950). Türkiye Araştırmaları, no. 14. Ankara: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1995.
Trumpener, Ulrich. “Germany and the End of the Ottoman Empire.” In The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 2nd edn., ed. Kent, Marian, 111–40. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
Trumpener, Ulrich. Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1918. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968.
Trumpener, Ulrich. “Turkey's Entry into World War I: An Assessment of Responsibilities.” Journal of Modern History 34 (December 1962): 369–80.
Tunaya, Tarık Zafer. Türkiye'de Siyasal Partiler, vol. III, İttihat ve Terakki, Bir Çağın, Bir Kuşağın, Bir Partinin Tarihi, rev. edn. Istanbul: İletişim, 2000.
Turfan, M. Naim. The Rise of the Young Turks: Politics, the Military and Ottoman Collapse, 1912–1913. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
Türkgeldi, Ali Fuat. Mesâil-i Mühimme-i Siyâsiyye [Key Political Events], vol. III, ed. Sıtkı Baykal, Bekir. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1966.
Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976.
Weber, Frank G.Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914–1918. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970.
Yapp, M. E. “The Modernization of Middle Eastern Armies in the Nineteenth Century: A Comparative View.” In War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, ed. Parry, V. J. and Yapp, M. E., 331–66. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Yasamee, F. A. K. “Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz and the Rebirth of the Ottoman Empire.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 9 (July 1998): 91–128.
Yasamee, F. A. K.Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, 1878–1888. Studies on Ottoman Diplomatic History VII. Istanbul: The Isis Press, 1996.
Yasamee, F. A. K. “Ottoman Empire.” InDecisions for War, 1914, ed. Wilson, Keith, 229–68. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
Yetiş, Kâzım. “İkinci Meşrutiyet Devrindeki Belli Başlı Fikir Akımlarının Askeri Hareketlere ve Cepheye Tesiri.” In Bildiriler: Dördüncü Askeri Tarih Semineri, 50–69. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1989.
Yılmaz, Veli. 1nci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk-Alman İttifakı ve Askeri Yardımlar. Istanbul: Cem, 1993.
Zuber, Terence. Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning, 1871–1914. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Zuber, Terence. “The Schlieffen Plan Reconsidered.” War in History 6 (1999): 262–305.
Zürcher, Erik-Jan. “The Ottoman Empire, 1850–1912: Unavoidable Failure?,” 1–10. Turkology Update Leiden Project (TULP) (No date). http://tulp.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/wap/ejz31.pdf.
Zürcher, Erik-Jan. Turkey: A Modern History, 3rd edn. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
Zürcher, Erik-Jan. “Greek and Turkish Refugees and Deportees, 1912–1924,” 2. Turkology Update Leiden Project (TULP) (January 2003). http://tulp.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/wap/ejz18.pdf.
Zürcher, Erik-Jan. “ The Young Turks – Children of the Borderlands?,” 1–9. Turkology Update Leiden Project (TULP) (October 2002). http://tulp.leidenuniv.nl/content_docs/wap/ejz16.pdf
Zürcher, Erik-Jan. “The Vocabulary of Muslim Nationalism.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 137 (1999): 81–91.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.