Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-31T09:07:10.093Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Wisdom, Morality, and Ethics

from Part II - Foundations of Wisdom in the Individual and in the World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2022

Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Judith Glück
Affiliation:
Universität Klagenfurt, Austria
Get access

Summary

This chapter summarized the theoretical and empirical relationships between wisdom and morality. Wise individuals are able to think carefully and rationally about moral dilemmas, recognizing their own intuitive impulses but not necessarily following them in making decisions. As they think about complex moral dilemmas, they aim to balance the different perspectives, interests, and needs optimally. Their value orientations are focused on a greater good that does not just include members of their own family or group but humanity and the world at large. Because they are good at thinking about moral issues and at dealing with the emotional and social aspects of complex situations, they are likely to also act ethically in difficult situations. Many of the great wisdom exemplars in history stood up for a just cause and accomplished major societal changes by peaceful means. We believe that the ethical aspect of wisdom is particularly important in a time where the world needs good decisions that do not focus on the needs of any particular nation or group. If we want to overcome serious world problems, such as climate change, global pandemics, and rising inequality, we need ethical and wise leaders.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Psychology of Wisdom
An Introduction
, pp. 118 - 134
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asadi, S., Khorshidi, R., and Glück, J. (2019). Iranian children’s knowledge about wisdom. Cognitive Development, 52, Article 100814.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B. and Staudinger, U. M. (2000). A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–36.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., and Funder, D. C. (2007). Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: whatever happened to actual behavior? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(4), 396403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: a cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 307–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Speicher, B. et al. (1987). The Measurement of Moral Judgement: Volume 2, Standard Issue Scoring Manual. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darley, J. M. and Batson, C. D. (1973). “From Jerusalem to Jericho”: a study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(1), 100–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darley, J. M. and Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fehr, E. and Gächter, S. (2000). Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. The American Economic Review, 90(4), 980–94.Google Scholar
Glück, J. and Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: a theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari, M. and Weststrate, N. M., eds., The Scientific Study of Personal Wisdom: From Contemplative Traditions to Neuroscience. Springer, pp. 7597.Google Scholar
Glück, J., Gussnig, B., and Schrottenbacher, S. M. (2020). Wisdom and value orientations: just a projection of our own beliefs? Journal of Personality, 88(4), 833–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, J., Haidt, J., and Nosek, B. A. (2008). The Moral Foundations Questionnaire. Downloaded from https://moralfoundations.org/questionnaires/.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., and Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–46.Google Scholar
Greene, J. (2013). Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. Penguin.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. E. W. et al. (2010). Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(16), 7246–50.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–34.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2013). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Vintage.Google Scholar
Jeste, D. V., Ardelt, M., Blazer, D. et al. (2010). Expert consensus on characteristics of wisdom: a Delphi method study. The Gerontologist, 50(5), 668–80.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1958). The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Kross, E. and Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 4348.Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U. and Baltes, P. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1104–19.Google Scholar
Latané, B. and Darley, J. M. (1970). Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn’t He Help? Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Latané, B. and Rodin, J. (1969). A lady in distress: inhibiting effects of friends and strangers on bystander intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5(2), 189202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasupathi, M. and Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Do advanced moral reasoners also show wisdom? Linking moral reasoning and wisdom-related knowledge and judgement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(5), 401–15.Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., Wehr, P., Harms, P. D., and Strasser, D. I. (2002). Use of exemplar surveys to reveal implicit types of intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(8), 1051–62.Google Scholar
Paxton, J. M., Ungar, L., and Greene, J. D. (2012). Reflection and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive Science, 36(1), 163–77.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), Article 11. Downloaded from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10687025.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. (2019). The distinction between personal and general wisdom: How far have we come? In Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press, pp. 182201.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–65.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (2015). Epilogue: why is ethical behavior challenging? A model of ethical reasoning. In Sternberg, R. J. and Fiske, S. T., eds., Ethical Challenges in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Cambridge University Press, pp. 219–26.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. and Glück, J. (2022). Wisdom: The Psychology of Wise Thoughts, Words, and Deeds. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2010). Wisdom and positive psychosocial values in young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 7080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., and Ardelt, M. (2016). The many faces of wisdom: an investigation of cultural-historical wisdom exemplars reveals practical, philosophical, and benevolent prototypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(5), 662–76.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×