Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-19T14:52:56.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Guatemala

States and Homicidal Ecologies*

from Part II - Economic and Territorial Power

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2023

Miguel A. Centeno
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Agustin E. Ferraro
Affiliation:
Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
Get access

Summary

Homicidal ecologies are prevalent in the northern triangle of Central America, Guatemala included. This chapter contends that even with the temporal convergence of neoliberal reforms, democratization, and civil war accords, it is the persistence of historical structural factors that explain the persistence of corrupt and complicit law and order institutions that both allowed illicit organizations to thrive and failed to guarantee citizens’ basic liberal right to be free from harm. Indeed, the failure to radically change the police, the military, and the courts at the time of the peace accords has left citizens without safeguards, leading many to flee north.

Type
Chapter
Information
State and Nation Making in Latin America and Spain
The Neoliberal State and Beyond
, pp. 175 - 210
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Goldstein, Daniel M.. “Violent Pluralism: Understanding the New Democracies in Latin America.” In Violent Democracies in Latin America, edited by Arias, Enrique Desmond and Goldstein, Daniel M., 134. Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond and Ungar, Mark. 2009. “Community Policing and Policy Implementation: A Four City Study of Police Reform in Brazil and Honduras.” Comparative Politics 41 (4): 40930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, John, and Dammert, Lucía, eds. Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Barham, Bradford, Clark, Mary, Katz, Elizabeth, and Schurman, Rachel. “Nontraditional Agricultural Exports in Latin America.” Latin American Research Review 27, no. 2 (1992): 4382.Google Scholar
Bateson, Regina Nd. “Security from Below.” Unpublished Book Manuscript. Cambridge, MIT, n.d.Google Scholar
Berrios, Ruben, Marak, Andrae, and Morgenstern, Scott. “Explaining Hydrocarbon Nationalization in Latin America: Economics and Political Ideology.” Review of International Political Economy 18, no. 5 (2011): 673–97.Google Scholar
Brands, Hal. “Crime, Violence and the Crisis in Guatemala: A Case Study in the Erosion of the State.” The Strategic Studies Institute, 2010.Google Scholar
Brannum, Kate. “Guatemala 2018: Facing A Constitutional Crossroad.” Revista de Ciencia Política 39, no. 2 (2019): 265–84.Google Scholar
Bruneau, Thomas, Dammert, Lucía, and Skinner, Elizabeth, eds. Maras: Gang Violence and Security in Central America. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Bull, Benedicte. “Governance in the Aftermath of Neoliberalism: Aid, Elites, and State Capacity in Central America.” Forum for Development Studies 43, no. 1 (2016): 89111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Call, Charles T.Sustainable Development in Central America: The Challenges of Violence, Injustice and Insecurity.” CA 2020: Working Paper #8. Hamburg: Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, 2000.Google Scholar
Call, Charles T., and Stanley, William. “Protecting the People: Public Security Choices After the Civil Wars.” Global Governance 2, no. April-June (2001): 151–72.Google Scholar
Carletto, Calogero, Angeli Kirk, Paul C. Winters, and Benjamin Davis. “Globalization and Smallholders: The Adoption, Diffusion, and Welfare Impact of Non-Traditional Export Crops in Guatemala.” World Development, Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality in Latin America 38, no. 6 (2010): 814–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.02.017.Google Scholar
Casas, Kevin, González, Paola, and Mesías, Liliana. Police Transformation in Latin America by 2030. Washington, D.C: Inter-American Development Bank and the Inter-American Dialogue, 2018.Google Scholar
Centeno, Miguel. Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Centeno, Miguel, and Portes, Alejandro. “The Informal Economy in the Shadow of the State.” In Out of the Shadows: Political Action and the Informal Economy in Latin America, edited by Fernández-Kelly, P. and Shefner, J., 2548. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Centeno, Miguel, Kohli, Atul, and Yashar, Deborah J.. “States in the Developing World.” In States in the Developing World, edited by Centeno, Miguel, Kohli, Atul, and Yashar, Deborah J., with Mistree, Dinsha, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Centroamericana, Universidad. Maras y Pandillas en Centroamérica. Volumes I–III. Managua, Nicaragua: Universidad Centroamericana, 2004.Google Scholar
Chevigny, Paul. “Control of Police Misconduct in the Americas.” In Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security, Democracy, and the State, edited by Frühling, Hugo and Tulchin, Joseph S.. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Chevigny, Paul. Edge of the Knife: Police Violence in the Americas. W.W. Norton, 1995.Google Scholar
Chevigny, Paul. “The Populism of Fear: Policies of Crime in the Americas.” Punishment & Society 5, no. 1 (2003): 177–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinchilla Miranda, Laura. “Chapter 2: Public Security in Central America.” In Public Security in the Americas: New Challenges in the South-North Dialog, edited by Bailey, John, n.d.Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins, and Collier, David. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Copeland, Nick. “‘Guatemala Will Never Change’: Radical Pessimism and the Politics of Personal Interest in the Western Highlands.” Journal of Latin American Studies 43 (2011): 485515.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. “Market Reforms.” In Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, edited by Domínguez, Jorge I. and Shifter, Michael, 7499. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. “Criminal Violence and Democratization in Central America: The Survival of the Violent State.” Latin American Politics and Society 4, no. Winter (2011): 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. “Democratization Under Assault: Criminal Violence in Post-Transition Central America.” PhD Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 2010.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. “Drug Wars in the Americas: Looking Back and Thinking Ahead.” In Presentation at Watson Institute Conference, Drug Wars in the Americas, Brown University Conference, 12–13, 2012.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. “Government Responses and the Dark Side of Gang Suppression in Central America.” In Maras: Gang Violence and Security in Central America, edited by Bruneau, Thomas, Dammert, Lucía, and Skinner, Elizabeth. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. “Maras o pandillas juveniles: los mitos sobre su formación e integración.” In Sociología general. Realidad nacional de fin de siglo y principio de milenio, edited by Peñate, Oscar Salvador Martínez. San Salvador, El Salvador: Editorial Nuevo Enfoque, 1999.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. The Transformation of Street Gangs in Central America. ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America, 2012. http://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/publications/revistaonline/winter-2012/transformation-street-gangs-central-america.Google Scholar
Dammert, Lucía. Fear and Crime in Latin America: Redefining State-Society Relations. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Latin American Politics, 2014.Google Scholar
Demombynes, Gabriel. “Drug Trafficking and Violence in Central America and Beyond.” World Development Report 2011 Background Papers, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011.Google Scholar
Demombynes, Gabriel. “The Effect of Crime Victimization on Attitudes towards Criminal Justice in Latin America,” Unpublished paper. 2009.Google Scholar
Demoscopía. Maras y pandillas, comunidad y policía en Centroamérica. Hallazgos de un estudio integral. Tegucigalpa: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and Banco Centroamericano de Cooperación Económica, 2007.Google Scholar
Dudley, Steven. Drug Trafficking Organizations in Central America: Transportistas, Mexican Cartels and Maras. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2010.Google Scholar
Fontes, Anthony. Mortal Doubt: Transnational Gangs and Social Order in Guatemala City. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, Will. “Ending Impunity: The Prosecution of Grand Corruption in Latin America.” (Ph.D. Dissertation), Princeton University, 2023.Google Scholar
Frühling, Hugo. “A Realistic Look at Latin American Community Policing Programs.” Edited by Ungar, Mark and Arias, Desmond Enrique. Policing and Society (Special Issue, 2012).Google Scholar
Frühling, Hugo. “Police Reform and the Process of Democratization.” In Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security, Democracy, and the State. Edited by Frühling, Hugo, Tulchin, Joseph S., and with Goldings, Heather A. eds. Washington, D.C: Woodrow Wilson Press and Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Frühling, Hugo. “Recent Police Reform in Latin America.” In Policing Insecurity: Police Reform, Security, and Human Rights in Latin America, edited by Uildriks, Niels. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, a division of Rowman Littlefield, 2009.Google Scholar
Frühling, Hugo, Tulchin, Joseph S., and with Goldings, Heather A. eds., Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security, Democracy and the State. Washington, D.C: Woodrow Wilson Press and Johns Hopkins Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Garay, Candelaria. Social Policy Expansion in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Gauster, Susana, and Isakson, S. Ryan. “Eliminating Market Distortions, Perpetuating Rural Inequality: An Evaluation of Market-Assisted Land Reform in Guatemala.” Third World Quarterly 28, no. 8 (2007): 1519–36.Google Scholar
Giraudy, Agustina, and Luna, Juan Pablo. “Unpacking the State’s Uneven Territorial Reach: Evidence from Latin America.” In States in the Developing World, edited by Centeno, Miguel, Kohli, Atul, and Yashar, Deborah J., 93120. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glebbeek, Marie-Louise. “Police Reform and the Peace Process in Guatemala: The Fifth Promotion of the National Civilian Police.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 20 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glebbeek, Marie-Louise. “Post-War Violence and Police Reform in Guatemala.” In Policing Insecurity: Police Reform, Security, and Human Rights in Latin America, edited by Uildriks, Niels. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, a division of Rowman Littlefield, 2009.Google Scholar
Gleijeses, Piero. Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Godoy, Angelina Snodgrass. Popular Injustice: Violence, Community, and Law in Latin America. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, Yanilda María. Authoritarian Police in Democracy: Contested Security in Latin America. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2022.Google Scholar
González, Yanilda María. “State Building on the Ground: Police Reform and Participatory Security in Latin America.” (Ph.D. Dissertation), Princeton University, 2014.Google Scholar
Granovsky-Larsen, Simon. “Between the bullet and the bank: Agrarian conflict and access to land in neoliberal Guatemala.” Journal of Peasant Studies, 40, no. 2 (2013) 32550. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.777044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovsky-Larsen, Simon. “The Guatemalan campesino movement and the post-conflict neoliberal state. “Latin American Perspectives, 44, no. 5 (2017): 5373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Linda. “The Paradoxes of War and Its Aftermath: Mayan Widows and Rural Guatemala.” Cultural Survival 19, no. 1 (1995).Google Scholar
Hale, Charles. “Does Multiculturalism Menace? Governance, Cultural Rights, and the Politics of Identity in Guatemala.” Journal of Latin American Studies 34, no. 3 (2002): 485524.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Sarah, and Fischer, Edward F.. “Non-Traditional Agricultural Exports in Highland Guatemala: Understandings of Risk and Perceptions of Change.” Latin American Research Review 38, no. 3 (2003): 82110.Google Scholar
Handy, Jim. Revolution in the Countryside: Rural Conflict and Agrarian Reform in Guatemala, 1944–1954. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1994.Google Scholar
Hunter, Wendy. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against the State. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group, Saving Guatemala’s Fight Against Crime and Impunity. Latin America Report N°70 | 24 October 2018, Brussels, Belgium, 2018. https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/070-saving-guatemalas-fight-against-crime-and-impunity.pdf.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Anita. “Guatemala on the Brink.” Journal of Democracy 2, no. April (2010): 108–22.Google Scholar
Jonas, Susanne. Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and the U.S. Power. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Kapiszewski, Diana, Levitsky, Steve, and Yashar, Deborah J., eds. The Inclusionary Turn in Latin American Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Kitroeff, Natalie J. “Touching the ‘Untouchables’: An Evaluation of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala.” Senior Thesis, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, 2011.Google Scholar
Koonings, Kees and Krujit, Dirk, eds. Armed Actors: Organised Violence and State Failure in Latin America. London: Zed Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus J., and Brooks, Sarah M.. “Embedding Neoliberal Reform in Latin America.” World Politics 60, no. 2 (2008): 231–80.Google Scholar
Levenson, Deborah. Adiós Niño: The Gangs of Guatemala City and the Politics of Death. Durham: Duke University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Levenson, Deborah. Hacer la juventud: Jóvenes de tres generaciones de una familia trabajadora en la Ciudad de Guatemala. Guatemala City: AVANCSO, 2005.Google Scholar
Lipsky, Michael. Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1980.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James. The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James, and Thelen, Kathleen. “A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change.” In Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power, edited by Mahoney, James and Thelen, Kathleen, 137. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Maihold, Günther. “Intervention by Invitation? Shared Sovereignty in the Fight against Impunity in Guatemala.” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies/Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, no. 101 (April 2016): 531.Google Scholar
Main, Alexander. “The U.S. Re-Militarization of Central America and Mexico.” NACLA Report on the Americas 47, no. 2 (2014): 6570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2014.11725581.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms, and Results.” European Journal of Sociology 25, no. 2 (1984): 185213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, Michael. The Sources of Social Power. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Maras y Pandillas en Centroamérica. Vol. Volumes I–III. Managua, Nicaragua: Universidad Centroamericana, n.d.Google Scholar
Martínez, Óscar. A History of Violence: Living and Dying in Central America. London: Verso, 2016.Google Scholar
Méndez, Juan E., O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio, eds. The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Meyer, Maureen, and Isacson, Adam. “The ‘Wall” Before the Wall: Mexico’s Crackdown on Migration at Its Southern Border.” In Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA). Research Report. Washington, DC: Washington Office in Latin America, 2019. www.wola.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019-FULL-Report-Mexicos-Southern-Border.pdfGoogle Scholar
M.I.N.U.G.U.A. La construcción de la paz en Guatemala. Guatemala City: Editorial Serviprensa, 1997.Google Scholar
Moran, Patrick J. “El Salvador and Guatemala: Security Sector Reform and Political Party System Effects on Organized Crime.” Master of Science in National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, 2009.Google Scholar
Moser, Caroline, and McIlwaine, Cathy. Encounters with Daily Violence in Latin America: Urban Poor Perceptions from Colombia and Guatemala. New York, NY: Routledge, 2004.Google Scholar
Nield, Rachel. “Democratic Police Reforms in War-Torn Societies.” Conflict, Security and Development 1, no. 1 (August) (2001): 2143.Google Scholar
Peacock, Susan C., and Beltrán, Adriana. Hidden Powers in Post-Conflict Guatemala: Illegal Armed Groups and the Forces Behind Them. Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2003.Google Scholar
Ranum, Elin Cecilie. “Diagnóstico Nacional Guatemala.” In Proyecto pandillas juveniles transnacionales en Centroamérica, México, y Estados Unidos. Mexico City, Mexico: Centro de Estudios y Programas Interamericanos (CEPI. del Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, 2006.Google Scholar
Ranum, Elin Cecilie. “Street Gangs in Guatemala.” Edited by Bruneau, Thomas eds., Dammert, Lucía, and Skinner, Elizabeth. Maras: Gang Violence and Security in Central America. University of Texas Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasch, Elisabet Dueholm. “Transformations in Citizenship: Local Resistance against Mining Projects in Huehuetenango, Guatemala.” Journal of Developing Societies 28, no. 2 (2012): 159–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X12448756.Google Scholar
Robinson, William I.Maldevelopment in Central America: Globalization and Social Change.” Development and Change 29, 3 (1998): 467–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, William I.Neoliberalism, the Global Elite, and the Guatemalan Transition: A Critical Macrosocial Analysis.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, no. 4 (2000): 89107. https://doi.org/10.2307/166343.Google Scholar
Ruhl, Mark J.The Guatemalan Military Since the Peace Accords: The Fate of Reform Under Arzú and Portillo.” Latin American Politics & Society 1, no. Spring (2005): 5585.Google Scholar
Schirmer, Jennifer. The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sieder, Rachael. Who Governs? Guatemala Five Years After the Peace Accords. Cambridge: MA Hemispheres Initiative, 2002.Google Scholar
Soifer, Hillel. State Building in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Soifer, Hillel, and Vom Hau, Matthias. “Unpacking the Strength of the State: The Utility of State Infrastructural Power.” Studies in Comparative International Development 43, no. 3 (2008): 219–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, William Deane. The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil War in El Salvador. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Taft-Morales, Maureen. “Guatemala: Political and Socioeconomic Conditions and U.S. Relations.” Congressional Research Service Report R42580, 2018.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. Coercion, Capital, and European States, 990–1990. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres Rivas, Edelberto. “Guatemala: la corrupción como crisis de gobierno.” Nueva Sociedad 257, no. July-August (2015): 415.Google Scholar
Traub-Werner, Mario, and Cravey, Altha J.. “Spatiality, Sweatshops and Solidarity in Guatemala.” Social & Cultural Geography 3, no. 4 (2002): 383401. https://doi.org/DOI:Google Scholar
Uildriks, Niels, ed. Policing Insecurity: Police Reform, Security, and Human Rights in Latin America. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, a division of Rowman Littlefield, 2009.Google Scholar
Ungar, Mark. “Police Reform, Security, and Human Rights in Latin America: An Introduction.” In Policing Insecurity: Police Reform, Security, and Human Rights in Latin America, edited by Uildriks, Niels. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, a division of Rowman Littlefield, 2009.Google Scholar
Ungar, Mark. Policing Democracy: Overcoming Obstacles to Citizen Security in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungar, Mark. “Prisons and Politics in Latin America.” Human Rights Quarterly 25, no. 4 (2003).Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Guatemala. Informe Nacional de Desarollo Humano, 2005.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Informe estadístico de la violencia en Guatemala. Guatemala City: Magna Terra Editores, 2007.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Crime and Development in Central America: Caught in the Crossfire. New York, NY: United Nations Publication, 2007.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Global Study on Homicide: Executive Summary. Vienna: United Nations, 2019.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data. New York: United Nations, 2014.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Global Study on Homicide: Homicide, Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. Vienna: United Nations, 2019.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Global Study on Homicide. Trends, Context, Data, 2011.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Statistics on Criminal Justice, 2014. “www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.htmlwww.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean: A Threat Assessment. Vienna: UNODC, 2012.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2014. New York: United Nations, 2014.Google Scholar
Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA). Serve and Protect? The Status of Police Reform in Central America. Washington, D.C, Washington Office on Latin America, 2009.Google Scholar
Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA). “Youth Gangs in Central America: Issues in Human Rights, Effective Policing, and Prevention.” A WOLA Special Report. Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2006.Google Scholar
Withers, George, Santos, Lucila, and Isaacson, Adam. Preach What You Practice: The Separation of Military and Police Roles in the Americas. Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2010.Google Scholar
Woodward, Ralph Lee. Central America, A Nation Divided. 3rd ed. New York & London: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
World Bank. Crime and Violence in Central America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C: World Bank Sustainable Development Department and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Latin America and the Caribbean Region, 2010.Google Scholar
World Bank. Crime and Violence in Central America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C: World Bank Sustainable Development Department and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Latin America and the Caribbean Region, 2010.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: World Health, 2002.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J. Demanding Democracy: Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J. Homicidal Ecologies: Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J.Institutions and Citizenship: Reflections on the Illicit.” In Shifting Frontiers of Citizenship: The Latin American Experience, edited by Sznajder, Mario, Roniger, Luis, and Carlos, A. Forment. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J.The Left and Citizenship in Latin America.” In Latin America’s Left Turn: Political Diversity and the Search for Alternatives, edited by Roberts, Kenneth Eds. and Levitsky, Steven. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Youngers, Coletta A., and Rosin, Eileen, eds. Drugs and Democracy in Latin America: The Impact of U.S. Policy. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Melissa, and Nield, Rachel. “From Peace to Governance: Police Reform and the International Community.” Washington, D.C: Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), 2002.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×