Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-31T13:50:37.568Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Gene–environment interactions between HPA-axis genes and childhood maltreatment in depression: a systematic review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2020

Caroline Normann Open the ORCID record for Caroline Normann [Opens in a new window]  and
Henriette N. Buttenschøn
Caroline Normann*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Henriette N. Buttenschøn
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark NIDO Denmark, Research and Education in Health, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Herning, Denmark
*
Author for correspondence: Caroline Normann, Email: carolinensoe@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Gene–environment (GxE) interactions may comprise an important part of the aetiology of depression, and childhood maltreatment (CM), a significant stressor, has consistently been linked to depression. Hence, in this systematic review, we aimed to investigate the interaction between hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA-axis) genes and CM in depression.

Methods:

We conducted a literature search using the Pubmed, Embase, and PsychINFO databases in adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We included studies investigating GxE interactions between HPA-axis genes [Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), Arginine Vasopressin (AVP), Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH), Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1), Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 (CRHR2), FK506 binding protein (FKBP5), Nuclear Receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1), Nuclear Receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2)] and CM in depression.

Results:

The literature search identified 159 potentially relevant studies. Following screening, 138 of these were excluded. Thus, 21 studies, investigating a total of 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms, were included in the final study. The most prevalent genes in the current study were CRHR1 and FKBP5. Significant GxE interactions were reported in seven of eight studies for CRHR1:rs110402 and CM, and in five of eight studies for FKBP5:rs1360780 and CM. In summary, our results suggest possible GxE interactions between CRHR1, FKBP5, NR3C1, and NR3C2 and CM, respectively. For the remaining genes, no relevant literature emerged.

Conclusions:

We find that genetic variation in four HPA-axis genes may influence the effects of CM in depression.

Keywords

depressiongene–environment interactionsadult survivors of child adverse eventssingle nucleotide polymorphismlife change events
Type
Review Article
Information
Acta Neuropsychiatrica , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , June 2020 , pp. 111 - 121
Copyright
© Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aborelius, L, Owens, M, Ploysky, PM and Nemeroff, CB (1999) The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. The Journal of Endocrinology 160(1), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilera, G, KissLuo, AX, Luo, X and Akbasak, BS (1995) The renin angiotensin system and the stress response. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 29(771), 173–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appel, K, Schwahn, C, Mahler, J, Schulz, A, Spitzer, C, Fenske, K, Stender, J, Barnow, S, John, U, Teumer, A and Biffar, R (2011) Moderation of adult depression by a polymorphism in the FKBP5 gene and childhood physical abuse in the general population. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 36(10), 1982–1991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armando, I, Volpi, S, Aguilera, G and Saavedra, JM (2007) Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade prevents the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor response to isolation stress. Brain Research 92(9), 1142.Google Scholar
Arnau-Soler, A, Adams, M, Clarke, TK, MacIntyre, DJ, Milburn, K, Navrady, L, Generation Scotland, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Hayward, C, McIntosh, A and Thomson, PA (2019) A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland. Translational Psychiatry 9(1), 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assary, E, Vincent, J, Keers, R and Pluess, M (2017) Gene-environment interaction and psychiatric disorders: review and future directions. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 10(16), 1084–9521.Google Scholar
Bet, PM, Penninx, B, Bochdanovits, Z, Uitterlinden, AG, Beekman, AT, van Schoor, NM, Deeg, DJ and Hoogendijk, WJ (2008) Glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms and childhood adversity are associated with depression: new evidence for a gene–environment interaction. American Journal of Neuropsychiatric Genetics 150B(5), 660–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, EB (2017) Understanding gene x early adversity interactions: possibilities for insight in the biology of psychiatric disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 267(3), 183–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binder, EB, Bradley, RG, Liu, W, Epstein, MP, Deveau, TC, Mercer, KB, Tang, Y, Gillespie, CF, Heim, CM, Nemeroff, CB, Schwartz, AC, Cubells, JF and Ressler, KJ (2008) Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA 299(11), 1291–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, RG, BinderEpstein, EMP, Epstein, MP, Tang, Y, Nair, HP, Liu, W, Gillespie, CF, Berg, T, Evces, M, Newport, DJ, Stowe, ZN, Heim, CM, Nemeroff, CB, Schwartz, A, Cubells, JF and Ressler, KJ (2008) Influence of child abuse on adult depression: moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Archives of General Psychiatry 65(2), 190–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bremmer, MA, Deeg, D, Beekman, AT, Pennix, BW, Lips, P and Hoogendijk, WJ (2007) Major depression in late life is associated with both hypo- and hypercortisolemia. Biological Psychiatry 62(5), 479–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briley, D, Livengood, J, Derringer, J, Tucker-Drob, EM, Fraley, RC and Roberts, BW (2018a) Interpreting behavior genetic models: seven developmental processes to understand. Behaviour Genetics 49, 196–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briley, DA, Livengood, J and Derringer, J (2018b) Behaviour genetic frameworks of causal reasoning for personality psychology. European Journal of Personality 32(3), 202–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchmann, AF, Holz, N, Boecker, R., Blomeyer, D, Rietschel, M, Witt, SH, Schmidt, MH, Esser, G, Banaschewski, T, Brandeis, D, Zimmermann, US and Laucht, M. (2014) Moderating role of FKBP5 genotype in the impact of childhood adversity on cortisol stress response during adulthood. European Neuropsychopharmacology 24(6), 837–845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, DP, Whitfield, CL, Felitti, VJ, Dube, SR, Edwards, VJ and Anda, RF (2004) Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders 82(2), 217–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, J, Purves, KL, Davis, KA, Rayner, C, Choi, SW, Hübel, C, Gaspar, HA, Kan, C, Van der Auwera, S, Adams, MJ, Lyall, DM, Peyrot, WJ, Dunn, EC, Vassos, E, Danese, A, Grabe, HJ, Lewis, CM, O’Reilly, PF, McIntosh, AM, Smith, DJ, Wray, NR, Hotopf, M, Eley, TC, Breen, G and Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2018) Genome-Wide Gene-Environment Analyses of Depression and Reported Lifetime Traumatic Experiences in UK Biobank. Available at https://www.biorxiv.org/search/%252BGenome-wide%252Bgene-environment%252Banalyses%252Bof%252Bdepression%252Band%252Breported%252Blifetime%252Btraumatic%252Bexperiences%252Bin%252BUK%252BBiobank (accessed 9 February 2018).Google Scholar
Comasco, E, Gustafsson, P, Sydsjö, G, Agnafors, S, Aho, N and Svedin, CG (2015) Psychiatric symptoms in adolescents: FKBP5 genotype—early life adversity interaction effects. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 24, 1473–1483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dackis, MN, Rogosch, FA, Oshri, A and Cicchetti, D (2012) The role of limbic system irritability in linking history of childhood maltreatment and psychiatric outcomes in low-income, high-risk women: moderation by FK506 binding protein 5 haplotype. Development and Psychopathology 24(4), 1237–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Castro-Catala, M, Pena, E, Kwapil, TR, Papiol, S, Sheinbaum, T, Cristobal-Narvaez, P, Ballespi, S, Barrantes-Vidal, N and Rosa, A (2017) Interaction between FKBP5 gene and childhood trauma on psychosis, depression and anxiety symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology 85, 200–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, EL, Burcescu, I, Wigg, K, Kiss, E, Baji, I, Gadoros, J, Tamás, Z, Kapornai, K, Daróczy, G, Kennedy, JL, Vetró, A, Kovacs, M, Barr, CL and International Consortium for Childhood-Onset Mood Disorders (2009) Further genetic evidence implicates the vasopressin system in childhood-onset mood disorders. European Journal of Neuroscience 30(8), 1615–1619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeYoung, CG, Cicchetti, D and Rogosch, FA (2011) Moderation of the association between childhood maltreatment and neuroticism by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52(8), 898–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, EC, Wiste, A, Radmanesh, F, Aimli, L, Gogarten, S, Sofer, T, Faul, JD, Kardia, SL, Smith, JA, Weir, DR, Zhao, W, Soare, TW, Mirza, SS, Hek, K, Tiemeier, H, Goveas, JS, Sarto, GE, Snively, BM, Cornelis, M, Koenen, KC, Kraft, P, Purcell, S, Ressler, KJ, Rosand, J, Wassertheil-Smoller, S and Smoller, JW (2016) Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) and Genome-Wide Environment Interaction Study (GWEIS) of Depressive Symptoms in African American and Hispanic/Latina women. Depression and Anxiety 33(4), 265–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binder, EB (2009) The role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy of affective and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(1), 186–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehlert, U (2013) Enduring psychobiological effects of childhood adversity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38(9), 1850–1857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, MB, Spitzer, RL, Gibbon, M and Williams, J (1995) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) (User’s Guide and Interview) Research Version. New York Psychiatric Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerritsen, L, Milaneschi, Y, Vinkers, CH, van Hemert, AM, van Velzen, L, Schmaal, L and Penninx, BW (2017) HPA axis genes, and their interaction with childhood maltreatment, are related to cortisol levels and stress-related phenotypes. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 42(12), 2446–2455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grabe, HJ, Schwahn, C, Appel, K, Mahler, J, Schulz, A, Spitzer, C, Fenske, K, Barnow, S, Lucht, M, Freyberger, HJ and John, U (2010) Childhood maltreatment, the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene and adult depression in the general population. American Journal of Neuropsychiatric Genetics 153B(8), 1483–1493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardeveld, F, Spijker, J, Peyrot, WJ, de Graaf, R, Hendriks, SM, Nolen, WA, Penninx, BW and Beekman, AT (2015) Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor polymorphisms and recurrence of major depressive disorder. The Journal of Neuroendocrinology 55, 154–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harkness, KL, Bruce, AE and Lumley, MN (2006) The role of childhood abuse and neglect in the sensitization to stressful life events in adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115(4), 730–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C, Bradley, E, Mletzko, TC, Deveau, TC, Musselman, DL, Nemeroff, CB, Ressler, KJ and Binder, EB. (2009). Effect of childhood trauma on adult depression and neuroendocrine function: sex-specific moderation by CRH receptor 1 gene. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 6(3), 41.Google Scholar
Heim, C and Nemeroff, CB (2001) The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry 49(12), 1023–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C, Newport, D, Mletzko, T, Miller, AH and Nemeroff, CB (2008) The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33(6), 693–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C, Plotsky, P and Nemeroff, CB (2004) Importance of studying the contributions of early adverse experience to neurobiological findings in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 29(4), 641–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ikeda, M, Shimasaki, A, Takahashi, A, Kondo, K, Saito, T, Kawase, K, Esaki, K, Otsuka, Y, Mano, K, Kubo, M and Iwata, N (2016) Genome-wide environment interaction between depressive state and stressful life events. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 77(1), 29–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ioannidis, JP (2005) Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine 2(8), 0696–0701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ioannidis, JP, Ntzani, E, Trikalinos, TA and Contopulos-Ioadinnis, DG (2001) Replication validity of genetic association studies. Nature 29(4), 306–309.Google ScholarPubMed
Keller, MC (2013) Gene environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution. Biological Psychiatry 75, 18–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, KS, Karkowski, L and Prescott, CA (1998) Stressful life events and major depression: risk period, long-term contextual threat, and diagnostic specificity. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186(11), 661–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, KS, Karkowski, L and Prescott, CA (1999) Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 156(6), 837–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, JS and Lee, SH (2016) Influence of interactions between genes and childhood trauma on refractoriness in psychiatric disorders. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 70, 162–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohrt, BA, Worthman, C, Ressler, KJ, Mercer, KB, Upadhaya, N, Koirala, S, Nepal, MK, Sharma, VD and Binder, EB (2015) Cross-cultural gene−environment interactions in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the cortisol awakening response: FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood trauma in South Asia. International Review of Psychiatry 27(3), 180–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kranzler, HR, Feinn, R, Nelson, EC, Covault, J, Anton, RF, Farrer, L and Gelernter, J (2011) CRHR1 haplotype moderates the effect of adverse childhood experiences on lifetime risk of major depressive episode in African-American women. American Journal of Neuropsychiatric Genetics 156(8), 960–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahti, J, Ala-Mikkula, H, Kajantie, E, Haljas, K, Eriksson, JG and Räikkönen, K (2015) Associations between self-reported and objectively recorded early life stress, FKBP5 polymorphisms, and depressive symptoms in midlife. Society of Biological Psychiatry 80(11), 869–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laucht, M, Treutlein, J, Blomeyer, D, Buchmann, AF, Schmidt, MH, Esser, G, Jennen-Steinmetz, C, Rietschel, M and Banaschewski, T (2012) Interactive effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene and childhood adversity on depressive symptoms in young adults: findings from a longitudinal study. European Neuropsychopharmacology 23(5), 358–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavebratt, C, Åberg, E, Sjöholm, LK and Forsell, Y (2010) Variations in FKBP5 and BDNF genes are suggestively associated with depression in a Swedish population-based cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders 125(1–3), 249–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maglione, D, Caputi, M, Moretti, B and Scaini, S (2018) Psychopathological consequences of maltreatment among children and adolescents: a systematic review of the GxE literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities 82, 53–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matosin, N, Halldorsdottir, T and Binder, EB (2018) Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning gene by environment interactions in psychiatric disorders: the FKBP5 model. Biological Psychiatry 83(10), 821–830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazurka, R, Wynne-Edwards, K and Harkness, KL (2015) Stressful life events prior to depression onset and the cortisol response to stress in youth with first onset versus recurrent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 44(6), 1173–1184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG and The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine 6(7), e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed1000097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nanni, V, Uher, R and Danese, A (2012) Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 169(2), 141–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Normann, C and Buttenschon, HN (2019) Gene-environment interactions between HPA-axis genes and stressful life events in depression: a systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatr 31(4), 186–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otowa, T, Kawamura, Y, Tsutsumi, A, Kawakami, N, Kan, C, Shimada, T, Umekage, T, Kasai, K, Tokunaga, K and Sasaki, T (2016) The first pilot genome-wide gene-environment study of depression in the Japanese population. PLoS One 11(8), e0160823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagliaccio, D, Luby, JL, Bogdan, R, Agrawal, A, Gaffrey, MS, Belden, AC, Botteron, KN, Harms, MP and Barch, DM (2015) HPA axis genetic variation, pubertal status, and sex interact to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses to negative emotional faces in school-age children. Neuroimage 109, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pariante, CM and Lightman, S (2008) The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Cell Press 31(9), 464–468.Google ScholarPubMed
Paykel, ES (2003) Life events and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 418, 61–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pekarsky, AR (2015) Overview of Child Maltreatment (Child Abuse), 2019. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/child-maltreatment/overview-of-child-maltreatment (accessed 21 June 2019).Google Scholar
Perroud, N, Paoloni-Giacobino, A, Prada, P, Olie, E, Salzmann, A, Nicastro, R, Guillaume, S, Mouthon, D, Stouder, C, Dieben, K, Huguelet, P, Courtet, P and Malafosse, A (2011) Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma. Translational Psychiatry 1, e59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peyrot, WJ, Milaneschi, Y, Sullivan, PF, Hottenga, JJ, Boomsma, DI and Penninx, BW (2014) Effect of polygenic risk scores on depression in childhood trauma. The British Journal of Psychiatry 205(2), 113–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peyrot, WJ, Van der Auwera, S, Milaneschi, Y, Dolan, CV, Madden, PAF, Sullivan, PF, Strohmaier, J, Ripke, S, Rietschel, M, Nivard, MG, Mullins, N, Montgomery, GW, Henders, AK, Heat, AC, Fisher, HL, Dunn, EC, Byrne, EM, Air, TA, Baune, BT, Breen, G, Levinson, DF, Lewis, CM, Martin, NG, Nelson, EN, Boomsma, DI, Grabe, HJ, Wray, NR and Penninx, B (2018) Does childhood trauma moderate polygenic risk for depression? A meta-analysis of 5765 subjects from the psychiatric genomics consortium. Biological Psychiatry 84(2), 138–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanczyk, G, Caspi, A, Williams, B, Price, TS, Danese, A, Sugden, K, Uher, R, Poulton, R and Moffitt, TE (2009) Protective effect of CRHR1 gene variants on the development of adult depression following childhood maltreatment: replication and extension. Archives of General Psychiatry 66(9), 978–985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, V, Gander, F, Pfister, H, Steiger, A, Sonntag, H, Trenkwalder, C, Sonntag, A, Hundt, W and Wittchen, HU (1998) To what degree does the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) correctly identify DSM-IV disorders? Testing validity issues in a clinical sample. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 7(3), 142–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ressler, KJ, Bradley, B, Mercer, KB, Deveau, TC, Smith, AK, Gillespie, CF, Nemeroff, CB, Cubells, JF and Binder, EB (2009) Polymorphisms in CRHR1 and the serotonin transporter loci: gene x gene x environment interactions on depressive symptoms. American Journal of Neuropsychiatric Genetics 153B(3), 812–824.Google Scholar
Rogers, J, Raveendran, M, Fawcett, GL, Fox, AS, Shelton, SE, Oler, JA, Cheverud, J, Muzny, DM, Gibbs, RA, Davidson, RJ and Kalin, NH (2013) CRHR1 genotypes, neural circuits and the diathesis for anxiety and depression. Molecular Psychiatry 18(6), 700–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, MM (2006) The impact of early adverse care on HPA axis development: nonhuman primate models. Hormones and Behavior 50(4), 623–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saveanu, RV and Nemeroff, CB (2012) Etiology of depression: genetic and environmental factors. Psychiatric Clinics North America 35(1), 51–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheuer, S, Ising, M, Uhr, M, Otto, Y, von Klitzing, K and Klein, AM (2015) FKBP5 polymorphisms moderate the influence of adverse life events on the risk of anxiety and depressive disorders in preschool children. Journal of Psychiatric Research 72, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starr, LR, Hammen, C, Conway, CC, Raposa, EE and Brennan, PA (2014) Sensitizing effect of early adversity on depressive reactions to later proximal stress: moderation by polymorphisms in serotonin transporter and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes in a 20-year longitudinal study. Cambridge University Press 36(4.2), 1241–1254.Google Scholar
Starr, LR and Huang, M (2018) HPA-axis multilocus genetic variation moderates associations between environmental stress and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Development and Psychopathology 31(4), 1339–1352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroud, CB, Davila, J and Moyer, A (2008). The relationship between stress and depression in first onsets versus recurrences: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117(1), 206–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, PF, Neale, M and Kendler, KS (2000) Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 157(10), 1552–1562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabor, HK, Risch, N and Myers, RM. (2002) Candidate-gene approaches for studying complex genetic traits: practical considerations. Nature Reviews Genetics 3(5), 391–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thapar, A, Harold, G and McGuffin, P (1998) Life events and depressive symptoms in childhood—shared genes or shared adversity? A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39(8), 1153–1158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thapar, A and McGuffin, P (1996) Genetic influences on life events in childhood. Psychological Medicine 26(4), 813–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrka, AR, Price, LH, Gelernter, J, Schepker, C, Anderson, GM and Carpenter, LL (2009) Interaction of childhood maltreatment with the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene: effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Biological Psychiatry 66, 681–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uher, R (2013) Gene–environment interactions in common mental disorders: an update and strategy for a genome-wide search. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49(1), 3–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Bodegom, M, Homberg, J and Henckens, MJAG (2017) Modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by early life stress exposure. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 19(11), 87.Google Scholar
Videbech, P and Rosenberg, R (2013). Klinisk neuropsykiatri–fra molekyle til sygdom, 2nd Edn, chapter 6, FADLs Forlag. p. 91.Google Scholar
Vinkers, CH, Joëls, M, Milaneschi, Y, Gerritsen, L, Kahn, RS, Pennix, BW and Boks, MP (2015) Mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes sex-dependently moderate depression susceptibility following childhood maltreatment. Journal of Psychoneuroendocrinology 18(54), 90–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, S, Gerritsen, L, van Oostrom, I, Arias-Vásquez, A, Rijpkema, M, Joëls, M, Franke, B, Tendolkar, I and Fernández, G (2013) Linking genetic variants of the mineralocorticoid receptor and negative memory bias: interaction with prior life adversity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 40, 181–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrijsen, JN, Vogel, S, Arias-Vasquez, A, Franke, B, Fernandez, G, Becker, ES, Speckens, A and van Oostrom, I (2015) Depressed patients in remission show an interaction between variance in the mineralocorticoid receptor NR3C2 gene and childhood trauma on negative memory bias. Psychiatric Genetics 25(3), 99–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Q, Shelton, R and Dwivedi, Y (2018) Interaction between early-life stress and FKBP5 gene variants in major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective disorders 225(1), 422–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welch, V, Petticrew, M, Tugwell, P, Moher, D, O’Neill, J, Waters, E, White, H and PRISMA-Equity Bellagio Group (2012) PRISMA-Equity 2012 extension: reporting guidelines for systematic reviews with a focus on health equity. PLoS Medicine 9(10), e1001333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zannas, AS and Binder, EB (2014) Gene-environment interactions at the FKBP5 locus: sensitive periods, mechanisms and pleiotropism. Genes, Brain and Behavior 13(1), 25–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, P, Brückl, T, Nocon, A, Pfister, H, Binder, EB, Uhr, M, Lieb, R, Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A, Holsboer, F and Ising, M (2011) Interaction of FKBP5 gene variants and adverse life events in predicting depression onset: results from a 10-year prospective community study. American Journal of Psychiatry 168(10), 1107–1116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed