No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Energy intakes, macronutrient intakes and the percentages of energy from macronutrients with adolescent BMI: results from a 5-year cohort study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 October 2022
Abstract
Background:
Adolescence is a period of life when dietary patterns and nutrient intakes may greatly influence adult fatness. This study assesses the tracking of energy and nutrient intakes of Ho Chi Minh City adolescents over 5 years. It explores the possible relationships between energy and the percentage of energy from macronutrients with BMI.
Methods:
Height, weight, time spent on physical activity, screen time and dietary intakes were collected annually between 2004 and 2009 among 752 junior high school students with a mean age of 11·87 years at baseline. The tracking was investigated using correlation coefficients and weighted kappa statistics (k) for repeated measurements. Mixed effect models were used to investigate the association between energy intakes and percentage energy from macronutrients with BMI.
Results:
There were increases in the mean BMI annually, but greater in boys than in girls. Correlation coefficients (0·2 < r < 0·4) between participants’ intakes at baseline and 5-year follow-up suggest moderate tracking. Extended kappa values were lowest for energy from carbohydrate (CHO) in both girls and boys (k = 0·18 & 0·24, respectively), and highest for protein in girls (k = 0·47) and fat in boys (k = 0·48). The multilevel models showed the following variables significantly correlated with BMI: CHO, fat, percentage of energy from CHO, fat, time spent for moderate to vigorous physical activity, screen time, age and sex.
Conclusions:
The poor to fair tracking observed in this cohort suggests that individual dietary patterns exhibited in the first year are unlikely to predict energy and nutrient intakes in the fifth year.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society
References
Hong, TK, Dibley, MJ, Sibbritt, D, et al. (2007) Overweight and obesity are rapidly emerging among adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2002–2004. Int J Pediatr Obes 2, 194–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, TKQ, Do, TND, Nguyen, VT, et al. (2010) Effectiveness of nutrition intervention and physical excercise on overeweight/obesity control in primary school children in district 10 of Ho Chi Minh city in 2008–2009. J Food Nutr Sci 6, 13.Google Scholar
Centre HCMCN (2014) Ho Chi Minh City Implementing Effectively the School Nutrition Program. http://tphcm.chinhphu.vn/tphcm-trien-khai-hieu-qua-chuong-trinh-dinh-duong-hoc-duong (accessed February 2021).Google Scholar
Nguyen, PVN, Hong, TK, Hoang, T, et al. (2013) High prevalence of overweight among adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. BMC Public Health 13, 141–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietz, WH & Gortmaker, SL (2001) Preventing obesity in children and adolescents. Ann Rev Public Health 22, 337–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biro, FM & Wien, M (2010) Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 1499S–1505S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Llewellyn, A, Simmonds, M, Owen, CG, et al. (2016) Childhood obesity as a predictor of morbidity in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 17, 56–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, BC, Dumith, SC, Orlandi, SP, et al. (2017) Diet and body fat in adolescence and early adulthood: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Ciência Saúde Coletiva 22, 1539–1552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikkilä, V, Räsänen, L, Raitakari, OT, et al. (2005) Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Br J Nutr 93, 923–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNaughton, SA, Ball, K, Mishra, GD, et al. (2008) Dietary patterns of adolescents and risk of obesity and hypertension. J Nutr 138, 364–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
del Mar Bibiloni, M, Tur, JA, Morandi, A, et al. (2015) Protein intake as a risk factor of overweight/obesity in 8– to 12–year-old children. Medicine 94, e2408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGloin, AF, Livingstone, MB, Greene, LC, et al. (2002) Energy and fat intake in obese and lean children at varying risk of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26, 200–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterland, RA & Jirtle, RL (2004) Early nutrition, epigenetic changes at transposons and imprinted genes, and enhanced susceptibility to adult chronic diseases. Nutrition 20, 63–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weihrauch-Blüher, S & Wiegand, S (2018) Risk factors and implications of childhood obesity. Curr Obes Rep 7, 254–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, S & Kelly, AS (2017) Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proc 92, 251–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maillard, G, Charles, MA, Lafay, L, et al. (2000) Macronutrient energy intake and adiposity in non obese prepubertal children aged 5–11 years (the Fleurbaix Laventie Ville Sante Study). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24, 1608–1617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y, Mouratidou, T, Vereecken, C, et al. (2015) Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents: the HELENA cross-sectional study. Nutr J 14, 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotfi, K, Mohammadi, S, Mirzaei, S, et al. (2022) Dietary total, plant and animal protein intake in relation to metabolic health status in overweight and obese adolescents. Sci Rep 12, 10055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trang, NH, Hong, TK & Dibley, MJ (2012) Cohort profile: Ho Chi Minh City Youth Cohort--changes in diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and relationship with overweight/obesity in adolescents. BMJ Open 2, e000362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trang, NH, Hong, TK, Van der Ploeg, HP, et al. (2012) Longitudinal physical activity changes in adolescents: Ho Chi Minh City Youth Cohort. Med Sci Sport Exerc 44, 1481–1489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, TK, Trang, NHHD, van der Ploeg, HP, Hardy, LL, Dibley, MJJ (2012) Validity and reliability of a physical activity questionnaire for Vietnamese adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 9, 93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, TK, Dibley, MJ & Sibbritt, D (2010) Validity and reliability of an FFQ for use with adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Public Health Nutr 13, 368–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, E, Warnberg, J, Kearney, J, et al. (2009) The tracking of dietary intakes of children and adolescents in Sweden over six years: the European Youth Heart Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 6, 91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanh, TTM (2004) Eiyokun: Software for Calculating Vietnamese Dietary Intake. Ho Chi Minh City: Medical Publishing House of Vietnam.Google Scholar
Rockett, HR, Breitenbach, M, Frazier, AL, et al. (1997) Validation of a youth/adolescent food frequency questionnaire. Prev Med 26, 808–816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, JM (1962) Growth at Adolescence, with a General Consideration of the Effects of Hereditary and Environmental Factors Upon Growth and Maturation from Birth to Maturity. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
WHO Expert Committee (1995) Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry: Report of a WHO Expert Committee (WHO Technical Report Series no. 854). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Shan, G, Zhang, H & Jiang, T (2020) Correlation coefficients for a study with repeated measures. Comput Math Meth Med 2020, 7398324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J & Wang, Y (2008) Tracking of dietary intake patterns is associated with baseline characteristics of urban low-income African-American adolescents. J Nutr 138, 94–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, Y, Tang, W, Feng, C, et al. (2008) Inference for kappas for longitudinal study data: applications to sexual health research. Biom 64, 781–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, Y, Rose, CE, Haber, M, et al. (2013) Assessing agreement of repeated binary measurements with an application to the CDC’s anthrax vaccine clinical trial. Int J Biostat 9, 19–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twisk, JWR, Kemper, HCG & Mellenbergh, GJ (1994) Mathematical and analytical aspects of tracking. Epidemiologic Rev 16, 165–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkey, CS & Colditz, GA (2007) Adiposity in adolescents: change in actual BMI works better than change in BMI z score for longitudinal studies. Ann Epidemiol 17, 44–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Twisk, JW (2003) The problem of evaluating the magnitude of tracking coefficients. Eur J Epidemiol 18, 1025–1026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robson, PJ, Gallagher, AM, Livingstone, MB, et al. (2000) Tracking of nutrient intakes in adolescence: the experiences of the Young Hearts Project, Northern Ireland. Br J Nutr 84, 541–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twisk, JW, Kemper, HC, van Mechelen, W, et al. (1997) Tracking of risk factors for coronary heart disease over a 14-year period: a comparison between lifestyle and biologic risk factors with data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 145, 888–898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lachat, C, Khanh, LNB, Khan, NC, et al. (2009) Eating out of home in Vietnamese adolescents: socioeconomic factors and dietary associations. Am J Clin Nutr 90, 1648–1655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliot, SA, Truby, H, Lee, A, et al. (2011) Associations of body mass index and waist circumference with: energy intake and percentage energy from macronutrients, in a cohort of australian children. Nutr J 10, 58–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dor, C, Stark, AH, Dichtiar, R, et al. (2022) Non-dairy animal protein consumption is positively associated with overweight and obesity in Israeli adolescents. Foods 11, 2072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebestreit, A, Barba, G, De Henauw, S, et al. (2016) Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between energy intake and BMI z-score in European children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 13, 23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, TT, Howarth, NC, Lin, BH, et al. (2004) Energy intake and meal portions: associations with BMI percentile in U.S. children. Obes Res 12, 1875–1885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okubo, H & Sasaki, S (2007) Underreporting of energy intake among Japanese women aged 18–20 years and its association with reported nutrient and food group intakes. Public Health Nutr 7, 911–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millstein, SG, Petersen, AC & Nightingale, EO (1994) Adolescent health promotion: rationale, goals, and objectives. In Promoting the Health of Adolescents: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century, pp. 424 [Millstein, SG, Petersen, AC & Nightingale, EO, editors]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Farooq, A, Martin, A, Janssen, X, et al. (2020) Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 21, e12953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemp, BJ, Cliff, DP, Chong, KH, et al. (2019) Longitudinal changes in domains of physical activity during childhood and adolescence: a systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 22, 695–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biddle, SJ, García Bengoechea, E & Wiesner, G (2017) Sedentary behaviour and adiposity in youth: a systematic review of reviews and analysis of causality. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14, 43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, AC, Steiner, MJ & Perrin, EM (2012) Self-reported energy intake by age in overweight and healthy-weight children in NHANES, 2001–2008. Pediatric 130, e936–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Movassagh, EZ, Baxter-Jones, ADG, Kontulainen, S, et al. (2017) Tracking dietary patterns over 20 years from childhood through adolescence into young adulthood: the Saskatchewan pediatric bone mineral accrual study. Nutrients 9, 990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, BC, Dumith, SC, Araújo de França, GV, et al. (2018) Tracking and changes in dietary patterns of adolescents: a longitudinal study in Southern Brazil. Nutr Food Sci 8, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar