Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2pzkn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-02T21:08:34.670Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Formation and Restacking of Disordered Smectite Osmotic Hydrates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Benjamin Gilbert ,
Luis R. Comolli ,
Ruth M. Tinnacher ,
Martin Kunz  and
Jillian F. Banfield
Benjamin Gilbert
Affiliation:
Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
Luis R. Comolli
Affiliation:
Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
Ruth M. Tinnacher
Affiliation:
Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
Martin Kunz
Affiliation:
Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA
Jillian F. Banfield*
Affiliation:
Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California — Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: jbanfield@berkeley.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Clay swelling, an important phenomenon in natural systems, can dramatically affect the properties of soils and sediments. Of particular interest in low-salinity, saturated systems are osmotic hydrates, forms of smectite in which the layer separation greatly exceeds the thickness of a single smectite layer due to the intercalation of water. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies have shown a strong link between ionic strength and average interlayer spacing in osmotic hydrates but also indicate the presence of structural disorder that has not been fully described. In the present study the structural state of expanded smectite in sodium chloride solutions was investigated by combining very low electron dose, high-resolution cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy observations with XRD experiments. Wyoming smectite (SWy-2) was embedded in vitreous ice to evaluate clay structure in aqua. Lattice-fringe images showed that smectite equilibrated in aqueous, low-ionic-strength solutions, exists as individual smectite layers, osmotic hydrates composed of parallel layers, as well as disordered layer conformations. No evidence was found here for edge-to-sheet attractions, but significant variability in interlayer spacing was observed. Whether this variation could be explained by a dependence of the magnitude of long-range cohesive (van der Waals) forces on the number of layers in a smectite particle was investigated here. Calculations of the Hamaker constant for layer-layer interactions showed that van der Waals forces may span at least five layers plus the intervening water and confirmed that forces vary with layer number. Drying of the disordered osmotic hydrates induced re-aggregation of the smectite to form particles that exhibited coherent scattering domains. Clay disaggregation and restacking may be considered as an example of oriented attachment, with the unusual distinction that it may be cycled repeatedly by changing solution conditions.

Keywords

Clay SwellingCryogenic Transmission Electron MicroscopyMontmorillonitevan der Waals Forces
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 63 , Issue 6 , December 2015 , pp. 432 - 442
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Equal co-authors

References

Amorim, C.L.G. Lopes, C.L.G. Barroso, R.C. Queiroz, J.C. Alves, D.B. Perez, C.A. and Schelin, H.R., 2007 Effect of clay—water interactions on clay swelling by X-ray diffraction Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 580 768–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R.L. Ratcliffe, I. Greenwell, H.C. Williams, P.A. Cliffe, S. and Coveney, P.V., 2010 Clay swelling — a challenge in the oilfield Earth-Science Reviews 98 201–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., 1988 Hydrous Phyllosilicates (exclusive of Micas) Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, Y., 2015 Single-particle cryo-EM at crystallographic resolution Cell 161 450–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comolli, L.R. Luef, B. and Chan, C.S., 2011 High-resolution 2D and 3D cryo-TEM reveals structural adaptations of two stalk-forming bacteria to an Fe-oxidizing lifestyle Environmental Microbiology 13 2915–2929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, B. and Ninham, B.W., 1972 Van der Waals forces in electrolytes Journal of Chemical Physics 5792–5801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dazas, B. Lanson, B. Delville, A. Robert, J.L. Komarneni, S. Michot, L.J. and Ferrage, E., 2015 Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119 4158–4172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delhorme, M. Jönsson, B. and Labbez, C., 2011 Monte Carlo simulations of a clay inspired model suspension: The role of rim charge Soft Matter 8 9691–9704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faisandier, K. Pons, C.H. Tchoubar, D. and Thomas, F., 1998 Structural organization of Na- and K-montmorillonite suspensions in response to osmotic and thermal stresses Clays and Clay Minerals 46 636–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrage, E. Lanson, B. Sakharov, B.A. and Drits, V.A., 2005 Investigation of smectite hydration properties by modeling experimental X-ray diffraction patterns: Part I. Montmorillonite hydration properties American Mineralogist 90 1358–1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, M.D., 1955 The relation between composition and swelling in clays Clays and Clay Minerals 3 205–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frandsen, C. Legg, B. Comolli, L.R. Zhang, H. Gilbert, B. Johnson, E. and Banfield, J.F., 2014 Aggregation-induced growth and transformation of β-FeOOH nanorods to micronsized α-Fe2O3 spindles CrystEngComm 16 1451–1458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, R.H. Müllejans, H. and Jones, D.J., 1998 Optical properties of aluminum oxide: determined from vacuum ultraviolet and electron energy-loss spectroscopies Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81 2549–2557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greathouse, J.A. Feller, S.E. and McQuarrie, D., 1994 The modified Gouy-Chapman theory: comparisons between electrical double layer models of clay swelling Langmuir 10 2125–2130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodzinsky, A.J. (2011) Fields, Forces, and Flows in Biological Systems. Garland Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, G.D. and Veblen, D.R., 1989 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of mixed-layer illite/smectite: Computer simulations Clays and Clay Minerals 37 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, J. Li, H. and Zhu, H., 2009 Determination of clay surface potential: A more reliable approach Soil Science Society of America Journal 73 1658–1663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, F. Zhang, H.Z. and Banfield, J.F., 2003 The role of oriented attachment crystal growth in hydrothermal coarsening of nanocrystalline ZnS Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107 10470–10475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jönsson, B. Labbez, C. and Cabane, B., 2008 Interaction of nanometric clay platelets Langmuir 24 11406–11413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, W.B. and Oster, J.D., 1982 A model of clay swelling and tactoid formation Clays and Clay Minerals 30 383–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A., 2006 Influence of layer charge on swelling of smectites Applied Clay Science 34 74–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legg, B. Zhu, M. Comolli, L.R. Gilbert, B. and Banfield, J.F., 2014 Determination of the three-dimensional structure of ferrihydrite nanoparticle aggregates Langmuir 30 9931–9940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, D. Nielsen, M.H. Lee, J.R.I. Frandsen, C. Banfield, J.F. and De Yoreo, J.J., 2012 Direction-specific interactions control crystal growth by oriented attachment Science 336 1014–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lifshitz, E.M., 1956 The theory of molecular attractive forces between solids Soviet Physics 2 73–83.Google Scholar
Liu, L., 2013 Prediction of swelling pressures of different types of bentonite in dilute solutions Colloids and Surfaces A 343 303–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, P.F. and Margheim, J.F., 1979 Swelling of clay. 1. Basic concepts and empirical equations Soil Science Society of America Journal 43 473–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckham, P.F. and Rossi, S., 1999 The colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite Advances in Colloidal Science 82 43–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luef, B. Fakra, S.C. Csencsits, R. Wrighton, K.C. Williams, K.H. Wilkins, M.J. Downing, K.H. Long, P.E. Comolli, L.R. and Banfield, J.F., 2012 Iron-reducing bacteria accumulate ferric oxyhydroxide nanoparticle aggregates that may support planktonic growth ISME Journal 2012 1–13.Google Scholar
Marra, J., 1985 Direct measurements of attractive van der Waals and adhesion forces between uncharged lipid bilayers in aqueous solutions Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 109 11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S.E. and Low, P.F., 1990 Characterization of the electrical double layer of montmorillonite Langmuir 6 572–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Missanna, T. and Adell, A., 2000 On the applicability of DLVO theory to the prediction of clay colloids stability Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 230 150–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K., 1954 Manner of swelling of montmorillonite Nature 173 256–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paineau, E. Bihannic, I. Baravian, C. Philippe, A.-M. Davidson, P. Levitz, P. Funari, S.S. Rochas, C. and Michot, L.J., 2011 Aqueous suspensions of natural swelling clay minerals. 1. Structure and electrostatic interactions Langmuir 27 5562–5573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsegian, V.A., 2006 Van der Waals Forces Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Penn, R.L. and Banfield, J.F., 1998 Imperfect oriented attachment: Dislocation generation in defect-free nanocrystals Science 281 969–971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penn, R.L. Oskam, G. Strathmann, T.J. Searson, P.C. Stone, A.T. and Veblen, D.R., 2001 Epitaxial assembly in aged colloids Journal of Physical Chemistry B 105 2177–2182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podgornik, R. and Parsegian, V.A., 2004 Van der Waals interactions across stratified media Journal of Chemical Physics 120 3401–3405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pons, C.H. Rousseaux, F. and Tchoubar, D., 1981 Utilisation du rayonnement synchrotron en diffusion aux petits angles pour l’etude du gonflement des smectites: I. Etude du systeme eau-montmorillonite-Na en fonction de la temperature Clay Minerals 16 23–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J.P. and Marčelja, S., 1997 Application of double-layer theories to the extensive crystalline swelling of Li-montmorillonite Langmuir 13 6241–6248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajter, R.F. French, R.H. Ching, W.Y. Podgornik, R. and Parsegian, A.V., 2013 Chirality-dependent properties of carbon nanotubes: electronic structure, optical dispersion properties, Hamaker coefficients and van der Waals—London dispersion interactions RSC Advances 3 823–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuman, D. Hesse, R. Sears, S.K. and Vali, H., 2014 Expansion behavior of octadecylammonium-exchanged lowto high-charge reference smectite-group minerals as revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections Clays and Clay Minerals 62 336–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuman, D. Hesse, R. Sears, S.K. and Vali, H., 2014 Expansion behavior of octadecylammonium-exchanged lowto high-charge reference smectite-group minerals as revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections Clays and Clay Minerals 62 336–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segad, M. Hanski, S. Olsson, U. Ruokolainen, J. Akesson, T. and Jonsson, B., 2012 Microstructural and swelling properties of Ca and Na montmorillonite: (in situ) observations with cryo-TEM and SAXS Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116 7596–7601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, P.G. Quirk, J.P. and Norrish, K., 1991 Crystalline swelling of smectite samples in concentrated NaCl solutions in relation to layer charge Clays and Clay Minerals 39 234–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensson, P.D. and Hansen, S., 2013 Combined salt and temperature impact on montmorillonite hydration Clays and Clay Minerals 61 328–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, G.L. Lemon, M.F. Jones, D.J. and French, R.H., 2005 Optical properties and London dispersion interaction of amorphous and crystalline SiO2 determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry Physical Review B 72 205117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tournassat, C. Ferrage, E. Poinsignon, C. and Charlet, L., 2004 The titration of clay minerals II. Structure-based model and implications for clay reactivity Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 273 234–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Olphen, H., 1977 An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry New York Interscience Publishers.Google Scholar
Viani, B.E. Low, P.F. and Roth, C.B., 1983 Direct measurement of the relation between interlayer force and interlayer distance in the swelling of montmorillonite Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 96 229–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J. Cuadros, J. and Cressey, G., 2004 An in situ time-resolved XRD-PSD investigation into Na-montmorillonite interlayer and particle rearrangement during dehydration Clays and Clay Minerals 52 180–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuwono, V.M. Burrows, N.D. Soltis, J.A. and Penn, R.L., 2010 Oriented aggregation: Formation and transformation of mesocrystal intermediates revealed Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 2163–2165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, F. Zhang, Z.Z. Low, P.F. and Roth, C.B., 1993 The effect of temperature on the swelling of montmorillonite Clay Minerals 28 25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, F.S. Low, P.F. and Roth, C.B., 1995 Effects of monovalent, exchangeable cations and electrolytes on the relation between swelling pressure and interlayer distance in montmorillonite Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 173 34–1578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar