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Geochemistry of Mixed-Layer Illite-Smectites from an Extensional Basin, Antalya Unit, Southwestern Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Ömer Bozkaya  and
Hüseyin Yalçin
Ömer Bozkaya*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
Hüseyin Yalçin
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: bozkaya@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
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Abstract

The Antalya Unit, one of the allochthonous units of the Tauride belt, is of critical, regional tectonic importance because of the presence of rifting remnants related to the break-up of the northern margin of Gondwana during Triassic time. Paleozoic — Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Antalya Unit consist mainly of calcite, dolomite, quartz, feldspar, and phyllosilicate (illite-smectite, smectite, kaolinite, chlorite, illite, chlorite-smectite, and chlorite-vermiculite) minerals. Illite-smectite (I-S) was found in all of the sequences from Cambrian to Cretaceous, but smectite was only identified in Late Triassic-Cretaceous sediments. R0 I-S occurs exclusively in early-diagenetic Triassic—Cretaceous units of the Alakırçay Nappe (rift sediments), whereas R3 I-S is present in late-diagenetic to low-anchimetamorphic Cambrian—Early Triassic units of the Tahtalıdağ Nappe (pre-rift sediments). Kübler Index (KI) values and the illite content of I-S reflect increasing diagenetic grades along with increasing depth. Major-element, trace-element, rare-earth-element (REE), and stable-isotope (O and H) compositions were investigated in dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites and I-S samples from the pre-rift and rift-related formations. Both total layer charge and interlayer K increase, whereas tetrahedral Si and interlayer Ca decrease from smectite to R3 I-S. Trace-element and REE concentrations of the I-S are greater in pre-rift sediments than in rift sediments, except for P, Eu, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Bi. On the basis of North American Shale Composite (NASC)-normalized values, the REE patterns of I-S in the pre-rift and rift sediments are clearly separate and distinct. Oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) values relative to SMOW (Standard Mean Oceanic Water) of smectite and I-S reflect supergene conditions, with decreasing δ18O but increasing δD values with increasing diagenetic grade. Lower dD values for these I-S samples are characteristic of rift sediments, and pre-rift sediments have greater values. On the basis of isotopic data from these I-S samples, the diagenesis of the Antalya Unit possibly occurred under a high geothermal gradient (>35ºC/km), perhaps originating under typical extensional-basin conditions with high heat flow. The geochemical findings from I-S and smectites were controlled by diagenetic grade and can be used as an additional tool for understanding the basin maturity along with mineralogical data.

Keywords

I-S MineralogyMajor ElementsO-H IsotopesTrace Elements
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 58 , Issue 5 , October 2010 , pp. 644 - 666
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2010

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