Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-03T02:56:21.128Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From Childhood into Adulthood: The Changing Face of ADHD

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Extract

How common is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and does the prevalence change from adolescence to adulthood?

A number of studies have reviewed the persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood into adolescence and adulthood as well as how the disorder changes over the lifespan of the illness. Recently, a metaanalysis found that the worldwide prevalence of childhood ADHD is ∼8%, and approximately two thirds of children with ADHD continue to have the disorder as adults. The National Comorbidity Survey is possibly the most comprehensive, up-to-date study examining the prevalence of community-based prevalence of adult ADHD; 4.4% of patients in that study were found to have ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD among adolescent patients seems to lie somewhere between the prevalence rates for children and adults.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Faraone, SV, Sergeant, J, Gillberg, C, Biederman, J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry. 2003;2:104113.Google ScholarPubMed
2.Faraone, S, Biederman, J, Mick, E. The age dependent decline of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2006;36:159165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Kessler, RC, Adler, L, Barkley, R et al. , The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:716723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Haberstick, BC, Timberlake, D, Hopfer, CJ, Lessem, JM, Ehringer, MA, Hewitt, JK. Genetic and environmental contributions to retrospectively reported DSM-IV childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med. 2007;25:110.Google Scholar
5.Faraone, SV, Perlis, RH, Doyle, AE et al. , Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:13131323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed, text rev. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.Google Scholar
7.Faraone, SV, Wilens, TE, Petty, C, Antshel, K, Spencer, T, Biederman, J. Substance use among ADHD adults: implications of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses. Am J Addict. 2007;16(suppl 1):2432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Murphy, KR, Adler, LA. Assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: focus on rating scales. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(suppl 3):1217.Google Scholar
9.Weiss, M, Hechtman, LT, Weiss, G. ADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press; 1999.Google Scholar
10.Kessler, RC, Adler, L, Ames, M et al. , The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35:245256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Kessler, RC, Adler, LA, Gruber, MJ, Sarawate, CA, Spencer, T, Van Brunt, DL. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16:5265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Pliszka, SR. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(suppl 7):5058.Google ScholarPubMed
13.Kunwar, A, Dewan, M, Faraone, SV. Treating common psychiatric disorders associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:555562.Google Scholar
14.Waxmonsky, J. Assessment and treatment of attention deficit hyperactiv-ity disorder in children with comorbid psychiatric illness. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003;15:476482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Barkley, RA. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1988.Google Scholar
16.Meyers, PL, Hammill, DD. Learning Disabilities. 4th ed.Austin, TX: PRO-ED; 1990.Google Scholar
17.Wiener, JM, ed. Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2nd ed.Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997.Google Scholar
18.Biederman, J, Faraone, SV, Spencer, T et al. , Patterns of psychiatric comorbid-ity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:17921798.Google Scholar
19.Kessler, RC, Adler, LA, Barkley, R. Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:14421451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Biederman, J, Newcorn, J, Sprich, S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:564577.Google Scholar
21.Biederman, J, Petty, C, Fried, R et al. , Impact of psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:16731675.Google Scholar
22.Seidman, LJ. Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26:466485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed