Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T12:59:59.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Aborted Restoration of ‘Indigenous’ Law in India*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Marc Galanter
Marc Galanter
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Traditional law—Hindu, Muslim and customary—has been almost entirely displaced from the modern Indian legal system. Today, the classical dharmaśāstra component of Hindu law is almost completely obliterated. It remains the original source of various rules of family law. But these rules are intermixed with rules from other sources and are administered in the common-law style, isolated from śāstric techniques of interpretation and procedure. In other fields of law, dharmaśāstra is not employed as a source of precedent, analogy or inspiration. As a procedural-technical system of laws, a corpus of doctrines, techniques and institutions, dharmasastra is no longer functioning. This is equally true of Muslim law. 3 The local customary component of traditional law is also a source of official rules at a few isolated points, but it too has been abandoned as a living source of law.

Type
Legal Cultures
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , January 1972 , pp. 53 - 70
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acharyya, Bijay Kisor (1914), Codification in British India. Calcutta: S. K. Banerji & Sons.Google Scholar
Agarwal, Shriman Narayan (1946), Gandhian Constitution for Free India. Allahabad: Kitabistan.Google Scholar
All-India Congress Committee (1954), Report of the Congress Village Panchayat Committee. New Delhi.Google Scholar
(AVARD) Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development (1962), Panchayat Raj as the Basis of Indian Polity: An Exploration into the Proceedings of the Constituent Assembly.New Delhi.Google Scholar
Austin, Granville (1966), The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Ayyar, A. S. P. (1958), Rambles in Literature, Art, Law and Philosophy. Madras: Madras Law Journal.Google Scholar
Berreman, Gerald D. (1963), Hindus of the Himalayas. Bombay: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Borale, P. T. (1968), Segregation and Desegregation in India. Bombay: Manaktalas.Google Scholar
Bose, Nirmal Kumar, ed. (1960), Data on Caste: Orissa. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India.Google Scholar
Bose, Pramatha Nath (1917), ‘The Legal Exploitation of the Indian People’. Modern Review 21: 30–7.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul R. (1969), ‘The Politics of Ayurvedic Education’, forthcoming in Rudolph, L. and Rudolph, S., eds., Education and Politics.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. (1959), ‘Some Notes on Law and Change in North India’. Economic Development and Cultural Change 8: 79–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. (1965), ‘Anthropological Notes on Disputes and Law in India’, in Nader, L., ed., The Ethnography of Law (American Anthropologist Special Publication Vol. 67, No. 6, part 2), pp. 82–122.Google Scholar
Connell, A. K. (1880), Discontent and Danger in India. London: Kegan, Paul & Co.Google Scholar
Das, Gobind (1967), Justice in India. Cuttack: Shangon & Shangon.Google Scholar
De Bary, W. T. (1958), Sources of Indian Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Derrett, J. Duncan M. (1958), ‘Statutory Amendments of the Personal Law of the Hindus Since Indian Independence’. American Journal of Comparative Law 7: 380–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derrett, J. Duncan M. (1961), ‘The Administration of Hindu Law by the British’. Comparative Studies in Society and History 4: 10–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derrett, J. Duncan M. (1964), ‘Aspects of Matrimonial Causes in Modern Hindu Law’. Revue du sud-est Asiatique 1964: 203–41.Google Scholar
Derrett, J. Duncan M. (1968), Religion, Law and the State in India. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Derrett, J. Duncan M. (1969), ‘Law’. Paper presented to Study Conference on Tradition in Indian Politics and Society,1–3 July 1969,University of London (School of Oriental and African Studies), mimeographed.Google Scholar
Dhavan, S. S. (1964), ‘The Indian Judicial System I’, in Gupta, M. B., ed., Aspects of Indian Constitution. 2nd edition, Allahabad: Central Book Depot.Google Scholar
Dhavan, S. S. (1966), ‘Secularism in Indian Jurisprudence’, in Sharma, G. S., ed., Secularism: its Implications for Law and Life in India. Bombay: N. M. Tripathi Pvt. Ltd.Google Scholar
Dickinson, John (1853), Government of India Under a Bureaucracy. London. [Reprinted and published by MajorBasu, B. D., Allahabad, 1925].Google Scholar
Fox, Richard G. (1967), ‘Resiliency and Change in the Indian Caste System: the Umar of U.P.’ Journal of Asian Studies 26: 575–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1966), ‘The Modernization of Law’, in Weiner, Myron, ed., Modernization. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1968), ‘The Displacement of Traditional Law in Modern India’. Journal of Social Issues 24: 65–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galanter, Marc (1968–1969), ‘The Study of the Indian Legal Profession’. Law and Society Review 3: 201–17.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc (forthcoming), ‘A Note on Contrasting Styles of Professional Dualism: Law and Medicine in India’ in Singer, M., ed., Occupational Cultures in Changing South Asia.Google Scholar
Gandhi, M. K. (1962), The Law and the Lawyers (compiled and edited by Kher, S. B.). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.Google Scholar
Gough, E. Kathleen (1960), ‘Caste in a Tanjore Village’, in Leach, E. R., ed., Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11–60.Google Scholar
Government of India (1958) Ministry of Law: Law Commission of India, Fourteenth Report (Reform of Judicial Administration), 2 vols. New Delhi: Manager of Publications.Google Scholar
Government of India (1962), Ministry of Law: Report of the Study Team on Nyaya Panchayats. Delhi.Google Scholar
Government of India (1966), Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Community Development and Cooperation (Department of Community Development): Panchayati Raj at a Glance (As on 31 03, 1966). New Delhi.Google Scholar
Government of India (1968), Central Statistical Organization: Statistical Abstract of the Indian Union 1967. Delhi: Manager of Publications.Google Scholar
Government of Rajasthan (1964), Panchayat and Development Department: Report of the Study Team on Panchayati Raj. Jaipur.Google Scholar
Govinda, Menon P. (1951), ‘The Bench and the Bar in India-A Survey of their Problems’. All-India Reporter Journal 1951: 90.Google Scholar
Gune, V. T. (1953), The Judicial System of the Marathas. Poona: Deccan College PostGraduate and Research Institute.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, John D. (1960), ‘Surat Singh, Head Judge’, in Casagrande, Joseph B., ed., In the Company of Man. New York: Harper & Bros., pp. 234–72.Google Scholar
Hoebel, E. Adamson (1965), ‘Fundamental Cultural Postulates and Judicial Lawmaking in Pakistan’, in Nader, L., ed., The Ethnography of Law (American Anthropologist Special Publication Vol. 67, No. 6, part 2), pp. 43–56.Google Scholar
Hunter, W. W. (1897), Annals of Rural Bengal. 7th edition, London: Smith, Elder.Google Scholar
Ishwaran, K. (1964), ‘Customary Law in Village India’. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 5: 228–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagannadh, Das B. (1955), ‘The Judiciary in India’. All-India Reporter Journal 1955: 42.Google Scholar
Jain, M. P. (1963), ‘Custom as a Source of Law in India’. Jaipur Law Journal 3: 96–130.Google Scholar
Kane, P. V. (1950), Hindu Customs and Modern Law. Bombay: University of Bombay.Google Scholar
Katju, K. N. (1948), Speech reported in the All India Reporter Journal 1948: 22.Google Scholar
Khosla, G. D. (1949), Our Judicial System. Allahabad: University Book Agency.Google Scholar
Law and Society Review (1968–1969). A special issue devoted to lawyers in developing societies with particular reference to India, 3: (2–3) 11 1968–02 1969.Google Scholar
Leslie, Charles (1969), ‘Modern India's Ancient Medicine’. Trans-Action 1969 (June): 46–55.Google Scholar
Leslie, Charles (1970), ‘The Professional ization of Indigenous Medicine’. Paper presented to the Conference on Occupational Cultures in Changing South Asia,May 15–16, 1970,University of Chicago, mimeographed.Google Scholar
Levy, Harold L. (1968–1969), ‘Lawyer-Scholars, Lawyer-Politicians and the Hindu Code Bill, 1921–1956’. Law and Society Review 3: 303–16.Google Scholar
Lipstein, K. (1957), ‘The Reception of Western Law in India’. International Social Science Bulletin 85–95.Google Scholar
Luschinsky, Mildred S. (1963a), ‘The Impact of Some Recent Indian Government Legislation on the Women of an Indian Village’. Asian Survey 3: 573–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luschinsky, Mildred S. (1963b), ‘Problems of Culture Change in the Indian Village’. Human Organization 22: 66–74.Google Scholar
Lynch, Owen M. (1967), ‘Rural Cities in India: Continuities and Discontinuities’, in Mason, Philip, ed., India and Ceylon. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 142–58.Google Scholar
Maine, Henry S. (1895), Village-Communities in the East and West. 7th edition, London: John Murray.Google Scholar
McCormack, William (1963), ‘Lingayats as a Sect’. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 93, part I: 57–71.Google Scholar
McCormack, William (1966), ‘Caste and the British Administration of Hindu Law’. Journal of Asian and African Studies 1: 25–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madan, T. N. (1969), ‘Who Chooses Modern Medicine and Why’. Economic and Political Weekly 4 (37): 1475–84.Google Scholar
Malaviya, H. D. (1956), Village Panchayats in India. New Delhi: Economic and Political Research Department, All-India Congress Committee.Google Scholar
Misra, K. L. (1960), Presidential Address, 15th Uttar Pradesh Lawyers' Conference,Allahabad.All-India Reporter Journal1960:38.Google Scholar
Misra, L. S. (1954), Inaugural Address. All-India Reporter Journal 1954: 48.Google Scholar
Moon, Penderel (1945), Strangers in India. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Ralph and Mukhopadhyay, T. (1962), ‘Politics and Law in Two West Bengal Villages’. Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India 11: 15–40.Google Scholar
Purwar, Vijaya Lakshmi (1960), Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow.Google Scholar
Pye, Lucian (1966), Aspects of Political Development, Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Rajamannar, P. V. (1949), Speech reported in the All-India Reporter Journal 1949: 26.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. G. (1950), ‘Re-Organization of the Legal Profession in India’. All-India Reporter Journal 1950: 52.Google Scholar
Retzlaff, Ralph H. (1962), Village Government in India: A Case Study. London: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
Robins, Robert S. (1962), ‘India: Judicial Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh’. American Journal of Comparative Law 11: 239–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, Peter (1968–1969), ‘Indian Lawyers and Political Modernization: Observations in Four District Towns’. Law and Society Review 3: 219–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, Sripati (1911), Customs and Customary Law in British India. Calcutta: Hare Press.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Lloyd I. and Rudolph, Susanne H. (1965), ‘Barristers and Brahmins in India: Legal Cultures and Social Change’. Comparative Studies in Society and History 8: 24–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samant, S. V. (1957), Village Panchayats [with special reference to Bombay State]. Bombay: Local Self-Government Institute.Google Scholar
Sampurnanand, (1963), Presidential Address. Jaipur Law Journal 3: 1–6.Google Scholar
Sankaran, Nair C. (1911), ‘Indian Law and English Legislation’. Contemporary Review 100: 213–26.Google Scholar
Sen, A. K., Setalvad, M. G, Pathak, G. S., (1964), Justice for the Common Man. Lucknow: Eastern Book Co.Google Scholar
Setalvad, M. C. (1960), The Common Law in India. London: Stevens & Sons.Google Scholar
Sharma, G. S. (1967), ‘Changing Perceptions of Law in India’. Jaipur Law Journal 7: 1–19.Google Scholar
Sharma, V. S. (1951), The Panchayat Raj. Simla: Udbodhan Mandal.Google Scholar
Shore, Frederick John (1837), Notes on Indian Affairs. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Srinivas, M. N. (c. 1964), A Study of Disputes. Delhi: University of Delhi (Delhi School of Economics, Dept. of Sociology), mimeographed.Google Scholar
Tucker, Henry St. George (1853), Memorials of Indian Government, ed. Kaye, J. W.. London: Richard Bentley.Google Scholar
Von Mehren, Arthur T. (1963a), ‘The Judicial Process with Particular Reference to the United States and to India’. Journal of the Indian Law Institute 5: 271–80.Google Scholar
Von Mehren, Arthur T. (1963b), ‘Some Observations on the Role of Law in Indian Society and on Indian Legal Education’. Jaipur Law Journal 3: 13–18.Google Scholar