Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-18T20:31:01.665Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Relationship Between Health Anxiety and Psychological Resilience Among Nursing Students and Predictors of Psychological Resilience in the Last Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2024

Tulay Sagkal Midilli
Affiliation:
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manisa, Türkiye
Asli Kalkim*
Affiliation:
Ege University, Faculty of Nursing, İzmir, Türkiye
Burcu Uslu
Affiliation:
Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trakya, Türkiye
*
Corresponding author: Asli Kalkim; Email: asli.kalkim@ege.edu.tr

Abstract

Objective:

The study aimed to determine health anxiety and psychological resilience and to investigate the relationship between health anxiety and psychological resilience among nursing students in the last period of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:

This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with 507 students in Turkey. The questionnaires used in the study were a student nurse information form, the Health Anxiety Inventory, and the Resilience Scale for Adults.

Results:

The mean age of the students was 20.70 ± 1.77 years. The health anxiety mean score was 36.19 ± 6.55, and the resilience scale mean score was 117.13 ± 16.00. There was a weak negative correlation between the students’ psychological resilience and their health anxiety (r = −0.207, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Having an extended family and having good relationships with family and friends were the predictors of psychological resilience. Social support and psychological care services under a biopsychosocial model by the management of university or faculty should be implemented for university students in order to preserve their resilience and well-being, to cope with the pandemic.

Type
Original Research
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Wu, Y, Yu, W, Wu, X, et al. Psychological resilience and positive coping styles among Chinese undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol. 2020;8(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00444-y CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiao, X, Xiao, J, Yao, J, et al. The role of resilience and gender in relation to infectious-disease-specific health literacy and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:3011-3021. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S277231 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 – 3 March 2023. Accessed March 3, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-3---3-march-3 Google Scholar
Ahorsu, DK, Lin, CY, Imani, V, et al. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20:1537-1545. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11469-020-00270-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanc, J, Briggs, AQ, Seixas, AA, et al. Addressing psychological resilience during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a rapid review. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(1):29-35. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000665 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köktürk Dalcalı, B, Durgun, H, Taş, AS. Anxiety levels and sleep quality in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(4):1999-2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12839 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Özdin, S, Bayrak Özdin, S. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;66(5):504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020764020927051 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okuyan, CB, Karasu, F, Polat, F. The effect of nursing students’ fear of exposure to COVID-19 on health anxiety levels: a university example. Van J Health Sci. 2020;13(COVID-19 Special Issue):45-52.Google Scholar
Bahçecioğlu Turan, G, Özer, Z, Çiftçi, B. Analysis of anxiety levels and attitudes of nursing students toward the nursing profession during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(4):1913-1921. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12766 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungmann, SM, Witthöft, M. Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? J Anxiety Disord. 2020;73:102239. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Özdelikara, A, Ağaçdiken Alkan, S, Mumcu, N. Determination of health perception, health anxiety and effecting factors among nursing students. Bakirkoy J Med. 2018;14:275-282. https://doi.org/10.5350/BTDMJB.20170310015347 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asghar, MZ, Arif, S, Barbera, E, et al. Support through social media and online class participation to enhance psychological resilience. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(22):11962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211962 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yanık, D, Yesilçınar, İ. The effects of social isolation experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing students: qualitative research. J Health Acad. 2021;8(2):103-112.Google Scholar
Yalçın, İ, Can, N, Mançe Çalışır, Ö, et al. Latent profile analysis of COVID-19 fear, depression, anxiety, stress, mindfulness, and resilience. Curr Psychol. 2022;41(1):459-469. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-01667-x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kürtüncü, M, Kurt, A. The problems experienced by nursing students about distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Eurasian J Soc Econ Stud. 2020;7(5):66-77.Google Scholar
Sümbüloğlu, V, Sümbüloğlu, K. Research Methods in Health Sciences. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Publishing; 2013. p. 45.Google Scholar
Aydemir, Ö, Kirpinar, İ, Sati, T, et al. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Health Anxiety Inventory. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2013;50(4):325-331. doi: 10.4274/npa.y6383 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basım, HN, Çetin, F. Reliability and validity study of the resilience scale for adults. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2011;22(2):104-114.Google ScholarPubMed
Saeed, H, Eslami, A, Nassif, NT, et al. Anxiety linked to COVID-19: a systematic review comparing anxiety rates in different populations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):2189. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042189 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luceño-Moreno, L, Talavera-Velasco, B, García-Albuerne, Y, Martín-García, J. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, levels of resilience and burnout in Spanish health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5514. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155514 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, W, Ping, S, Liu, X. Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: a longitudinal study from China. J Affect Disord. 2020;263:292-300. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.121 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miao, Q, Xie, L, Xing, B, et al. Emotional states and coping methods in nursing and non-nursing students responding to COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8):1-7. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Özdemir, HNÇ, Özyürek, P, Kılıç, İ. The relationship between psychological resilience, perceived stress, and anxiety levels of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic process. J Psychiatr Nurs. 2023;14(2):175-183. doi: 10.14744/phd.2022.80037 Google Scholar
Crandall, A, Daines, C, Hanson, CL, Barnes, MD. The effects of COVID-19 stressors and family life on anxiety and depression one-year into the COVID-19 pandemic. Fam Process. 2023;62(1):336-351. doi: 10.1111/famp.12771 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mousavi, SK, Kamali, M, Azizkhani, H, Mohammadi, S. Health anxiety among nurses caring for patients with COVİD-19. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2022;27(2):139-143. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_213_20 Google ScholarPubMed
Lu, T, Yu, Y, Zhao, Z, Guo, R. Mental health and related factors of adolescent students during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19(1):16-28. doi: 10.30773/pi.2020.0416 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, C, Wang, L, Fang, R, et al. Anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms among high school students in China in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. J Affect Disord. 2022;296:126-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.052 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, Z, Zhao, J, Li, Y, et al. Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e181. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000931 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, AA, Ha, T, Ockey, S. Adolescents’ perceived socio-emotional impact of COVID-19 and implications for mental health: results from a U.S.-based mixed-methods study. J Adolesc Health. 2021;68(1):43-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.039 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurcer, MA, Erdogan, Z, Cakir Kardes, V. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health anxiety and cyberchondria levels of university students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58(1):132-140. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12850 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pooyanmehr, N, Asgari, SA. Study of stress, anxiety, and students’ self-care behaviors after the early epidemic of COVID 19 and the reopening of Iranian higher education centers; a general study. SSRN Elsevier; 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazan Kızılkurt, O, Yılmaz, A, Noyan, CO, Dilbaz, N. Health anxiety during the early phases of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and its relationship with postpandemic attitudes, hopelessness, and psychological resilience. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(1):399-407. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12646 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koç, A, Tok, HH, Uzun, LN, Ensari, H. Depression, anxiety and state guilt in individuals under quarantine in an institution due to COVID-19 and the related factors. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2021;58(2):146-153. doi: 10.29399/npa.27329 Google Scholar
Wang, C, Zhao, H. The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1168. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Achour, M, Souici, D, Bensaid, B, et al. Coping with anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of academics in the Muslim world. J Relig Health. 2021;60(6):4579-4599. doi: 10.1007/s10943-021-01422-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, Y. Investigation on anxiety and coping style of college students during COVID-19 epidemic. Psychiatr Danub. 2021;33(4):651-655. doi: 10.24869/psyd.2021.651 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muyor-Rodríguez, J, Caravaca-Sánchez, F, Fernández-Prados, JS. COVID-19 fear, resilience, social support, anxiety, and suicide among college students in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(15):8156. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18158156 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rayani, M, Rayani, S, Najafi-Sharjabad, F. COVID-19-related knowledge, risk perception, information seeking, and adherence to preventive behaviors among undergraduate students, southern Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28(42):59953-59962. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14934-y CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Apaydın Cırık, V, Aksoy, B, Gül, U. Resilience levels and coping strategies of nursing students during the COVID-19 process: a descriptive study. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2021;13(3):693-703. https://doi.org/10.5336/nurses.2020-79559 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arslan, HN, Karabekiroglu, A, Terzi, O, Dundar, C. The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on physicians’ psychological resilience levels. Postgrad Med. 2021;133(2):223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2021.1874166 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimter, N. Investigation of psychological resilience levels of individuals in terms of some variables in COVID-19 days. IBAD J Soc Sci. 2020;Special Issue:574-605. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.805481 Google Scholar
Parvar, SY, Ghamari, N, Pezeshkian, F, Shahriarirad, R. Prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, and perceived stress and their relation with resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic, a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5(1):e460. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.460 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kılınç, T, Sis Çelik, A. Relationship between the social support and psychological resilience levels perceived by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study from Turkey. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(3):1000-1008. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12648 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yörük, S, Acikgoz, A, Güler, D. The predictors of secondary traumatic stress and psychological resilience in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Turkey. Stress Health. 2022;38(4):746-754. doi: 10.1002/smi.3129 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ye, Z, Yang, X, Zeng, C, et al. Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID-19-related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China [published correction appears in Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2023;15(1):447]. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2020;12(4):1074-1094. doi: 10.1111/aphw.12211 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozdağ, F, Ergün, N. Psychological resilience of healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Rep. 2021;124(6):2567-2586. doi: 10.1177/0033294120965477 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, S, Yang, X, Yang, H, et al. Psychological resilience as a protective factor for depression and anxiety among the public during the outbreak of COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2021;11:618509. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.618509 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, CL, Finkelstein-Fox, L, Russell, BS, et al. Psychological resilience early in the COVID-19 pandemic: stressors, resources, and coping strategies in a national sample of Americans. Am Psychol. 2021;76(5):715-728. doi: 10.1037/amp0000813 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauly, C, Ribeiro, F, Schröder, VE, et al. The moderating role of resilience in the personality-mental health relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:745636. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.745636 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, ACY, Piehler, TF, Ho, GWK. Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from Minnesota and Hong Kong. J Affect Disord. 2021;295:771-780. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.144 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killgore, WDS, Taylor, EC, Cloonan, SA, Dailey, NS. Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113216. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, ZS, Hasson, F. Resilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: a systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. Published online April 19, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104440 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ran, L, Wang, W, Ai, M, et al. Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: a study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Soc Sci Med. 2020;262:113261. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113261 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, C, Sommerfield, A, von Ungern-Sternberg, BS. Resilience strategies to manage psychological distress among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(10):1364-1371. doi: 10.1111/anae.15180 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed