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Excavations at the Yongcheng Site, 1959-1986

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2015

Vladimír Lis̆c̆ák
Vladimír Lis̆c̆ák*
Affiliation:
Bosinska 226/24, CS-190 15 Praha 9-Satalice, Czechoslovakia
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Type
Research Notes and Communications
Information
Early China , Volume 13 , 1988 , pp. 274 - 287
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Study of Early China 1988

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References

NOTES

1. In connection with opening the outer coffin of tomb No. 1, a number of Chinese newspapers published articles summarizing the explorations in Fengxiang County. See. for example, China Daily, 5 May, 1986; Guangming ribao, 28 April, 2, 3, 4, 24, 29 May, 3 June 1986, Wenhuibao, 3, 17 May, 5 June 1986, and Jiefang ribao, 3 May 1986. In succeeding months a large number of reports was published in China Reconstructs (or its Chinese version Zhongguo jianshe), ), Kaogu yu wenwu, Wenmu, Wenbo etc.

2. Sima Qian , Shi ji , “Feng shan shu” . Kametarō, Takigawa, Shi ji huizhu kaozheng (Tokyo, 1934, Beijing: Wenxue Guji Kanxingshe , 1955), vol. 4, pp. 1910–1911Google Scholar.

3. For the translation, cf. Viatkin, R. V., trans., Istoricheskie zapiski (Moscow: Nauka, 1986), vol. 4, p. 156Google Scholar, Chavannes, Edouard, trans., Les Mémo ires historiques de Se--ma Ts'ien (Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1967), vol. 3, p. 422Google Scholar.

4. “Shaanxi Fengxiang Nanguchengcun yizhi shijue ji” , Kaogu 1962.9Google Scholar; “Qin du Yongcheng yizhi kancha” , Kaogu 1963.8Google Scholar; “Fengxiang xian Qin gongdian shijue ji qi tongzhi jianzhu goujian” , Kaogu 1976.2Google Scholar, Hongxuan, Yang, “Fengxiang chutu Chunqiu Qin gong tonggou--jin gang” ,Kaogu 1976.2Google Scholar, “Shaanxi Fengxiang Chunqiu Qinguo lingyin yizhi fajue jianbao” , Wenwu 1978.3Google Scholar. For a brief survey of the initial excavations at Yongcheng, see also Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he y an jiu (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe , 1984), p. 277Google Scholar.

5. For the latest data on the area of the city, see Baoren, Du and Zhenxi, Zhuo, , “Qin chengzhi kaogu shulüe” , Wenbo 1986.1:27–33Google Scholar; “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan shijue jianbao” Kaogu yu wenwu 1985.2:7Google Scholar; Jiangang, Bai and Minsheng, Su, “Yongcheng, Capital of the First Emperor's Home State,” China Reconstructs 1986.11:27Google Scholar.

6. For the first report about completing the city-wall excavations, see Zhiru, Shang and Congcang, Zhao, “Yongcheng yizhi chengqiang zuantan wancheng” , Shaanxi ribao , 22 01 1984 (cited in n. 4)Google Scholar.

7. “Qin du Yongcheng yizhi kancha”; “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,” p. 7 (cited in n. 5).

8. Jin, Qin, “Fengxiang Nangucheng yizhi de zuantan he shijue” , Kaogu yu wenwu 1980.4.48–53Google Scholar.

9. For more detailed data on preserved sections of the wall of Yongcheng, , see “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,” pp. 7–9 (cited in n. 5)Google Scholar.

10. Jiangang, Bai and Bingqi, Liu, Kaogu gongzuozhe jieshichu pin du Yongcheng zongti geju”, , Guangming ribao , 29 05 1986Google Scholar.

11. Bai Jiangang and Su Minsheng, p. 27 (cited in n. 5); “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,” p. 11 (cited in n. 5).

12. Bai Jiangang and Su Minsheng, p. 28 (cited in n. 5); “Qin gu Yongcheng faxian shichang he jiedao yizhi” , Xinhua wenzhai 1986.8:83Google Scholar.

13. Bai Jiangang and Su Minsheng, p. 28 (cited in n. 5).

14. For more detail see “Qin gu Yongcheng,” p. 83 (cited in n. 12); and Bai Jiangang and Liu Bingqi (cited in n. 10).

15. “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,” pp. 13–17 (cited in n. 5).

16. “Fengxiang Majiazhuang Chunqiu Qin yi hao jianzhu yizhi diyici fajue jianbao” , Kaogu yu wenwu 1982.5:12–20Google Scholar, “Fengxiang Majiazhuang yi hao jianzhuqun yizhi fajue jianbao” Wenwu 1985.2:1–29Google Scholar; Zhiru, Shang and Congcang, Zhao, “‘Fengxiang Majiazhuang yi hao jianzhuqun yizhi fajue jianbao’ buzheng” (, Wenbo 1986.1:11–13Google Scholar.

17. See Bai Jiangang and Su Minsheng, p. 28 (cited in n. 5); “Fengxiang Majiazhuang yi hao jianzhuqun,” pp. 26, 29 (cited in n. 16). For more detailed description of the system of construction of ancestral temples during the Chunqiu period, see Wei, Han, “Majiazhuang Qin zongmiao jianzhu zhidu yanjiu” , Wenwu 1985.2:30–38Google Scholar.

18. With regard to these 181 sacrificial pits, oxen were buried in 86, sheep in 55, immolated people in 8, oxen and sheep together in 1, oxen and immolated people together In 1, and chariots in 2; 28 pits were empty. See “Fengxiang Majiazhuang yi hao jianzhuqun,” pp. 10–18 (cited in n. 16); and Chong, Zheng, “Gu du zhi mi” , Wenhuibao , 15 06 1986Google Scholar.

19. Sima Qian, Shi ji, “Feng shan shu”; Takigawa, vol. 4, p. 1933.

20. For the translation, cf. Viatkin, vol. 4, p. 164, and Chavannes, vol. 3, pp. 446–447. The Supernal Emperors (shang di ) of the text refers to four mythological emperors, the most honored deities of that time: Bai Di (the White Emperor), Yan Di (the Flaming Emperor) or Chi Di (the Red Emperor), Huang Di (the Yellow Emperor), and Qing Di (the Blue or Green Emperor). Cf. Zhang Shoujie , Zheng yi ; Takigawa, vol. 4, p. 1933; Viatkin, vol. 4, p. 300, n. 16; Ke, Yuan, Zhongguo shenhua chuanshuo cidian (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe , 1985), pp. 71, 132, 194, 230, 347–348Google Scholar. According to Shi ji, in 672 B.C. Xuan Gong (676–664 B.C.) created the oracle Mizhi south of the Wei River for offering sacrifices to Qing Di. In 422 B.C. Ling Gong (proper name Ying Su , 425–415 B.C.) established the upper oracle Shangzhi for offering sacrifices to Huang Di and the lower oracle Xiazhi for offering sacrifices to Yan Di. In 367 B.C. Xian Gong (proper name Ying Shixi , 385–362 B.C.) arranged the oracle Qizhi for offering sacrifices to Bai Di. These were the four sacrificial places mentioned in the text. Cf. Takigawa, vol. 4, pp. 1911, 1917, 1918; Viatkin, vol. 4, pp. 156, 158; Chavannest vol. 3, pp. 423, 429.

21. See Takigawa, vol. 4, pp. 1931–1932, Viatkin, vol. 4, p. 163, Chavannes, vol. 3, pp. 443–444.

22. Cf. Wei, Han, “Majiazhuang,” p. 30 (cited in n. 17)Google Scholar, and Dong, Shi, Jianming gu Hanyu cidian (Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe , 1985), p. 622Google Scholar. For the plan of the zumiao see “Fengxiang Majiazhuang chunqiu,” p. 13 (cited in n. 16). For a total view of the temple complex, see “Fengxiang Majiazhuang yi hao jianzhuqun,” pp. 4–5, fig. 6 and pl. 1 (cited in n. 16), and Shang Zhiru and Zhao Congcang, “,Feng-xiang …’ buzheng” (cited in n. 16).

23. Cf. Bai Jiangang and Su Minsheng, p. 28 (cited in n. 5), and Wei, Han, “Majiazhuang,” p. 31Google Scholar (cited in n. 17).

24. “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,“ pp. 14–15 (cited in n. 5); Wei, Han, “Majiazhuang,” p. 31, fig. 2Google Scholar (cited in n. 17).

25. Bai Jiangang dnd Su Minsheng, p. 28 (cited in n. 5).

26. “Fengxiang Majiazhuang yi hao jianzhuqun,” pp, 20–26, figs. 18–31 (cited in n. 16).

27. For a detailed description of building No. 3, see Wei, Han, “Qin gong chaoqin zuantan tukaoshi” , Kaogu yu wenwu 1985.2:53–56Google Scholar, and “Qin du Yongcheng zuantant” pp. 15–16 (cited in n. 5).

28. Takigawa, vol. 1, p. 346; cf. Viatkin, vol. 2, p. 22; and Chavannes, vol. 2, pp. 22–23.

29. Takigawa, vol. 2, p. 519; cf. Viatkin, vol. 2, p. 111; and Chavannes, vol. 2, p. 237.

30. Takigawa, vol. 2, pp. 519–520; cf. Viatkin, vol. 2, p. 111; and Chavannes, vol. 2, p. 238.

31. Takigawa, vol. 2, p. 521; cf. Viatkin, vol. 2, p. 112; and Chavannes, vol. 2, p. 112; For predynastic Qin palaces see Feibai, Ma, ed. Qin Shihuangdi zhuan (Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe , 1985), pp. 552–555Google Scholar.

32. See Bai Jiangang and Liu Bingqi (cited in n. 10).

33. For a sketch map of the pd1ace complex, see “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,” p. 15, fig. 9 (cited in n. 5).

34. This may differ from the Gaoqin palace that was the residence of Kang Gong, Gong Gong, and Jing Gong.

35. For complete information on the gates, courtyards, and buildings of palace complex No. 3, see Wei, Han, “Qin gong,” pp. 54–56 (cited in n. 27)Google Scholar; “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,“ pp. 15–16 (cited in n. 5); Zheng Chong (cited in in n. 18).

36. “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,” pp. 13–14 (cited in n. 5).

37. Cf. Xueqin, Li, Dong Zhou yu Qindai wenhua (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1984), pp. 239–240Google Scholar; and Bai Jiangang and Su Minsheng, p. 28 (cited in n. 5).

38. For the explanation of huang chang ti cou, see Xin Zhongguo de kaogu faxian he yanjiu, pp. 443–447. [See also Michael Loewe's research note, “The Han Dynasty Tomb at Ta-pao-t'ai,” below.--Ed.]

39. For a detailed report, see “Shaanxi Fengxiang Chunqiu Qinguo lingyin,” pp. 43–47 (cited in n. 4); cf. Bai Jiangang and Su Minsheng, p. 29 (cited in n. 5); and “Qin du Yongcheng zuantan,” p. 14 (cited in n. 5).

40. Shi jing , “Bin feng, Qi yue”, .

41. For the translation, cf. Couvreur, S., trans., Cheu King. Texte chinois avec une double traduction en français et en latin (Sienhien: Imprimerie de la mission catholique, 1934), p. 165Google Scholar; Pokora, Timoteus, “A Mobile Freezer in China in B.C. 99?” Acta Orientalia Hung. 31 (1977), fasc. 3, p. 326Google Scholar. For further details on ice-houses in ancient China, see Pokora, pp. 311–346, and Pokora, , “Further Remarks on the Mobile Freezer.” Acta Orientalia Hung. 38 (1984), fasc. 1–2, p. 221–227Google Scholar.

42. Zhou li, “Tian guan, Zhong zai xia, Ling ren” . Yin, Lin, Zhou li jin zhu jin yi (Beijing: Shumu wenxian chubanshe , 1985), p. 53Google Scholar.

43. Cf. Pokora, , “Further Remarks,“ p. 222Google Scholar (cited in n. 41).

44. “Fengxiang Majiazhuang yi hao,” fig. 8 (cited in n. 16).