Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-02T06:31:32.264Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Belief systems as coping factors for traumatized refugees: a pilot study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Michael Brune
Affiliation:
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Str.52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
Christian Haasen*
Affiliation:
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Str.52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
Michael Krausz
Affiliation:
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Str.52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
Oktay Yagdiran
Affiliation:
Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martini Str.52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
Enrique Bustos
Affiliation:
Institute for Psychotherapy and Intercultural Communication (IPIK), Stockholm, Sweden
David Eisenman
Affiliation:
Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail address:haasen@uke.uni-hamburg.de (C. Haasen).
Get access

Summary

The severity of traumatization seems to correlate with a more severe course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (and other post-traumatic disorders), while firm belief systems have been found to be a protective factor against post-traumatic disorders. This study sought to determine the role of belief systems in the outcome of psychotherapy for traumatized refugees. The charts of 141 consecutively treated refugees were evaluated retrospectively. A firm belief system was found to be an important predictor for a better therapy outcome. The importance of a firm belief system as a coping factor, which should be used as an instrument in therapy, is discussed. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicals Elsevier SAS

Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allodi, F., Stiasny, S.Women as torture victims. Can J Psychiatry 1990;35:144148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: APA; 1994.Google Scholar
Barudy, J.Self-help and mutual aid in a mental health program for political exiles Leuven: COLAT; 1981.Google Scholar
Basoglu, M., Paker, M., Paker, Ö, Özmen, E., Marks, I., Incesu, C., Psychological effects of torture: a comparison of tortured with nontortured political activists in Turkey. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:7681.Google ScholarPubMed
Basoglu, M., Paker, M., Özmen, E., Tasdemir, Ö, Sahin, D.Factors related to long-term traumatic stress responses in survivors of torture in Turkey. JAMA 1994;272:357363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basoglu, M., Mineka, S., Paker, M., Aker, T., Livanou, M., Gok, S.Psychological preparedness for trauma as a protective factor in survivors of torture. Psychol M 1997;27:14211433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behandlungszentrum für Folteropfer Berlin. Annual Report; 1997.Google Scholar
Blanchard, E.B., Buckley, T.C., Hickling, E.J., Taylor, A.E.Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid major depression: is the correlation an illusion?. J Anxiety Dis 1998;12:2137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleich, A., Koslowsky, M., Dolev, A., Lerer, B.Post traumatic stress disorder and depression. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:479482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bustos, E.Psychodynamic approaches in the treatment of torture survivors. In: Basoglu, M, Torture and its consequences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992. p. 333347.Google Scholar
Calhoun, L.G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R.G., McMillan, J.A correlational test of the relationship between posttraumatic growth, religion, and cognitive processing. J Traum Stress 2000;13:521527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chung, M.C.Reviewing Frankl’s will to meaning and its implications for psychotherapy dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder. Med War 1995;11:4555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cienfuegos, A.J., Monelli, C.The testimony of political repression as a therapeutic instrument. Am J Orthopsych 1983;53:4153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, K., Sutherland, S., Tupler, L., Malik, M., Davidson, J.Fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:1722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, J., Kudler, H., Smith, R., Mahorney, S.L., Lipper, S., Hammett, E., Saunders, W.B., Cavenar, J.O. JrTreatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitryptiline and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:259266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, J.R.T., Colket, J.T.The eight item treatment outcome post-traumatic stress disorder scale: a brief measure to assess treatment outcome in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;12:4145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edlund, L., Söndergaard, H.P.Traumatiserade flyktingar i sluten psykiatrisk vård In: Hjern, A, editor. Diagnostik och behandling av traumatiserade flyktingar Lund: Studentlitteratur; 1995. 219228.Google Scholar
Elldin, B., Gillberg, R., Gyllenhammar, C.Röda Korsets Centra för torterade flyktingar In: Hjern, A, editor Diagnostik och behandling av traumatiserade flyktingar Lund: Studentlitteratur; 1995. 3843.Google Scholar
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R.S.The relationship between coping and emotion: implications for theory and research. Soc Sci M 1988;26:309317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankl, V.E.Man’s search for meaning. New York: Washington Square Press; 1985.Google Scholar
Freedman, S.A., Brandes, D., Peri, T., Shalev, A.Predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1999;174:353359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimberg, L., Grimberg, R.Psychoanalytic perspectives on migration and exile. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1989.Google Scholar
Gurris, N.Seelisches Trauma durch Folter – Heilung durch Psychotherapie?. In: Graessner, S, Gurris, N, Pross, C, editore. Folter – An der Seite der Überlebenden – Unterstützung und Therapien Munich: C. H. Beck; 1996. p. 4982.Google Scholar
Haasen, C., Sardashti, H.Zusammenhang zwischen Depression und psychosozialer Belastung bei iranischen Migranten. Psychiat Prax 2000;27:7476.Google Scholar
Haasen, C., Yagdiran, O., Mass, R., Krausz, M.Potential for misdiagnosis among Turkish migrants with psychotic disorders: a clinical controlled study in Germany. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000;101:125129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M.Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 1967;6:278296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herman, J.Complex PTSD: a syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. J Traumatic Stress 1992;5:377392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaspers, K.Psychologie der Weltanschauungen. 6th ed.. Berlin: Springer; 1990.Google Scholar
Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., Nelson, C.B.Posttraumatic stress disorder in a national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:10481060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kordon, D., Edelman, L., Lagos, D., Nicoletti, E.N., Bozzolo, R.C.Psychological effects of political repression Buenos Aires: Sudamericana/Planeta SA; 1988.Google Scholar
Mollica, R.F., McInnes, K., Pham, T., Smith Fawzi, M.C., Murphy, E., Lin, L.The dose–effect relationships between torture and psychiatric symptoms in Vietnamese ex-political detainees and a comparison group. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:543553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mollica, R.F., McInnes, K., Poole, C., Tor, S.Dose–effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. Br J Psychiatry 1998;173:482488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)12 – CGI. Clinical Global Impressions In: Guy, W, Bonato, RR, editors. Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery Bethesda, MD: Chevy Chase; 1996. p. 121126.Google Scholar
Paunovic, N., Ost, L.G.Cognitive-behavior therapy vs exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD in refugees. Behav Res Ther 2001;39:11831197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, O.V.Medical aspects of torture. Dan Med Bull 1990;37:4556.Google ScholarPubMed
Schröder, P.Ein klassisches Flüchtlingsproblem: das Psychotrauma. Spekt Psychiat Psychother Nervenheilk 1997;2:4246.Google Scholar
Sherman, J.J.Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Traumatic Stress 1998;11:413435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silove, D., McIntosh, P., Becker, R.Risk of retraumatization of asylumseekers in Australia. Austral NZ J Psychiatry 1993;27:606612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V., Steel, Z.Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:351357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silove, D.The psychosocial effects of torture, mass human rights violations, and refugee trauma: toward an integrated conceptual framework. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:200207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith Fawzi, M.C., Murphy, E., Pham, T., Lin, L., Poole, C., Mollica, R.F.The validity of screening for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among Vietnamese former political prisoners. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;95:8793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veer Van der, G.Counseling and therapy with refugees and victims of trauma. In: 2nd ed.. London: Willey & Sons; 1998.Google Scholar
Van der Kolk, B.A., Pelcovitz, D., Roth, S., Mandel, F., McFarlane, A., Herman, J.L.Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: the complexity of adaptation of trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:8393.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Geus, H.The concept of organized violence. Health Hazards of Organized Violence. Proceedings of a Working Group. Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs and WHO Regional Office for Europe 1986.Google Scholar
Van Velsen, C., Gorst-Unsworth, C., Turner, S.Survivors of torture and organized violence: demography and diagnosis. J Traumatic Stress 1996;9:181193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanista-Kosuta, A., Kosuta, M.Trauma and meaning. Croatian Med J 1998;39:5461.Google ScholarPubMed
Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Schmeidler, J., Southwick, S.M., Wilson, S., Giller, E.L.Impact of cumulative lifetime trauma and recent stress on current posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Holocaust survivors. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:18151818.Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.