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New insights into the thermal regime and hydrodynamics of the early Late Cretaceous Arctic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2019

Robert Spicer Open the ORCID record for Robert Spicer [Opens in a new window] ,
Paul Valdes ,
Alice Hughes ,
Jian Yang ,
Teresa Spicer ,
Alexei Herman  and
Alexander Farnsworth
Robert Spicer*
Affiliation:
School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, PR China
Paul Valdes
Affiliation:
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
Alice Hughes
Affiliation:
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, PR China
Jian Yang
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
Teresa Spicer
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
Alexei Herman
Affiliation:
Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119017, Russia
Alexander Farnsworth
Affiliation:
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
*
Author for correspondence:r.a.spicer@open.ac.uk
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Abstract

The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else of comparable size on Earth, impacting global climate feedbacks and the Arctic biota. However, a warm Arctic is not novel. The Late Cretaceous fossil record of the region enables a detailed reconstruction of polar environmental conditions, and a thriving extinct ecosystem, during a previous 'hothouse’ global climate. Using leaf form (physiognomy) and tree ring characteristics we reconstruct Cenomanian to Coniacian polar thermal and hydrological regimes over an average annual cycle at eight locations in NE Russia and northern Alaska. A new high spatial resolution (∼1 km) WorldClim2 calibration of the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) yields results similar to, but often slightly warmer than, previous analyses, but also provides more detailed insights into the hydrological regime through the return of annual and seasonal vapour pressure deficit (VPD), potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates and soil moisture, as well as new thermal overviews through measures of thermicity and growing degree days. The new results confirm the overall warmth of the region, particularly close to the Arctic Ocean, but reveal strong local differences that may be related to palaeoelevation in the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanogenic Belt in NE Russia. While rainfall estimates have large uncertainties due to year-round wet soils in most locations, new measures of VPD and PET show persistent high humidity, but with notably drier summers at all the Arctic sites.

Keywords

polar warmthpalaeoclimateCLAMPecosystemAlaskaRussiaplant fossils
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Special Issue 10: Mesozoic of the Arctic , October 2020 , pp. 1729 - 1746
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

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