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Longitudinal Trends in All Healthcare-Associated Infections through Comprehensive Hospital-wide Surveillance and Infection Control Measures over the Past 12 Years: Substantial Burden of Healthcare-Associated Infections Outside of Intensive Care Units and “Other” Types of Infection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2015

Hajime Kanamori ,
David J. Weber ,
Lauren M. DiBiase ,
Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett ,
Rebecca Brooks ,
Lisa Teal ,
David Williams ,
Elizabeth M. Walters  and
William A. Rutala
Hajime Kanamori
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
David J. Weber
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Lauren M. DiBiase
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Rebecca Brooks
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Lisa Teal
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
David Williams
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Elizabeth M. Walters
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
William A. Rutala*
Affiliation:
Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
*
Address correspondence to Hajime Kanamori, MD, PhD, MPH, Hospital Epidemiology, UNC Health Care, 1001 West Wing CB #7600, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 (kanamori@med.unc.edu).
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE

Targeted surveillance has focused on device-associated infections and surgical site infections (SSIs) and is often limited to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in high-risk areas. Longitudinal trends in all HAIs, including other types of HAIs, and HAIs outside of intensive care units (ICUs) remain unclear. We examined the incidences of all HAIs using comprehensive hospital-wide surveillance over a 12-year period (2001–2012).

METHODS

This retrospective observational study was conducted at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Hospitals, a tertiary care academic facility. All HAIs, including 5 major infections with 14 specific infection sites as defined using CDC criteria, were ascertained through comprehensive hospital-wide surveillance. Generalized linear models were used to examine the incidence rate difference by infection type over time.

RESULTS

A total of 16,579 HAIs included 6,397 cases in ICUs and 10,182 cases outside ICUs. The incidence of overall HAIs decreased significantly hospital-wide (−3.4 infections per 1,000 patient days), in ICUs (−8.4 infections per 1,000 patient days), and in non-ICU settings (−1.9 infections per 1,000 patient days). The incidences of bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection, and pneumonia in hospital-wide settings decreased significantly, but the incidences of SSI and lower respiratory tract infection remained unchanged. The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) increased remarkably. The outcomes were estimated to include 700 overall HAIs prevented, 40 lives saved, and cost savings in excess of $10 million.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated success in reducing overall HAIs over a 12-year period. Our data underscore the necessity for surveillance and infection prevention interventions outside of the ICUs, for non–device-associated HAIs, and for CDI.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(10):1139–1147

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 36 , Supplement 10 , October 2015 , pp. 1139 - 1147
Copyright
© 2015 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved 

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