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Sequential introduction of a multistep testing algorithm and nucleic acid amplification testing leading to an increase in Clostridioides difficile detection and a trend toward increased strain diversity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2020

Andrew M. Skinner Open the ORCID record for Andrew M. Skinner [Opens in a new window] ,
Brian Yu ,
Adam Cheknis ,
Susan M. Pacheco ,
Dale N. Gerding  and
Stuart Johnson
Andrew M. Skinner*
Affiliation:
Edward Hines, Jr, Veterans’ Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois (Present affiliation: Metro Infectious Diseases Consultants, Burr Ridge, Illinois [B.Y.].)
Brian Yu
Affiliation:
Edward Hines, Jr, Veterans’ Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois (Present affiliation: Metro Infectious Diseases Consultants, Burr Ridge, Illinois [B.Y.].)
Adam Cheknis
Affiliation:
Edward Hines, Jr, Veterans’ Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois
Susan M. Pacheco
Affiliation:
Edward Hines, Jr, Veterans’ Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois (Present affiliation: Metro Infectious Diseases Consultants, Burr Ridge, Illinois [B.Y.].)
Dale N. Gerding
Affiliation:
Edward Hines, Jr, Veterans’ Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois
Stuart Johnson*
Affiliation:
Edward Hines, Jr, Veterans’ Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois (Present affiliation: Metro Infectious Diseases Consultants, Burr Ridge, Illinois [B.Y.].)
*
Authors for correspondence: Stuart Johnson, E-mail: stuart.johnson2@va.gov. Or Andrew Skinner, E-mail: andrew.skinner@lumc.edu
Authors for correspondence: Stuart Johnson, E-mail: stuart.johnson2@va.gov. Or Andrew Skinner, E-mail: andrew.skinner@lumc.edu
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Abstract

Background:

Most clinical microbiology laboratories have replaced toxin immunoassay (EIA) alone with multistep testing (MST) protocols or nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) alone for the detection of C. difficile.

Objective:

Study the effect of changing testing strategies on C. difficile detection and strain diversity.

Design:

Retrospective study.

Setting:

A Veterans’ Affairs hospital.

Methods:

Initially, toxin EIA testing was replaced by an MST approach utilizing a glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin EIA followed by tcdB NAAT for discordant results. After 18 months, MST was replaced by a NAAT-only strategy. Available patient stool specimens were cultured for C. difficile. Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) strain typing and quantitative in vitro toxin testing were performed on recovered isolates.

Results:

Before MST (toxin EIA), 79 of 708 specimens (11%) were positive, and after MST (MST-A), 121 of 517 specimens (23%) were positive (P < .0001). Prior to NAAT-only testing (MST-B), 80 of the 490 specimens (16%) were positive by MST, and after NAAT-only testing was implemented, 67 of the 368 specimens (18%) were positive (P = nonsignificant). After replacing toxin EIA testing, REA strain group diversity increased (8, 13, 13, and 10 REA groups in the toxin EIA, MST-A, MST-B, and NAAT-only periods, respectively) and in vitro toxin concentration decreased. The average log10 toxin concentration of the isolates were 2.08, 1.88, 1.20 and 1.55 ng/mL for the same periods, respectively.

Conclusions:

MST and NAAT had similar detection rates for C. difficile. Compared to toxin testing alone, they detected increased diversity of C. difficile strains, many of which were low toxin producing.

Type
Original Article
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 41 , Issue 10 , October 2020 , pp. 1148 - 1153
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Copyright
© 2020 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved.

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