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A Postcolonial Legal Critique of Online Expression in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2024

Tomiwa Ilori*
Affiliation:
Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Abstract

Far beyond the contributions of African and western thought on the right to freedom of expression, there are now normative developments under international human rights law on how states can protect online expression. However, these developments are not applied in African countries. A reason for this is the extant provisions in various laws that threaten online expression. This article applies postcolonial legal theory to understand why and how these provisions threaten online expression in African countries. It identifies relevant thoughts on the right to freedom of expression, normative developments on the right and a new form of digital colonialism in Africa. It concludes that for African states and other actors to combat this new form of digital colonialism head-on, they must carry out targeted legal reform that repeals and amends these provisions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of SOAS, University of London

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Footnotes

*

LLB (Ife), BL (Lagos), LLM, LLD (Pretoria). Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. The author wishes to thank Professor Magnus Killander, Samsudeen Alabi and the Research Group of the Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria for their comments on earlier drafts of the article, as well as the anonymous reviewers.

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49 Id, para 10.

50 Id, para 22; Facebook “What is a legal restriction on access to content on Facebook”, available at: <https://www.facebook.com/help/1601435423440616?helpref=related> (last accessed 15 June 2019).

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72 In Nigeria, sec 59 of the 2004 Criminal Code Act (cap C38, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria) and sec 418 of Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act (cap P3, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria Penal Code) provide for the offence of false information; sec 24(1)(b) of the Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention etc) Act 2015 (Cybercrime Act) provides for the offence of false information online; sec 399 of the Criminal Code and sec 204 of the Penal Code provide for the offence of insulting language and insult to religion respectively; sec 24(1)(b) of the Cybercrime Act provides for the offence of insulting and annoying language online; sec 373 of the Criminal Code and sec 391 of the Penal Code provide for the offence of criminal defamation; sec 24(1)(b) of the Cybercrime Act provides for criminalization of false statements meant to annoy or cause ill will; secs 50–52 of the Criminal Code and secs 416–22 of the Penal Code provide for the offence of sedition; sec 3 of the Protection from Internet Falsehood and Manipulation Bill provides for the offence of causing disaffection against the state (sedition) online. For Tanzania's colonial provisions, see secs 55 (seditious intention), 63b (raising discontent or ill-will for unlawful purposes), 63c (hate speech), 89 (abusive language) and 125 (insulting to religion) of the revised edition of the Penal Code of Tanzania 2019, which was first adopted in 1945. For similar provisions in Tanzania's Cybercrime Act 2015, see secs 16 (publication of false information), 17 (racist and xenophobic material), 18 (racist and xenophobic motivated insults) and 23 (cyberbullying). For Uganda's colonial provisions, see secs 39 (seditious intention), 40 (seditious offences), 50 (publication of false news), 118 (insults to religion) and 179–82 (criminal defamation) of the Penal Code Act of 1950. Similar secs in Uganda's Computer Misuse Act 2011 are secs 24 (cyberharassment), 25 (offensive communications) and 26 (cyberstalking).

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