Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-10T16:38:23.505Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of seven factors on the growth and yield of winter barley grown as a third consecutive take-all susceptible crop and of growing the barley after oats or a fallow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

J. F. Jenkyn ,
N. Carter ,
R. J. Darby ,
R. J. Gutteridge ,
L. A. Mullen ,
R. T. Plumb ,
G. J. S. Ross ,
A. D. Todd ,
F. V. Widdowson  and
D. W. Wood
J. F. Jenkyn
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
N. Carter
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
R. J. Darby
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
R. J. Gutteridge
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
L. A. Mullen
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
R. T. Plumb
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
G. J. S. Ross
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
A. D. Todd
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
F. V. Widdowson
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
D. W. Wood
Affiliation:
AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

In experiments at Rothamsted in 1984–86, seven factors, each at two levels, were tested in factorial combination on winter barley (cv. Panda) grown as a third take-all susceptible crop. The factors were seed rate, a growth regulator prior to stem extension, amounts of N in spring, ‘winter’ nitrogen, an autumn insecticide, a fungicide applied to the seed (‘Baytan’) and a programme of fungicide sprays in spring and summer. Sowing 50% more seeds than normal increased the number of ears/unit area but had no effect on mean grain yield because grains were smaller. There were, however, significant, but unexplained, interactions between seed rate and the fungicide ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed. A growth regulator applied prior to stem extension had little effect on crop growth and no significant effect on grain yield. If sufficient N was applied in April there was little benefit from applying ‘winter’ N (30 kg/ha in November and again in February/March) except in 1985 when the amount of NO3-N in the soil, measured in the previous October, was lowest. Insecticide sprays applied in autumn to control the aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) had no significant effect on grain yield but infectivity indices were below the threshold needed for treatment in each year. On average, ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed increased grain yield by 0·28 t/ha and this was associated with decreases in the severity of take-all. Over the three years, programmes of fungicide sprays, applied during spring and summer, increased grain yield by 0·92 t/ha but the mean response was largest where most N was applied.

The experiments also allowed the importance of interactions between different agronomic factors to be examined. A combined analysis of grain yields for all three years (based on 192 plot values) showed that only six 2- or 3-factor interactions, out of the 73 estimated, were significant (P < 0·05). Two of these interactions reflected variable responses to ‘winter’ N and fungicide sprays in the three years and three of the remaining four involved ‘Baytan’.

Additional plots of barley grown after oats had little take-all and yielded 1·14 t/ha more grain than similarly treated plots grown after barley. These responses were obtained despite evidence that oat residues had adverse effects on the growth of barley seedlings. Additional plots of barley grown after a bare fallow also had little take-all and gave even larger total yields (grain plus straw) than did barley after oats but the mean yield of grain was less than after oats because more of the dry matter after a fallow was straw. In 1984, when take-all was relatively slight, plots after a fallow gave even less grain than plots after barley (−0·77 t/ha) despite producing 2·12 t/ha more dry matter in grain plus straw.

Type
Crops and Soils
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 119 , Issue 3 , December 1992 , pp. 303 - 333
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, H. M. (1989). Effect of triadimenol seed dressing on vegetative growth in winter wheat. Crop Research 29, 29–36.Google Scholar
Anon, (1976). Manual of Plant Growth Stage and Disease Assessment Keys. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service.Google Scholar
Anon, . (1984). Research and Development Reports, Cereals. Reference Book 224 (82). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service.Google Scholar
Barraclough, P. B., Kuhlmann, H. & Weir, A. H. (1989). The effects of prolonged drought and nitrogen fertilizer on root and shoot growth and water uptake by winter wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 163, 352–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, D. W. A., Northwood, P. J. & Horellou, A. (1981). The influence of rate and timing of autumn applied pyrethroid and carbamate insecticide sprays on the control of barley yellow dwarf virus in English and French winter cereals. Proceedings of the 1981 British Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases 2, 405–412.Google Scholar
Bateman, G. L. (1986). Effects of triadimenol-containing seed treatment on winter wheat infected with take-all. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 93, 404–414.Google Scholar
Bockus, W. W. (1983). Effects of fall infection by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and triadimenol seed treatment on severity of take-all in winter wheat. Phytopathology 73, 540–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalmers, A. G. & Leech, P. K. (1987). Fertilizer Use on Farm Crops in England and Wales 1986 (SS/CH/23). London: Maff.Google Scholar
Dyke, G. V. & Slope, D. B. (1978). Effects of previous legume and oat crops on grain yield and take-all in spring barley. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 91, 443–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutteridge, R. J., Bateman, G. L. & Hornby, D. (1987). Comparison of the effects of spring applications of ammonium chloride and other nitrogen fertilizers on takeall in winter wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 108, 567–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornby, D. & Henden, D. R. (1986). Epidemics of take-all during 16 years of continuous spring barley. Annals of Applied Biology 108, 251–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S. (1984). The supply of nitrogen from the soil. In The Nitrogen Requirement of Cereals. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Reference Book 385, pp. 79–92. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Jenkyn, J. F., Gutteridge, R. J. & Todd, A. D. (1991). Effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied in spring, on the growth and yield of winter barley grown on contrasting soil types. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 117, 287–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, E. J. M. & Appleyard, M. (1981). Cereal Development Guide. Cereal Unit, National Agricultural Centre, Stoneleigh, Warwickshire.Google Scholar
Koranteng, G. O. & Matthews, S. (1982). Modifications of the development of spring barley by early applications of CCC and Ga3 and the subsequent effects on yield components and yield. In Chemical Manipulation of Crop Growth and Development (Ed. McLaren, J. J.), pp. 343–357. London: Butterworth Scientific.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litchfield, M. H. (1967). The automated analysis of nitrite and nitrate in blood. Analyst, London 92, 132–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paterson, W. G. W., Blackett, G. A. & Gill, W. D. (1983). Plant growth regulator trials on spring and winter barley. The Scottish Agricultural Colleges, Research and Development Note No. 16.Google Scholar
Patrick, Z. A. (1971). Phytotoxic substances associated with the decomposition in soil of plant residues. Soil Science 111, 13–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penrose, L. (1987). Influence of weight of seed on hyphal growth of the take-all pathogen, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, in wheat roots grown in sand culture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 559–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plumb, R. T. (1976). Barley yellow dwarf virus in aphids caught in suction traps, 1969–73. Annals of Applied Biology 83, 53–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plumb, R. T. (1983). The infectivity index and barley yellow dwarf virus. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, Brighton 1, 171.Google Scholar
Plumb, R. T. (1988). Opportunities for the integrated control of barley yellow dwarf viruses in Uk. Aspects of Applied Biology 17, Part I Environmental Aspects of Applied Biology, pp. 153–161.Google Scholar
Plumb, R. T., Lennon, E. A. & Gutteridge, R. A. (1986). Forecasting barley yellow dwarf virus by monitoring vector populations and infectivity. In Plant Virus Epidemics. Monitoring, Modelling and Predicting Out-breaks (Eds McLean, G. G., Garrett, R. R. & Ruesink, W. W.), pp. 387–398. Sydney: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Plumb, R. T., Carter, N. & Tatchell, G. M. (1990). The epidemiology and prospects for control of barley yellow dwarf virus in autumn- and spring-sown crops. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Pests in Agriculture, Versailles 2, 781–788.Google Scholar
Prew, R. D., Beane, J., Carter, N., Church, B. M., Dewar, A. M., Lacey, J., Penny, A., Plumb, R. T., Thorne, G. N. & Todd, A. D. (1986). Some factors affecting the growth and yield of winter wheat grown as a third cereal with much or negligible take-all. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 107, 639–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riveros, F., Carvalho, F. I. F. De & Reis, E. M. (1987). Take-all disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): phenotypic changes due to seed size and inoculum concentration. Revista Brasileira de Genetica 10, 87–100.Google Scholar
Scott, P. R. (1981). Variation in host susceptibility. In Biology and Control of Take-all (Eds Asher, M. J. C. & Shipton, P. P.), pp. 219–236. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Scott, P. R. & Hollins, T. W. (1974). Effects ofeyespot on the yield of winter wheat. Annals of Applied Biology 78, 269–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinchcombe, G. R. & Jordan, V. W. L. (1984). Effects of fungicides and their timing on plant biomass, disease and yield of winter barley. Proceedings of the 1984 British Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases 1, 127–132.Google Scholar
Tatchell, G. M. (1991). Monitoring and forecasting aphid problems. In Aphid-Plant Interactions: Populations to Molecules (Eds Peters, D. D., Webster, J. J. & Chlouber, C. C.), pp. 215–231. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Miscellaneous Publication No. 132.Google Scholar
Tatchell, G. M., Plumb, R. T. & Carter, N. (1988). Migration of alate morphs of the bird cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) and implications for the epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf virus. Annals of Applied Biology 112, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornhill, E. W. (1978). A motorised insect sampler. PANS 24, 205–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrance, L., Pead, M. T., Larkins, A. P. & Butcher, G. W. (1986). Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to a U.K. isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus. Journal of General Virology 67, 549–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tottman, D. R. (1987). The decimal code for the growth stages of cereals with illustrations (drawings by Hilary Broad). Annals of Applied Biology 110, 441–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaidyanathan, L. V. (1984). Nitrogen needs of winter wheat crops. In Proceedings of a Conference on Recent Developments in Cereal Production, pp. 55–64. Nottingham: University of Nottingham.Google Scholar
Varley, J. A. (1966). Automatic methods for the determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant materials. Analyst, London 91, 119–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, S. R. & Cartwright, P. (1986). Modification of yield components and stem length in spring barley by the application of growth retardants prior to main shoot stem elongation. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 107, 367–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widdowson, F. V. (1982). The prediction of nitrogen fertiliser rates from mineral N in the soil in spring. Report of the Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1981, Part I, p. 251.Google Scholar
Widdowson, F. V., Darby, R. J., Dewar, A. M., Jenkyn, J. F., Kerry, B. R., Lawlor, D. W., Plumb, R. T., Ross, G. J. S., Scott, G. C., Todd, A. D. & Wood, D. W. (1986). The effects of sowing date and other factors on growth, yield and nitrogen uptake, and on the incidence of pests and diseases, of winter barley at Rothamsted from 1981 to 1983. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 106, 551–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R. J. B. (1969). The rapid determination of nitrate in crops, soils, drainage and rainwater by a simple field method using diphenylamine or diphenylbenzidine with glass fibre paper. Chemistry and Industry 1969, pp. 1735–1736.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. C. (1972). A spraying machine for small plot experiments. Experimental Husbandry 21, 25–26.Google Scholar
Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T. & Konzak, C. F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research 14, 415–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar