Introduction
The challenge of adapting clinical trials to decentralized care models is increasingly pressing as virtual care becomes more common. In the United States, the patchwork of state and federal policies and regulations governing virtual care, such as limited interstate physician licensure, was a major barrier to the development of hybrid care models, blending in-person and telehealth, and the implementation of decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) [1]. During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency (PHE), many states and the federal government enacted – often on a temporary basis – regulatory flexibilities to deliver care at home, including telehealth and remote monitoring, simultaneously empowering DCT models; however, the end of the PHE threatens to reverse leaps of progress achieved in the virtual care and DCT space during the pandemic [Reference Cubanski, Kates, Tolbert, Guth, Pollitz and Freed2,Reference Andino, Zhu, Surapaneni, Dunn and Ellimoottil3]. Given the growing provider shortage and related decreased access to care, it is imperative that DCT researchers design trials with a state policy-conscious lens to prioritize diverse participant enrollment and overall retention [Reference Khushalani, Holmes and Song4–Reference Goodson, Wicks, Morgan, Hashem, Callinan and Reites6]. Emerging work in this area demonstrates that engagement of patients, providers, and regulators in the design phase can identify barriers to DCTs [Reference Apostolaros, Babaian, Corneli and etal7–Reference de Las Heras, Daehnke and Saini9]. Thus, strategies to facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and the translation of stakeholder perspectives into actionable policy recommendations are needed.
Multiple existing frameworks are frequently employed to guide the process of identifying and addressing barriers to DCTs; however, none integrate perspectives from stakeholders across the translational spectrum [Reference Volkov, Ragon, Doyle and Bredella10]. As DCTs are a relatively new mode of conducting clinical trials, there is a paucity of literature examining their implementation. Moreover, the research available is preliminary, restricted by the first DCT recorded in 2011. While some DCT research evaluates pharmacological agents, others focus on remote monitoring [Reference Ali, Valk and Bjerre-Christensen11–Reference Orri, Lipset, Jacobs, Costello and Cummings13]; regardless, DCTs are not limited by geographic restrictions, affording patients the option to participate from anywhere. Their scalable approach also has the potential to reduce patient burden, replacing in-person consults with telehealth, and improve the robustness of study data, capturing continuous in situ measurements using sensors [Reference Zawada, Haj Aissa, Conte, Pollock, Athreya, Erickson and Demaerschalk14]. No published research has specifically examined the role of state policies in the implementation of DCTs that enroll patients residing in-state.
We propose a novel conceptual framework to identify barriers to DCTs using stakeholder engagement that incorporates the broad perspectives of patients, their local providers, and state-based policymakers. Through the discovery of barriers experienced by these groups, this framework integrates the dynamic experiences of key stakeholders across the translational spectrum to identify and address policies that hinder the conduct of DCTs. Unlike previous frameworks, this framework addresses the hurdle of nonuniform policy landscapes that modulate the scope and scale of DCTs on a state-by-state basis in the United States. CARE-P [Reference Andino, Zhu, Surapaneni, Dunn and Ellimoottil3]’s framework builds on previous DCT frameworks and is in the pilot implementation phase at Mayo Clinic.
CARE-P3: A conceptual framework for identifying and addressing barriers to DCTs
Limited communication between scientists and policymakers has long been established as a barrier to integrating new technologies in clinical practice [Reference South, Bailey, Parmar and Vale15]. Additionally, it is critical to include the experiences of local communities, particularly those which are underserved, in identifying obstacles to virtual care [Reference George, Hamilton and Baker16]. The framework we describe below is the CARE-P3 framework, denoting: Clinical Adaptive Research Engagement – Patients, Providers, and Policymakers. CARE-P3 uses stakeholder-engaged perspectives to identify barriers to DCTs and output actionable recommendations for state policymakers. This interdisciplinary framework engages patients and providers (Fig. 1), using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze their lived experiences, while considering the scope of reforms able to be implemented by state policymakers (Table 1).
Figure 1. CARE-P3 framework.
Table 1. Stakeholders engaged and research needed to support the proposed framework
Benefits of a stakeholder-engaged approach to barrier identification and remediation in DCTs
In the U.S., state laws frequently require healthcare entities and agencies to submit reports to the legislature [Reference Gerber, Maestas and Dometrius17]; yet, no publicly available reports examine the lived experiences of patients and providers that modulate their opinions and influence the adoption of DCTs [Reference Zawada, Paulson, Paulson, Maniaci and Demaerschalk18]. Exploring barriers to DCTs beyond disciplinary silos, the CARE-P3 framework addresses a key knowledge problem faced by state policymakers programming the decentralized care ecosystem. For instance, the Federal Communications Commission, outlining strategies to expand access to remote care, advised state policymakers to remove barriers to internet services [19]; however, optimal policy reforms to increase access to the internet vary on a state-by-state basis, with underserved populations in some states also suffering from lack of electricity access [Reference Tanana and Bowman20]. Knowledge of the particular circumstances affecting DCTs in a given state at a point in time, such as sociodemographic barriers to internet access or restrictive prescribing policies linked with telehealth visits, must be gathered from dispersed groups in society, especially patients eligible for DCTs [21]. Including provider perspectives is critical, given their limited experience with emerging modes of decentralized care, a factor influencing their perceptions about patient eligibility for DCT recruitment [Reference Garavand, Nasim, Hamed, Saeideh and Shirin22]. Such a strategy provides robust evidence for state policymakers to identify and address barriers to DCT enrollment and retention.
Conclusion
To implement, evaluate, and refine the CARE-P3 framework, DCT case studies characterized by a range of interventions and representative of various socioeconomic and diagnostic conditions are critical. While the pilot implementation of this framework has been trialed in both rural and urban settings, refining this approach will require multiple rounds of analysis and feedback to identify major gaps and arrive at a robust framework that can be used by researchers before, during, and after a DCT [Reference Garavand, Nasim, Hamed, Saeideh and Shirin22–Reference Zawada, Sweat, Paulson and Maniaci24]. A chief challenge facing this work is limited research funding; however, evidence from the growing body of DCT research conducted during the pandemic may suggest that the economic impact of not addressing state-specific barriers will be more costly.
Depending on which temporary flexibilities introduced during the PHE are made permanent, this work may be more urgently needed for specific states or patient populations. Another challenge associated with this work is disparate terminology and communication styles that are stakeholder specific. For instance, language used by patients is not identical to terminology employed by providers. Similarly, policymakers use different terms than health care professionals and assess research findings with domain-specific methodologies [Reference Maret25].
Understanding the challenges faced by patients of different socioeconomic groups who elect or decline to participate in DCTs is crucial to diversifying clinical trials in the digital age. To develop safe and robust DCTs, it is essential that provider concerns and hurdles are addressed. Future research should also consider how to engage federal policymakers in the development of national DCT networks. Effectively communicating these findings and identifying actionable recommendations for policymakers are integral to developing equitable DCTs that yield high-quality data to fully realize the promise of decentralized clinical research.
Funding statment
This research was partly supported by a Society for Neuroscience (SfN) Neuroscience Scholars Program Enrichment Funds Award. This publication was supported by CTSA Grant Number TL1 TR002380 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
Competing interests
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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