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Digit ratio, a proposed marker of the prenatal hormone environment, is not associated with prenatal sex steroids, anogenital distance, or gender-typed play behavior in preschool age children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2020

Emily Barrett Open the ORCID record for Emily Barrett [Opens in a new window] ,
Sally W. Thurston ,
Donald Harrington ,
Nicole R. Bush ,
Sheela Sathyanarayana ,
Ruby Nguyen ,
Alexis Zavez ,
Christina Wang  and
Shanna Swan
Emily Barrett*
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
Sally W. Thurston
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
Donald Harrington
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
Nicole R. Bush
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
Sheela Sathyanarayana
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
Ruby Nguyen
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Alexis Zavez
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
Christina Wang
Affiliation:
Lundquist Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Shanna Swan
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: Emily Barrett, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers School of Public Health, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Email: emily.barrett@eohsi.rutgers.edu
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Abstract

Prenatal hormones have been proposed as key factors impacting child development as well as long-term health and disease. Digit ratio (the ratio of the lengths of the second to fourth digits; 2D:4D) has been proposed as a sexually dimorphic, noninvasive marker of prenatal androgen exposure that can be reliably measured in children and adults. To date, few longitudinal pregnancy cohort studies have examined childhood digit ratio in relation to other relevant measures including prenatal hormones and androgen-sensitive outcomes. To augment the current literature on this topic, we measured right-hand digit ratio in 4-year-old children participating in The Infant Development and the Environment Study, a multicenter longitudinal cohort study that has been following mother–child dyads since the first trimester of pregnancy (n = 321). We assessed sex differences in digit ratio and fit multivariable linear regression models to examine digit ratio in relation to: (1) child sex; (2) maternal sex steroid hormone concentrations in early pregnancy; (3) newborn anogenital distance, another proposed measure of sensitivity to prenatal androgens; and (4) gender-typical play behavior as measured by the Preschool Activities Inventory (PSAI) at age 4. We observed no sex difference in digit ratio; the mean 2D:4D was 0.97 ± 0.05 mm in both sexes. Furthermore, digit ratio was not associated with maternal sex steroid concentrations in early pregnancy, anogenital distance in either sex, or PSAI scores in either sex in covariate-adjusted models. In conclusion, we observed no evidence that early childhood digit ratio was associated with child sex or hormone-sensitive measures in this cohort.

Keywords

Digit ratioprenatal hormonesanogenital distancepregnancysex differences
Type
Original Article
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 12 , Issue 6 , December 2021 , pp. 923 - 932
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

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