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Staircase solutions and stability in vertically confined salt-finger convection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2022

Chang Liu Open the ORCID record for Chang Liu [Opens in a new window] ,
Keith Julien Open the ORCID record for Keith Julien [Opens in a new window]  and
Edgar Knobloch
Chang Liu*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Keith Julien
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Edgar Knobloch
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: chang_liu@berkeley.edu
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Abstract

Bifurcation analysis of confined salt-finger convection using single-mode equations obtained from a severely truncated Fourier expansion in the horizontal is performed. Strongly nonlinear staircase-like solutions having, respectively, one (S1), two (S2) and three (S3) regions of mixed salinity in the vertical direction are computed using numerical continuation, and their stability properties are determined. Near onset, the one-layer S1 solution is stable and corresponds to maximum salinity transport among the three solutions. The S2 and S3 solutions are unstable but exert an influence on the statistics observed in direct numerical simulations (DNS) in larger two-dimensional (2-D) domains. Secondary bifurcations of S1 lead either to tilted-finger (TF1) or to travelling wave (TW1) solutions, both accompanied by the spontaneous generation of large-scale shear, a process favoured for lower density ratios and Prandtl numbers ($Pr$). These states at low $Pr$ are associated, respectively, with two-layer and three-layer staircase-like salinity profiles in the mean. States breaking reflection symmetry in the midplane are also computed. In two dimensions and for low $Pr$, the DNS results favour direction-reversing tilted fingers resembling the pulsating wave state observed in other systems. Two-layer and three-layer mean salinity profiles corresponding to reversing tilted fingers and TW1 are observed in 2-D DNS averaged over time. The single-mode solutions close to the high wavenumber onset are in an excellent agreement with 2-D DNS in small horizontal domains and compare well with 3-D DNS.

JFM classification

Convection: Double diffusive convection Geophysical and Geological Flows: Ocean processes Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Bifurcation
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 952 , 10 December 2022 , A4
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

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