Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-sjtt6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-15T00:16:36.081Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Effective Global Action on Antibiotic Resistance Requires Careful Consideration of Convening Forums

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

The nature and effectiveness of any international legal agreement is heavily shaped by the forum in which it is negotiated and implemented. This includes both the substantive content that global policymakers agree upon and the subsequent state compliance with those provisions. Forums differ in their institutional characteristics, thereby providing unique opportunities and costs for participating actors. Forums may have different mandates, capacities, cultures, members, and legal processes — all of which ultimately affect distributions of power and influence. These differences then shape how issues are framed, the content of agreements as they are negotiated, and the incentives states have to comply with any obligations.

Type
JLME Supplement
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Note that for the purposes of this paper, we assume that compliance is equivalent to effectiveness (i.e., if the states agreed to enact the policies contained within the instrument, they would reduce the threat of ABR).Google Scholar
Murphy, H. Kellow, A., “Forum Shopping in Global Governance: Understanding States, Business and NGOs in Multiple Arenas,” Global Policy 4, no. 2 (2013): 139149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, S. J. Outterson, K. Røttingen, J.-A. Cars, O. Clift, C. Rizvi, Z. Rotberg, F. Tomson, G. Zorzet, A., “An International Legal Framework to Address Antibiotic Resistance,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93, no. 2 (2015): 66; Røttingen, J.-A., “Regulating Antibiotics and Resistance,” in Frenk, J. Hoffman, S. J., To Save Humanity: What Matters Most for a Healthy Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. J. Røttingen, J.-A. Frenk, J., “International Law Has a Role to Play in Addressing Antibiotic Resistance,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO), “International Health Regulations,” 2015, available at <http://www.who.int/topics/international_health_regulations/en/> (last visited May 22, 2015).+(last+visited+May+22,+2015).>Google Scholar
Wernli, D. Haustein, T. Conly, J. Carmeli, Y., “A Call for Action: The Application of the International Health Regulations to the Global Threat of Antibiotic Resistance,” PLoS Medicine 8, no. 4 (2011): e1001022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See WHO, International Health Regulations, 2005.Google Scholar
WHO, Implementation of the International Health Regulations: Report by the Director-General, 2013.Google Scholar
WHO, Constitution of the World Health Organization (1948).Google Scholar
WHO, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2003).Google Scholar
See WHO, supra note 10.Google Scholar
Lakin, A., “The Legal Powers of the World Health Organization,” Medical Law International 3, no. 3 (1997): 2349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, S. J. Røttingen, J.-A., “Split WHO in Two: Strengthening Political Decision-Making and Securing Independent Scientific Advice,” Public Health 128, no. 2 (2014): 188194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, S. J. Røttingen, J.-A., “Assessing the Expected Impact of Global Health Treaties: Evidence from 90 Quantitative Evaluations,” American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 1 (2015): 2640; Hoffman, S. J. Ottersen, T., “Addressing Antibiotic Resistance Requires Robust International Accountability Mechanisms,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See WHO, supra notes 8 and 12.Google Scholar
WTO, The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (1995).Google Scholar
So, A. Shah, T. J. Roach, S. Chee, Y. L. Nachman, K. E., “International Agreement to Address the Contribution of Animal Agriculture to Antibiotic Resistance: A One Health Approach,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.Google Scholar
See WTO, supra note 18.Google Scholar
WTO, “Understanding the WTO: Settling Disputes,” available at <https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/disp1_e.htm> (last visited May 27, 2015).+(last+visited+May+27,+2015).>Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. J., “Mitigating Inequalities of Influence among States in Global Decision Making,” Global Policy 3, no. 4 (2012): 421432.Google Scholar
Rushton, J. Ferreira, P. Stärk, K., “Antibiotic Resistance: The Use of Antibiotics in the Livestock Sector,” OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 68 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2014); Oliver, S. P. Murinda, S. E. Jayarao, B. M., “Impact of Antibiotic Use in Adult Dairy Cows on Antibiotic Resistance of Veterinary and Human Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review,” Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8, no. 3 (2011): 337355.Google Scholar
Andresen, S. Hoffman, S. J., “Much Can Be Learned About Addressing Antibiotic Resistance from Multilateral Environmental Agreements,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Online only.Google Scholar
See So, et al., supra note 19.Google Scholar
UNAIDS, The First 10 Years (2008).Google Scholar
Jacob, G., “Without Reservation,” Chicago Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (2004): 287302.Google Scholar
United Nations, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961).Google Scholar