Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-02T18:43:48.686Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Camerate and Cladid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician (Katian, Shermanian) Walcott-Rust Quarry of New York

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

James C. Brower
James C. Brower*
Affiliation:
Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, 13244-1070
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The camerates, Pycnocrinus argutus (Walcott, 1883) and Rhaphanocrinus subnodosus (Walcott, 1883), are characterized by narrow food grooves. An open distal stem coil was present in P. argutus, and R. subnodosus may have possessed the same type of holdfast. Such holdfasts either lay loose on the seafloor or were wrapped around unknown soft objects. The rhaphanocrinids were located at elevations of at least 300 mm above the substrate. Conversely, the much smaller pycnocrinids lived close to the seafloor at levels of about 10 to 24 mm. The three cladids are Merocrinus curtus (Ulrich, 1879), M. retractilis (Walcott, 1883), and Dendrocrinus gregarius Billings, 1857a. Merocrinus typus Walcott, 1883 and M. corroboratus Walcott, 1883 are conspecific with M. curtus. The spiral anal sac of M. retractilis is unique. Embryocrinus problematicus Hudson, 1918 probably represents a juvenile of Dendrocrinus gregarius, which also occurs in Ottawa, Ontario. Complete columns and attachment structures have not been found for D. gregarius and Merocrinus retractilis. Merocrinus curtus ranges from New York into the Cincinnati, Ohio area of the midcontinent. Although attachment devices and long stem segments are not preserved in the New York specimens, individuals of Merocrinus curtus from Cincinnati either have a conical holdfast cemented to a bryozoan or a tight distal stem coil that was wrapped around the stem of another crinoid; adult merocrinids from the Cincinnati region were positioned high above the seafloor, and incomplete stem segments up to about 800 mm long are known. The Walcott-Rust Quarry cladids all possessed wider food grooves than the camerates, so they were able to catch larger food particles.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 84 , Issue 4 , July 2010 , pp. 626 - 645
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arendt, Y. A. and Gekker (Hecker), R. T. 1964. Klass Crinoidea. Morski lilii. Sistematitcheckaia tchast [Class Crinoidea. Crinoids. Systematic part]. In Orlov, Y. A. (ed.), Osnovi Paleontologii, Iglokozhi, Gemikhordovye, Pogonofory, i Shchetinkochelyustnye [Fundamentals of paleontology, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Pogonophora, and Chaetognatha]: Moscow, Izdatelstvo Nedra, p. 76–105, 214–231. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. 1980. A model for differentiation in lower Mississippian crinoid communities. Journal of Paleontology, 54:273–288.Google Scholar
Ausich, W. I. and Bottjer, D. J. 1982. Tiering in suspension-feeding communities on soft substrata throughout the Phanerozoic. Science, 216:173–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ausich, W. I., Gil Cid, M. D., and Alonso, P. D. 2002. Ordovician [Dobrotivian (Llandeillian Stage) to Ashgill] crinoids (Phylum Echinodermata) from the Montes de Toledo and Sierra Morena, Spain with implications for paleogeography of peri-Gondwana. Journal of Paleontology, 76:975–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1915. Bibliographic index of American Ordovician and Silurian fossils. United States National Museum Bulletin, 92, 1521 p.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1938. Pelmatozoa Palaeozoica, p. 1–194. In Quenstedt, W. (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus, I: Animalia. Part 83: W. Junk, s'Gravenhage.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. and Moodey, M. W. 1943. Bibliographic and faunal index of Paleozoic pelmatozoan echinoderms. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 45, 734 p.Google Scholar
Bather, F. A. 1896. Merocrinus salopiae, n. sp. and another crinoid from the Middle Ordovician of West Shropshire. Geological Magazine, New Series, Decade IV, 3:71–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumiller, T. K. 1997. Crinoid functional morphology, p. 45–68. In Waters, J. A. and Maples, C. G. (eds.), Geobiology of echinoderms. Paleontological Society Papers, 3.Google Scholar
Baumiller, T. K. 2008. Taphonomy as an indicator of behavior among fossil crinoids, p. 7–20. In Ausich, W. I. and Webster, G. D. (eds.), Echinoderm Paleobiology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1857a. New species of fossils from Silurian rocks of Canada. Canada Geological Survey Report of Progress 1853–1856, Report for the year 1856, p. 247–345.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1857b. On the Crinoidea or stone lilies of the Trenton Limestone, with a description of a new species: Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, ser. 1, v. 1, p. 48–57.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1859. On the Crinoideae of the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada, Figures and Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains, Decade IV:7–66.Google Scholar
Birenheide, R. and Motokawa, T. 1996. Contractile connective tissue in crinoids. Biological Bulletin, 191:1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenchley, P. J. and Harper, D. A. T. 1998. Palaeoecology: Ecosystems, Environments and Evolution. Chapman & Hall, London, 402 p.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E. 1999. Chapter 6, Middle Ordovician Trenton Group of New York, USA, p. 63–67. In Hess, H., Ausich, W. I., Brett, C. E., and Simms, M. J. (eds.), Fossil Crinoids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, C. E. and Baird, G. C. 2002. Revised stratigraphy of the Trenton Group in its type area, central New York State: sedimentology and tectonics of a Middle Ordovician shelf-to-basin succession. Physics and Chemistry of the earth, 27:231–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, C. E., Deline, B. L., and Mclaughlin, P. I. 2008. Attachment, facies distribution, and life history strategies in crinoids from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, p. 22–52. In Ausich, W. I. and Webster, G. D. (eds.), Echinoderm Paleobiology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E., Moffat, H. A., and Taylor, W. L. 1997. Echinoderm taphonomy, taphofacies, and lagerstätten, p. 147–190. In Waters, J. A. and Maples, C. G. (eds.), Geobiology of echinoderms. Paleontological Society Papers, 3.Google Scholar
Brett, C. E., Whiteley, T. E., Allison, P. A., and Yochelson, E. L. 1999. The Walcott-Rust Quarry: Middle Ordovician trilobite Konservat-Lagerstätten. Journal of Paleontology, 73:288–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 1973. Crinoids from the Girardeau Limestone (Ordovician). Palaeontographica Americana, 7:261–499.Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. 1974. Upper Ordovician xenocrinids (Crinoidea, Camerata) from Scotland. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 67, p. 1–25.Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. 1978. Postlarval ontogeny of fossil crinoids, camerates, p. T244–T263. In Moore, R. C. and Teichert, C. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. T, Echinodermata 2. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. 1992. Cupulocrinid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology, 66:99–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 1994. Camerate crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology, 68:570–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 1995. Eoparisocrinid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group, Dunleith Formation) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology, 69:351–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 2002a. Cupulocrinus angustatus (Meek and Worthen), a cladid crinoid from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation of the northern midcontinent. Journal of Paleontology, 76:109–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 2002b. Quintuplexacrinus, a new cladid crinoid genus from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation of the northern midcontinent of the United States. Journal of Paleontology, 76:993–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 2005. The paleobiology and ontogeny of Cincinnaticrinus varibrachialus Warn and Strimple, 1977 from the Middle Ordovician (Shermanian) Walcott-Rust Quarry of New York. Journal of Paleontology, 79:152–174.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 2005 (online computer access). Class Crinoidea. (www.mcz.harvard.edu/Departments/InvertPaleo/Trenton/Intro/PaleoPage/TrentonFauna/Echinodermata/Crinozoa/Crinozoa.htm).Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. 2006. Ontogeny of the food-gathering system in Ordovician crinoids. Journal of Paleontology, 80:430–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 2007. The application of filtration theory to food gathering in Ordovician crinoids. Journal of Paleontology, 81:1284–1300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. 2008. Some disparid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician (Shermanian) Walcott-Rust Quarry of New York. Journal of Paleontology, 82:57–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brower, J. C. and Kile, K. M. 1994. Paleoautecology and ontogeny of Cupulocrinus levorsoni Kolata, a Middle Ordovician crinoid from the Guttenberg Formation of Wisconsin, p. 25–44. In Landing, E. (ed.), Studies in Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Honor of Donald W. Fisher. New York State Museum Bulletin, 481.Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. and Veinus, J. 1974. Middle Ordovician crinoids from southern Virginia and eastern Tennessee. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 66(283):1–125.Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. and Veinus, J. 1978. Middle Ordovician crinoids from the Twin Cities area of Minnesota. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 74(304):373–506.Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. and Veinus, J. 1982. Long-armed cladid inadunates, p. 129–144. In Sprinkle, J. (ed.), Echinoderm Faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Monograph 1.Google Scholar
Byrne, M. and Fontaine, A. R. 1983. Morphology and function of the tube-feet of Florometra serratissima (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Zoomorphology, 102:175–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, J. D. 1987. Pycnocrinus altilis, a new Late Ordovician channeldwelling crinoid from southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24:851–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faber, C. L. 1886. Remarks on some fossils of the Cincinnati Group. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 9: 14–20.Google Scholar
Fone, W., Donovan, S. K., and Lewis, D. N. 2002. Middle Ordovician crinoids from the Shelve Inlier, Shropshire, UK, p. 97–113. In Jackson, P. N. W., Parkes, M. A., and Wood, R. (eds.), Studies in Palaeozoic Paleontology and Biostratigraphy in Honour of Charles Hepworth Holland. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 67.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1966. Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biological Reviews, 41:587–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J. 1847. Palaeontology of New York, v. 1, containing descriptions of the organic remains of the lower division of the New-York system (equivalent of the Lower Silurian rocks of Europe). Natural History of New York, Part 6. D. Appleton & Company and Wiley & Putnam (New York); Gould, Kendall, & Lincoln (Boston); Charles van Benthuysen (Albany), 338 p.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1852. Palaeontology of New York, v. 2, containing descriptions of the organic remains of the lower middle division of the New-York system. Natural History of New York, Part 6. D. Appleton & Company and Wiley and Putnam (New York); Gould, Kendall, & Lincoln (Boston); Charles van Benthuysen (Albany), 362 p.Google Scholar
Hudson, G. H. 1905. Contributions to the fauna of the Chazy Limestone on Valcour Island, Lake Champlain. New York State Museum, Bulletin, 80:270–295.Google Scholar
Hudson, G. H. 1918. Some structural features of a fossil embryo crinoid. New York State Museum, Bulletin, 196:161–163.Google Scholar
Imbrie, J. 1956. Biometrical methods in the study of invertebrate fossils. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 108:211–252.Google Scholar
Kammer, T. W. and Ausich, W. I. 1987. Aerosol suspension feeding and current velocities: Distributional controls for late Osagian crinoids. Paleobiology, 13:379–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolata, D. R. 1975. Middle Ordovician echinoderms from northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. Paleontological Society Memoir 7 (Journal of Paleontology, 49[3] Supplement), 74 p.Google Scholar
Kolata, D. R. 1986. Crinoids of the Champlainian (Middle Ordovician) Guttenberg Formation—upper Mississippi Valley region. Journal of Paleontology, 60:711–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahaye, M. C. and Jangoux, M. 1985. Functional morphology of the podia and ambulacral grooves of the comatulid crinoid Antedon bifida (Echinodermata). Marine Biology, 86:307–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, N. G. 1975. The anal sac of Aesiocrinus, a Pennsylvanian inadunate crinoid. Journal of Paleontology, 49:638–645.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1872. Descriptions of new western Palaeozoic fossils mainly from the Cincinnati Group of the Lower Silurian series of Ohio. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 23:308–337.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1873. Fossils of the Cincinnati Group. Geological Survey of Ohio, Volume 1, Part 2 (Palaeontology), 175 p.Google Scholar
Messing, C. G. 1997. Living comatulids, p. 3–30. In Waters, J. A. and Maples, C. G. (eds.), Geobiology of Echinoderms, Paleontological Society Papers, 3.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. L. 1979. Length and spacing of the tube feet in crinoids (Echinodermata) and their role in suspension feeding. Marine Biology, 51:361–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, D. L. 1982a. Food and feeding mechanisms: Crinozoa, p. 25–42. In Jangoux, M. and Lawrence, J. M. (eds.), Echinoderm Nutrition. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. L. 1982b. Food composition and feeding behavior of sympatric species of comatulid crinoids from the Palau Islands (western Pacific), p. 43–49. In Lawrence, J. M. (ed.), Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. L. and Davis, R. A. 2009. A sea without fish. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 346 p.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. L., Miller, A. I., Holland, S. M., and Dattilo, B. F. 2002. Crinoid distribution and feeding morphology through a depositional sequence: Kope and Fairview Formations, Upper Ordovician, Cincinnati Arch region. Journal of Paleontology, 76:725–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1875. Glyptocrinus shafferi. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, 2:277–279.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1880. Description of four new species and a new variety of Silurian fossils, and remarks upon others. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 3:232–236.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1882. Description of two new genera and eight new species of fossils from the Hudson River Group, with remarks upon others. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 5:34–43.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1883. Glyptocrinus redefined and restricted, Gaurocrinus, Pycnocrinus and Compsocrinus established, and two new species described. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 6:217–234.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1889. North American Geology and Palaeontology. Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 664 p.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1890. The structure, classification, and arrangement of American Palaeozoic crinoids into families. American Geologist, 6:275–286, 340–357.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C., Lane, N. G., and Strimple, H. L. 1978. Order Cladida, Moore and Laudon, 1943, p. T578–T759. In Moore, R. C. and Teichert, C. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. T, Echinodermata 2. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. and Laudon, L. R. 1943. Evolution and classification of Paleozoic crinoids. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 46, 167 p.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. and Laudon, L. R. 1944. Class Crinoidea, p. 137–209. In Shimer, H. W. and Shrock, R. R. (eds.), Index fossils of North America. John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, New York.Google Scholar
Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1961. A monograph on British Ordovician Crinoidea. Palaeontographical Society of London Monograph, 114(492):1–37.Google Scholar
Sneath, P. H. A. 1977. A method for testing the distinctness of clusters: a test of the disjunction of two clusters in euclidean space as measured by their overlap. Mathematical Geology, 9:123–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneath, P. H. A. 1979. The sampling distribution of the W-Statistic of Disjunction for the arbitrary division of a Random Rectangular Distribution. Mathematical Geology, 11:423–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ubaghs, G. 1978. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids, p. T58–T216. In Moore, R. C. and Teichert, C. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1879. Descriptions of new genera and species of fossils from the Lower Silurian about Cincinnati. Cincinnati Society of Natural History Journal, 2:8–30.Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C. and Springer, F. 1885. Revision of the Paleocrinoidea, Part 3, Section 1. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Proceedings for 1885:223–364 (1–138).Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C. and Springer, F. 1886. Revision of the Paleocrinoidea, Part 3, Section 2. Discussion of the classification and relations of the brachiate crinoids, and conclusion of the generic descriptions. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Proceedings for 1885:64–226 (139–302).Google Scholar
Wachsmuth, C. and Springer, F. 1897. The North American Crinoidea Camerata. Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Memoir 20, 21:1–897.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1883. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Trenton Group of New York. Advanced print, 15 October 1883, p. 1–8, for Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, p. 207–214.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1884. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Trenton Group of New York. Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, p. 207–214.Google Scholar
Warn, J. M. and Strimple, H. L. 1977. The disparid inadunate superfamilies Homocrinacea and Cincinnaticrinacea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), Ordovician-Silurian, North America. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 72:1–138.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1973. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1942–1968. Geological Society of America Memoir, 137, 341 p.Google Scholar
Webster, G. D. 1986. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, 1974–1980. Geological Society of America, Microform Publication 16, p. 1–405, 5 cards.Google Scholar
Webster, G. 2003. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids, Coronates, and Hemistreptocrinoids 1758–1999. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 363, 2335, p., online computer access (http://crinoid.gsajournals.org/crinoidmod).Google Scholar
Wilson, A. E. 1946. Echinodermata of the Ottawa Formation of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland. Canada Geological Survey Bulletin, 4:1–61.Google Scholar
Zittel, K. A. von. 1876–1880. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Band 1, Palaeozoologie, Abt. 1. R. Oldenbourg, (1879), München und Leipzig, p. 1–765.Google Scholar