No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Ediacaran pithy macroalga Lanceaphyton n. gen. from South China
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 November 2021
Abstract
With differentiated tissues and organs, a high-level eukaryotic macroalga Lanceaphyton xiaojiangensis n. gen. n. sp. lived on the middle–late Ediacaran (ca. 560–551 Ma) seafloor in South China. Its body had a pith (perhaps mechanical tissue) and outer tissue (perhaps epidermis and/or cortex). The lance-like macroalga consists of an unbranching thallus that grew over the sediment surface for sunlight and a holdfast grown into sediments to keep the thallus fixed on the seafloor. The pithy stipe (lower thallus) might have served to support the upper pithless thallus for photosynthesis. The holdfast is composed of a tapering pithy rhizome growing down into the sediments, with many filamentous pithless rhizoids dispersedly growing within the sediments. With the differentiated tissues and organs, especially the pith accounting for about half of the width of the rhizome and stipe, Lanceaphyton n. gen. was a high-level eukaryotic macroalga, similar to phaeophytes in morphological features, but further research is needed on its microstructural details. The pithy macroalga shows that the macroalgal pith had emerged in the Ediacaran.
UUID: http://zoobank.org/bc924c5c-84e4-4170-9ca1-caee0d56c6d5.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Paleontological Society
References
Babu, R., and Singh, V.K., 2011, Record of aquatic carbonaceous metaphytic remains from the Proterozoic Singhora Group of Chhattisgarh Supergroup, India and their significance: Journal of Evolutionary Biology Research, v. 3, p. 47–66.Google Scholar
Chen, J., and Erdtmann, B.-D., 1991, Lower Cambrian fossil Lagerstätte from Chengjiang, Yunnan, China: insights for reconstructing early metazoan life, in Simonetta, A.M., and Conway Morris, S., eds., The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 57–76.Google Scholar
Chen, M., and Xiao, Z., 1991, Discovery of the macrofossils in the upper Sinian Doushantuo Formation at Miaohe, eastern Yangtze Gorges: Scientia Geologica Sinica, v. 4, p. 317–324. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Chen, M., and Xiao, Z., 1992, Macrofossil biota from upper Sinian Doushantuo Formation in eastern Yangtze Gorges, China: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 31, p. 513–529. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Chen, M., Xiao, Z., and Yuan, X., 1994, A new assemblage of megafossils: Miaohe Biota from upper Sinian Doushantuo Formation, Yangtze Gorges: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 33, p. 392–403. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Chen, M., Chen, Q., and Xiao, Z., 2000, Preliminary discussion on the early evolutionary history of macroscopic plants: Scientia Geologica Sinica, v. 35, p. 1–15. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Condon, D., Zhu, M., Bowring, S., Wang, W., Yang, A., and Jin, Y., 2005, U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic Toushantuo Formation, China: Science, v. 308, p. 95–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croce, M.E., and Parodi, E.R., 2013, The turf-forming alga Gelidium crinale (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta) on Atlantic Patagonian coasts: Botanica Marina, v. 56, p. 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, L., Zhang, L., Li, Y., and Dong, J., 1992, The study of the late Sinian–early Cambrian biotas from the northern margin of the Yangtze Platform: Beijing, Scientific and Technical Documents Publishing House, 135 p. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Ding, L., Li, Y., Hu, X., Xiao, Y., Su, C., and Huang, J., 1996, Sinian Miaohe Biota: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 221 p. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Dromgoole, F.I., 1982, The buoyant properties of Codium: Botanica Marina, v. 25, p. 391–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, R., 1982, The discovery of the fossils such as Chuaria in the Qingkaikou system in northwestern Hebei and their significance: Geological Review, v. 55, p. 620–626. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Du, R., and Tian, L., 1982, Longfengshania: a special type of algal fossils in the late Precambrian in North China: Journal of Hebei College of Geology, v. Z1, p. 7–13. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Du, R., and Tian, L., 1985a, Discovery and preliminary study of mega-alga Longfengshania from the Qingbaikou System of the Yanshan Mountain area: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 58, p. 19–190. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Du, R., and Tian, L., 1985b, Algal macrofossils from the Qingbaikou System in the Yanshan Range of North China: Precambrian Research, v. 29, p. 5–14.Google Scholar
Du, R., Tian, L., and Li, H., 1986, Discovery of megafossils in the Gaoyuzhuang Formation of the Changchengian System, Jixian: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 2, p. 115–120. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Duan, C., 1982, Late Precambrian algal megafossils Chuaria and Tawuia in some areas of eastern China: Alcheringa, An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, v. 6, p. 57–68.Google Scholar
Duan, C., Xing, Y., Du, R., Yin, Y., and Liu, G., 1985, Macroscopic fossil algae, in Xing, Y., Duan, C., Liang, Y., and Cao, R., eds., Late Precambrian Palaeontology of China, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, Geological Memoirs, Series 2: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, p. 68–77. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Dutta, S., Steiner, M., Banerjee, S., Erdtmann, B.-D., Jeevankumar, S., and Mann, U., 2006, Churaia circularis from the early Mesoproterozoic Suket Shale, Vindhyan Supergroup, India: insights from light and electron microscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography: Journal of Earth System Science, v. 115, p. 99–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fournet, I., Ar Gall, E., Deslandes, E., Huvenne, J.-P., Sombret, B., and Floc'h, J.Y., 1997, In situ measurements of cell wall components on the red alga Solieria chordalis (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) by FTIR microspectrometry: Botanica Marina, v. 40, p. 45–48.Google Scholar
Gnilovskaya, M.B., 1971, The most ancient Vendian water plants on the Russian Platform: Paleontological Journal, v. 3, p. 101–107.Google Scholar
Gnilovskaya, M.B., 1990, Vendotaenids—Vendian metaphytes, in Sokolov, B.S., and Iwanowski, A.B., eds., The Vendian System. Volume. 1, Paleontology: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 138–147.Google Scholar
Gnilovskaya, M.B., Istchenko, A.A., Kolesnikov, C.M., Korenchuk, L.V., and Udaltsov, A.P., 1988, Vendotaenids of the Eastern-European Platform: Moscow, Nauka, 141 p. [in Russian]Google Scholar
Grazhdankin, D.V., Nagovitsin, K.E., and Maslov, A.V., 2007, Upper Vendian Miaohe-type ecological assemblage of the East European Platform: Doklady Earth Sciences, v. 417, p. 1183–1187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, T.-M., and Runnegar, B., 1992, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan: Science, v. 257, p. 232–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofmann, H.J., 1985, The mid-Proterozoic Little Dal macrobiota, Mackenzie Mountains, North-west Canada: Palaeontology, v. 28, p. 331–354.Google Scholar
Hofmann, H.J., 1992, Proterozoic carbonaceous films, in Schope, J.W., and Klein, C., eds., The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 349–357 p.Google Scholar
Hofmann, H.J., and Aitken, J.D., 1979, Precambrian biota from the Little Dal Group, Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 16, p. 150–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, H.J., and Chen, J., 1981, Carbonaceous megafossils from the Precambrian (1800 Ma) near Jixian, northern China: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 443–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huisman, J.M., De Clerck, O., Van Reine, W.F.P., and Borowitzka, M.A., 2011, Spongophloea, a new genus of red algae based on Thamnoclonium sect. Nematophorae Weber-van Bosse (Halymeniales): European Journal of Phycology, v. 46, p. 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ito, S., and Miyoshi, T., 1993, Microscopic observations on tissue calcium distribution in the brown alga, Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar: Journal of Applied Phycology, v. 5, p. 15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, G., Shi, X., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., and Xiao, S., 2011, Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635–551 Ma) in South China: Gondwana Research, v. 19, p. 831–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, B., Komiya, T., Lyons, T.W., Bates, S.M., Gordon, G.W., Romaniello, S.J., Jiang, G., Creaser, R.A., Xiao, S., McFadden, K., Sawaki, Y., Tahata, M., Shu, D., Han, J., Li, Y., Chu, X., and Anbar, A.D., 2015, Uranium and molybdenum isotope evidence for an episode of widespread ocean oxygenation during the late Ediacaran Period: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 156, p. 173–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S., 1995, Megafossils from the Mesoproterozoic Rohtas Formation (the Vindhyan Supergroup), Katni area, central India: Precambrian Research, v. 72, p. 171–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S., 2001, Mesoproterozoic megafossil Chuaria-Tawuia association may represent parts of a multicellular plant, Vindhyan Supergroup, Central India: Precambrian Research, v. 106, p. 187–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, R.E., 2018, Phycology (Fifth Edition): Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 535 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonov, M.V., Fedonkin, M.A., Vichers-Rich, P., Ivantsov, A.Y., and Trusler, P., 2009, Discovery of the first macroscopic algal assemblage in the terminal Proterozoic of Namibia, southwest Africa: Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, v. 14, p. 87–93.Google Scholar
Li, C., Planavshy, N.J., Shi, W., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Cheng, M., Tarhan, L.G., Luo, G., and Xie, S., 2015, Ediacaran marine redox heterogeneity and early animal ecosystems: Scientific Reports, v. 5, p. 1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Liu, B., and Xu, X., 1994, Atlas of the Lithofacies and Palaeogeography of South China (Sinian–Triassic): Beijing, Science Press, 192 p. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Liu, Z., and Du, R., 1991, Morphology and systematics of Longfengshania: Acta Palaeontologic Sinica, v. 30, p. 106–114. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Marusin, V.V., Grazhdankina, D.V., and Maslov, A.V., 2011, Redkino stage in evolution of Vendian macrophytes: Doklady Earth Sciences, v. 436, p. 197–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pandey, S.K., and Sharma, M., 2017, Enigmatic Ediacaran megascopic bedding plane structures on the Sonia Sandstone, the Jodhpur Group, Marwar Supergroup, India: seaweed or problematica? Geological Journal, v. 52, p. 784–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qin, S., Zhu, S., Xie, Z., Chen, Y., and Wang, Y., 1984, The upper Precambrian in Guizhou, in Wang, Y., Yin, G., Zheng, S., Qin, S., Zhu, S., Chen, Y., Luo, Q., Zhu, S., Wang, F., and Qian, Y., eds., The Upper Precambrian and Sinian-Cambrian Boundary in Guizhou: Guiyang, The People's Publishing House of Guizhou, p. 37–76. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Runnegar, B., 1991, Precambrian oxygen levels estimated from the biochemistry and physiology of early eukaryotes: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 97, p. 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, D.A., Bickford, M.E., Cannon, W.F., Schulz, K.J., and Hamilton, M.A., 2002, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 999–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, M., and Shukla, Y., 2009a, The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon—global perspective and the Indian record: Journal of Biosciences, v. 34, p. 765–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, M., and Shukla, Y., 2009b, Taxonomy and affinity of early Mesoproterozoic megascopic helically coiled and related fossils from the Rohtas Formation, the Vindhyan Supergroup, India: Precambrian Research, v. 173, p. 105–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, M., Tiwari, M., Ahmad, S., Shukla, R., Shukla, B., Singh, V.K., Pandey, S. K., Ansari, A.H., Shukla, Y., and Sumar, S., 2016, Palaeobiology of Indian Proterozoic and early Cambrian successions—recent developments: Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, v. 82, p. 559–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherwood, A.R., Necchi, O. Jr., Carlile, A.L., Laughinghouse, H.D., Fredericq, S., and Sheath, R.G., 2012, Characterization of a novel freshwater gigartinalean red alga from Belize, with a description of Sterrocladia belizeana sp. nov. (Rhodophyta): Phycologia, v. 51, p. 627–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silberfeld, T., Leigh, J.W., Verbruggen, H., Cruaud, C., de Reviers, B, and Rousseau, F., 2010, A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the brown algae (Heterokonta, Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae): investigating the evolutionary nature of the “brown algal crown radiation”: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, v. 56, p. 659–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, V.K., Babu, R., and Shukla, M., 2009, Discovery of carbonaceous remains from the Neoproterozoic shales of Vindhyan Supergroup, India: Journal of Evolutionary Biology Research, v. 1, p. 1–17.Google Scholar
Steiner, M., 1994, Die Neoproterozoishen Megaalgen Südchinas. Berliner Geowissrnschaftliche Abhandlungen (E), v. 15, p. 1–146. [in German]Google Scholar
Steiner, M., Erdtmann, B.-D., and Chen, J., 1992, Preliminary assessment of new late Sinian (late Proterozoic) large siphonous and filamentous “megaalgae” from eastern Wulingshan, North-Central Hunan, China: Berlinger Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (E), v. 3, p. 305–319.Google Scholar
Sun, S., Zhu, S., Huang, X., Cao, F., and Xin, H., 2004, Discovery of Parachuaria from the Chuanlinggou Formation of the Changcheng System in the Yanshan region and its significance: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 78, p. 721–725. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Sun, S., Zhu, S., and Huang, X., 2006, Discovery of megafossils from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in the Jixian section, Tianjin and its stratigraphic significance: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 45, p. 207–220. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Tang, F., Yin, C., Liu, P., Duan, D., and Gao, L., 2008a, Morphological comparison of the Ediacaran Miaohe biota from South China: implications for their affinities and ecology: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 82, p. 601–611. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Tang, F., Yin, C., Stefan, B., Liu, P., Wang, Z., Gao, L., 2008b, Octoradiate spiral organisms in the Ediacaran of South China: Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), v. 82, p. 27–34.Google Scholar
Tang, F., Yin, C., Liu, P., Gao, L., and Wang, Z., 2009, Neoproterozoic macrofossil records in South China and biostratigraphic successions and correlations: Acta Geoscientica Sinica, v. 30, p. 505–522. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Tang, F., Bengtson, S., Wang, Y., Wang, X., and Yin, C., 2011, Eoandromeda and the origin of Ctenophora: Evolution and Development, v. 13, p. 408–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walcott, C.D., 1899, Precambrian fossiliferous formations: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 10, p. 199–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, M.R., Oehler, J.H., Oehler, D.Z., 1976, Megascopic algae 1300 million years old from the Belt Supergroup, Montana: a reinterpretation of Walcott's Helminthidichnites: Journal of Paleontology, v. 50, p. 872–881.Google Scholar
Walter, M.R., Du, R., and Horodyski, R.J., 1990, Coiled carbonaceous megafossils from the middle Proterozoic of Jixian (Tianjin) and Montana: American Journal of Science, v. 290-A, p. 133–148.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., and Wang, X., 2006, The holdfasts of macroalgae in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in northeastern Guizhou Province and their environmental significance: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 23, p. 145–164. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Wang, Y., and Wang, X., 2008, Annelid from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in the Northeast Guizhou, China: Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), v. 82, p. 257–265.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., and Wang, X., 2011, New observations on Cucullus Steiner from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation of Guizhou, South China: Lethaia, v. 44, p. 275–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., and Wang, Y., 2018, Globusphyton Wang et al., an Ediacaran macroalga, crept on the seafloor in the Yangtze Block, South China: Paleontological Research, v. 22, p. 64–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Qin, S., Zhu, S., and Chen, Y., 1987, Proterozoic Eonothem, in Xie, J., Wang, K., and Han, B., eds., Regional Geology of Guizhou Province: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, p. 26–48. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Wang, Y., He, M., Yu, M., Zhao, Y., Peng, J., Yang, Y., and Zhang, Z., 2005, Preliminary discussion on ecological characteristics and buried environments of Miaohe-type biota during the Late Doushantuoian of Sinian in northeastern Guizhou Province: Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 7, p. 328–335. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, X., and Huang, Y., 2007, Macroscopic algae from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in northeastern Guizhou, South China: Earth Science, v. 32, p. 828–844. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Huang, Y., 2008, Megascopic symmetrical metazoans from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in northeastern Guizhou, South China: Journal of China University of Geosciences, v. 19, p. 200–206.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Zhao, M., Yang, Y., and Wang, X., 2009, Emergence of macro-organismal ecosystem of the Late Doushantuoian of the Ediacaran in South China, and its significances: Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 6, p. 640–650. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Chen, H., Wang, X., and Huang, Y., 2011, Evolution of the Ediacaran Doushantuoian meta-paleo-community in Northeast Guizhou, South China: Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), v. 85, p. 533–543.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Huang, Z., Chen, H., Hou, M., Yang, Y., and Du, B., 2012, Stratigraphical correlation of the Liuchapo Formation with the Dengying Formation in South China: Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), v. 42, p. 328–335.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Du, W., and Wang, X., 2014, The correlation between macroscopic algae and metazoans in the Ediacaran: a case study on the Wenghui biota in northeastern Guizhou, South China: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 61, 967–977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Du, W., Komiya, T., Wang, X., and Wang, Y., 2015a, Macroorganism paleoecosystems during the middle–late Ediacaran Period in the Yangtze Block, South China: Paleontological Research, v. 19, p. 237–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Du, W., and Wang, X., 2015b, The Ediacaran macroalga Zhongbaodaophyton Chen et al. from South China: Alcheringa, An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, v. 39, p. 377–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Du, W., and Wang, X., 2016a, New data of macrofossils in the Ediacaran Wenghui biota from Guizhou, South China: Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), v. 90, p. 1611–1628.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., and Du, W., 2016b, The long-ranging macroalga Grypania spiralis from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, Guizhou, South China: Alcheringa, An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, v. 40, p. 303–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., and Du, W., 2017, A disc-like holdfast of the Ediacaran macroalga from South China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 91, p. 1091–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Tang, F., and Zhao, M., 2020a, Ediacaran macroalgal holdfasts and their evolution: a case study from China: Palaeontology, v. 63, p. 821–840.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Tang, F., Zhao, M., and Liu, P., 2020b, Lifestyle of the Octoradiate Eoandromeda in the Ediacaran: Paleontological Research, v. 24, p. 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, S., 2013, Written in stone: the fossil record of early eukaryotes, in Trueba, G., and Montufar, C., eds., Evolution from the Galapagos, Social and Ecological Interactions in the Gapalagos Island 2: New York, Springer, p. 107–124.Google Scholar
Xiao, S., Knoll, A.H., and Yuan, X., 1998, Morphological reconstruction of Miaohephyton bifurcatum, a possible brown alga from the Doushantuo Formation (Neoproterozoic), South China, and its implications for stramenopile evolution: Journal of Paleontology, v. 72, p. 1072–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, S., Yuan, X., Steiner, M., and Knoll, A.H., 2002, Macroscopic carbonaceous compressions in a terminal Proterozoic shale, a systematic reassessment of the Miaohe biota, South China: Journal of Paleontology, v. 76, p. 347–376.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, S., Droser, M., Gehling, J.G., Hughes, I.V., Wan, B. Chen, Z., and Yuan, X., 2013, Affirming life aquatic for the Ediacara biota in China and Australia: Geology, v. 41, p. 1095–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Y., 1995, Discovery and preliminary study of megascopic algae (1700 Ma) from the Tuanshanzi Formation in Jixian, Hebei: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 12, p. 107–126. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Yan, Y., and Liu, Z., 1997, Tuanshanzian macroscopic algae of 1700 Ma B.P. from Changcheng System of Jixian, China: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 36, p. 18–41. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Ye, Q., Tong, J., Xiao, S., Zhu, S., An, Z., Tian, L., and Hu, J., 2015, The survival of benthic macroscopic phototrophs on a Neoproterozoic snowball Earth: Geology, v. 43, p. 507–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ye, Q., Tong, J., An, Z., Hu, J., Tian, L., Guan, K., and Xiao, S., 2019, A systematic description of new macrofossil material from the upper Ediacaran Miaohe Member in South China: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, v. 17, p. 183–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, X., Li, J., and Chen, M., 1995, Development and their fossil records of metaphytes from late Precambrian: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 34, p. 90–102. [in Chinese with English abstract]Google Scholar
Yuan, X., Li, J., and Cao, R., 1999, A diverse metaphyte assemblage from the Neoproterozoic black shales of South China: Lethaia, v. 32, p. 143–155.Google Scholar
Yuan, X., Chen, Z., Xiao, S., Zhou, C., and Hua, H., 2011, An early Ediacaran assemblage of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated eukaryotes: Nature, v. 470, p. 390–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuan, X., Wan, B., Guan, C., Chen, Z., Zhou, C., Xiao, S., Wang, W., Pang, K., Tang, Q., and Huan, H., 2016, The Lantian Biota: Shanghai, Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 134 p. [in Chinese with English summary]Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Chen, M., Peng, J., Yu, M., He, M., Wang, Y., Yang, R., Wang, P., and Zhang, Z., 2004, Discovery of a Miaohe-type biota from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in Jiangkou County, Guizhou Province, China: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 49, p. 2224–2226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, M., Zhang, J., and Yang, A., 2007, Integrated Ediacaran (Sinian) chronostratigraphy of South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 254, p. 7–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, M., Gehling, J.G., Xiao, S., Zhao, Y., and Droser, M.L., 2008, Eight-armed Ediacara fossil preserved in contrasting taphonomic windows from China and Australia: Geology, v. 36, p. 867–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, S., and Chen, H., 1995, Megascopic multicellular organisms from the 1700-million-year-old Tuanshanzi Formation in the Jixian area, North China: Science, v. 270, p. 620–622.Google Scholar
Zhu, S., Sun, S., Huang, X., He, Y., Zhu, G., Sun, L., and Zhang, K., 2000, Discovery of carbonaceous compressions and their multicellular tissues from the Changzhuogou Formation (1800 Ma) in the Yanshan range, North China: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 45, p. 841–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, S., Zhu, M., Knoll, A.H., Yin, Z., Zhao, F., Sun, S., Qu, Y., Shi, M., and Liu, H., 2016, Decimetre-scale multicellular eukaryotes from the 1.56-billion-year-old Gaoyuzhuang Formation in North China: Nature Communications, v. 7, 11500. http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, W., and Chen, M., 1984, On the discovery of macrofossil algae from the late Sinian in the eastern Yangtze Gorges, South China: Acta Botanica Sinica, v. 26, p. 558–560.Google Scholar