Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-02T17:29:11.067Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

First record of post-middle Desmoinesian (Late Carboniferous) brachiopods in the Great Basin (USA): Implications for faunal migration in response to Late Paleozoic Paleogeography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Alberto Pérez-Huerta*
Affiliation:
Palaeontological Research Centre, Mahasarakham University, 44150 Mahasarakham, Thailand,

Abstract

A brachiopod fauna from the Hogan Formation near Skunk Springs, western Utah, in the eastern Great Basin, USA, includes only the new taxon Duartea bruntoni n. sp., and other brachiopod taxa described for the first time in North America. the faunas are considered to be late Moscovian (late Desmoinesian) in age, which represents the first record of post-middle Desmoinesian brachiopod faunas within the Pennsylvanian of the Great Basin. Systematic analyses of the faunas suggest strong affinities with brachiopods previously described in South America and Russia, confirming the idea of faunal migration into the Great Basin. the migration of these faunas appears to correlate with the development of new oceanic currents in response to paleogeographic changes related to the formation of the Late Paleozoic Pangea.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvarez, F., and Jia-Yu, Rong. 2002. Order Athyridida, p. 14751601. In Kaesler, R. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Beus, S. S., and Lane, N. G. 1969. Middle Pennsylvanian fossils from Indian Springs, Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 43:9861000.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., and Staton, R. D. 1964. On some atrypoid, retzioid, and athyridoid Brachiopoda. Journal of Paleontology, 38:805822.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., and Staton, R. D. 1965. Order Spiriferida, p. 632667. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Branisa, L. 1965. Los fósiles guías de Bolivia. I Paleozoico. Servicio Geológico de Bolivia Boletín, 6:1282.Google Scholar
Bronn, H. G. 1862. Die Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa). C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung 3, Leipzig, 518 p., 44 pls. Google Scholar
Brown, T. 1845. Illustrations of the Fossil Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland, with Descriptions and Localities of All Species, parts 24–28. Maclachlan and Stuwart, Smith, Elder, Edinburgh, p. 117136.Google Scholar
Brunton, C. H. C., Lazarev, S. S., and Grant, R. E. 1995. A review and new classification of the brachiopod order Productida. Palaeontology, 38:915936, figs. 1–4.Google Scholar
Brunton, C. H. C., Lazarev, S. S., Grant, R. E., and Jin, Y. 2000. Suborder Productidina, p. 424564. In Kaesler, R. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 2 and 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Buckman, S. S. 1906. Brachiopod nomenclature: Epithyris, Hypothyris, Cleiothyris Phillips, 1841. Annual Magazine of Natural History (series 7), 18(107):321327.Google Scholar
Carter, J. L., and Carter, R. C. 1970. Bibliography and Index of North American Carboniferous Brachiopods (1898–1968). Geological Society of America Memoir, 128, 382 p.Google Scholar
Carter, J. L., Johnson, J. G., Gourvennec, R., and Hong-Fei, Hou. 1994. A revised classification of the spiriferid brachiopods. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 63:327374.Google Scholar
Cecil, C. B., Dulong, F. T., West, R. R., Stamm, R., Wardlaw, B., and Edgar, N. T. 2003. Climate controls on the stratigraphy of a middle Pennsylvanian cyclothem in North America, p. 151158. In Cecil, C. B. and Edgar, N. T. (eds.), Climate Controls on Stratigraphy. SEPM Special Publication, 77.Google Scholar
Chernyschev, T. N. 1902. Die obercarboniferischen Brachiopoden des Ural und des Timan. Trudy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, 16(2), 749 p., 63 pls., atlas.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A. 1957. Permian brachiopods from central Oregon. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 134(12):179, 12 pls.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A., and Grant, R. E. 1976. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, IV. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 21(1–2):19232607, 41 figs., pls. 503–662.Google Scholar
Dagys, A. S. 1972. Morfologiia i Systematika Mezozoiskikh Retsiodnykh Brakhiopod [Morphology and systematics of Mesozoic retzioid brachiopods]. Morfologicheskie i Filogeneticheskie Voprosy Paleontologii [Morphological and phylogenetic questions of Palaeontology]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, Trudy, 112:94105. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Davidson, T. 1881. On genera and species of spiral-bearing Brachiopoda from specimens developed by Rev. Norman Glass: With notes on the results obtained by Mr. George Maw from extensive washing of the Wenlock and Ludlow shales of Shropshire. Geological Magazine (n.s., decade II), 8(1):113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derby, O. A. 1874. On the Carboniferous Brachiopoda of Itaituba, Rio Tapajos, Province of Para, Brazil. Cornell University Scientific Bulletin, 1(2):163, pls. 1–9.Google Scholar
Dietl, G. P., and Kelley, P. H. 2001. Mid-Paleozoic latitudinal predation gradient; distribution of brachiopod ornamentation reflects shifting Carboniferous climate. Geology, 29:111114.Google Scholar
d'Orbigny, A. 1842. Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale. Géologie, Paléontologie; Foraminifères, 3. Pitois- Levrault, Paris, p. 5056.Google Scholar
Dresser, H. 1954. Notes on some brachiopods from the Itaituba Formation (Pennsylvanian) of the Tapajos river, Brazil [Contributions to the knowledge of the Brazilian Paleozoic, 1 (B)]. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 35(149):1568.Google Scholar
Duméril, A. M. C. 1806. Zoologie Analytique, ou Méthode Naturelle de Classification des Animaux. Allais, Paris, xxiv + 344 p.Google Scholar
Dunbar, C. O., and Condra, G. E. 1932. Brachiopoda of the Pennsylvanian System in Nebraska. Nebraska Geological Survey Bulletin (series 2), 5:1377, 44 pls.Google Scholar
Ellison, S. P. Jr. 1941. Revision of the Pennsylvanian conodonts. Journal of Paleontology, 15:105143.Google Scholar
Fischer Waldheim, G. 1825. Notice sur la Choristite. Programme d'invitation à la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, Moscow, 12 p., 1 pl. Google Scholar
Fredericks, G. 1923 [1924]. Ussuriiskii verkhnii paleozoi. I. Brachiopoda [Upper Paleozoic of the Ussuriland. I: Brachiopoda]. Materialy po Geologii i Poleznym Iskopaem Dal'nego Vostoka, 28:153, 1 pl. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Fredericks, G. 1925. Ussuriiskii verkhnii paleozoi. Ii. Permskie brakhiopody s Mysa Kaluzina [Upper Paleozoic of the Ussuriland, Ii: Permian Brachiopoda of Cape Kalouzin]. Materialy po Geologii i Poleznym Iskopaem Dal'nego Vostoka, 40:130, 4 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Fredericks, G. 1926. Tablitsa dlya opredeleniya rodov semeistva Spiriferidae King [Table for determination of the genera of the family Spiriferidae King]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Izvestiya (series 6), 20(5–6):393422, 1 pl. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Fredericks, G. 1928. Materialy dlya klassifiatsii roda Productus Sow [Contribution to the classification of the genus Productus Sow]. Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Komiteta Leningrad, 46(7):773792. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Fredericks, G. 1933. Palaeontological notes, 4: On some Upper Palaeozoic brachiopods of Eurasia. Tsentral'nogo Nauchno Issledovatelskii Geologo Razvedochnii Institut (TSNIGRI) [Palaeontology and Stratigraphy], Materialy, Leningrad, 2:2433.Google Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1899. Devonian and Carboniferous Fossils. In Geology of the Yellowstone National Park, U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 32(2):479599, pls. 66–71.Google Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1903. The Carboniferous formations and faunas of Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 16, 546 p., 6 pls. Google Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1904. Triticites, a new genus of Carboniferous foraminifers. American Journal of Science, 17(4):234240.Google Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1910. New genera and species of Carboniferous fossils from the Fayetteville Shale of Arkansas. New York Academy of Science, annals, 20(3–2):189238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1915. Invertebrate Paleontology, p. 263375, pls. 27–32. In Hinds, F. C. et al. (eds.), The Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Series in Missouri. Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, 13(2).Google Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1920. Carboniferous and Triassic faunas. In Butler, B. S. (ed.), The Ore Deposits of Utah. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 111:641–657, pls. 52–57.Google Scholar
Gobbett, D. J. 1963. Carboniferous and Permian brachiopods of Svalbard. Norsk Polarinstitut, Skrifter, 127:1201, 28 pls.Google Scholar
Grant, R. E. 1965. The brachiopod superfamily Stenoscismatacea. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 148(20):1192, 24 pls.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1840. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum (forty-second edition). British Museum, London, 370 p.Google Scholar
Grinnell, R. S., and Andrews, G. W. 1964. Morphological studies of the brachiopod genus Composita . Journal of Paleontology, 38:227248, pls. 37–39.Google Scholar
Grunt, T. A. 1965. Nadsemeistvo Athyridasea [Superfamily Athyridacea], p. 237253. In Ruzhensev, V. E. and Sarycheva, T. G. (eds.), Razvitie i smena morskikh organizmov na rubezhe paleozoia i mesozoia [Evolution and change of marine organisms at the Paleozoic-Mesozoic boundary]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, 108. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Grunt, T. A. 1973. Genus Boloria , p. 119121. In Grunt, T. A. and Dmitriev, V. Y. (eds.), Permskie Brakhiopody Pamira [Permian Brachiopoda of the Pamirs]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskogo Institut, Trudy (Moscow), 136. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Grunt, T. A. 1986. Sistema brakhiopod otriada atiridida [Classification of brachiopods of the order Athyridida]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, 215:1200, 80 figs., 32 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1852. Palaeontology of New York, 2. Containing Descriptions of the Organic Remains of the Lower Middle Division of the New-York System (equivalent in part to the middle Silurian rocks of Europe). C. van Benthuysen, Albany, 362 p., 104 pls.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1856. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Carboniferous rocks of Indiana and Illinois. Transactions of the Albany Institute, 4:136.Google Scholar
Hall, J., and Clarke, J. M. 1893. An Introduction to the Study of the Genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda. Palaeontology of New York, 8(2). Charles van Benthuysen & Sons, Albany, p. 1317. Fascicle I, p. 1–176, was published in July 1893. Fascicle II, p. 177–317, was published in December 1893. The plates were published in 1895.Google Scholar
Hintze, L. F., and Davis, F. D. 2003. Geology of Millard County, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, xviii + 305 p.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D. 1960. New Pennsylvanian Brachiopoda from southwest Missouri. Journal of Paleontology, 34:217232, pls. 1, 2.Google Scholar
Hoare, R. D. 1961. Desmoinesian Brachiopoda and Mollusca from southwest Missouri. University of Missouri Studies, 36, 262 p., 23 pls.Google Scholar
Ivanova, E. A. 1972. Osnovnyye zakonomernosti evolyutsii spiriferid (Brachiopoda). [Main features of spiriferid evolution (Brachiopoda).] Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 3:2842. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Kelley, P. H., and Raymond, A. C. 1991. Migration, origination and extinction of Southern Hemisphere brachiopods during the Middle Carboniferous. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 86:2339.Google Scholar
King, R. H. 1933. Neospirifer dunbari nom. nov. Journal of Paleontology, 7:441.Google Scholar
King, R. H. 1938. New Chonetidae and Productidae from Pennsylvanian and Permian strata of north central Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 12:257279, pls. 36–39.Google Scholar
King, W. 1846 (Aug.). Remarks on certain genera belonging to the class Palliobranchiata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 1) 18 (117), art. 11:2642,83–94.Google Scholar
King, W. 1859. On Gwynia, Dielasma, and Macandrevia, three new genera. Proceedings of the Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association, 1(3):256262.Google Scholar
Kozlowski, R. 1914. Les brachiopode du Carboniferè Supérieur de Bolivie. Annales Paléontologie, 9:1100, 11 pls.Google Scholar
Kues, B. S., Batten, R. L., Erwin, D. H., and Hua-Zhang, P. 2004. A Late Permian Chinese gastropod species, possibly larval, in the middle Pennsylvanian of New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 78:420423.Google Scholar
Kühn, O. 1949. Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 326 p.Google Scholar
Lane, B. O. 1962. The fauna of the Ely Group in the Illipah area of Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 36:888911, pls. 125–128.Google Scholar
Langenheim, R. L. Jr. 1990. Paleogeographic significance of Late Carboniferous Amazonian and Arctic brachiopods on the southwestern continental margin of North America, p. 341345. In McKinnon, D. I., Lee, D. E., and Campbell, J. D. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Brachiopod Congress. University of Otago, Dunedin (New Zealand).Google Scholar
Lazarev, S. S. 1982. O neokotorykh brakhiopodakh semeistva Buxtoniidae [Certain brachiopods of the family Buxtoniidae]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1:6572, 8 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Lazarev, S. S. 1984. Brakhiopody srednego i verkhnego Karbona Podmoskovia [Brachiopods from the middle and upper Carboniferous of the Moscow Basin]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 2:6574, 7 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Likharev, B. K. 1934. O nekotorykh novykh rodakh verkhnepaleozoiskikh brakhiopod [On some new genera of Upper Paleozoic brachiopods]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Doklady, 1(4):212213. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Likharev, B. K. 1939. Brakhiopody [Brachiopoda], p. 76121, pls. 16–29. In Atlas of the Leading Forms of the Fossil Faunas of the Ussr, 6, Permian. Tsentral'nogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Geologo-Razvedochnogo Instituta Trudy (Leningrad). (In Russian) Google Scholar
Likharev, B. K. 1956. Nadsemeistvo Rhynchonellacea Gray, 1848 [superfamily Rhynchonellacea Gray, 1848], p. 5661. In Kiparisova, L. D., Markowskii, B. P., and Radchenko, G. P. (eds.), Materialy po Paleontologii, Novye Semeistva i Rody [Materials for Paleontology, new families and genera]. Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno- Issledovatel'skii Geologicheskii Institut (Vsegei), Materialy (Paleontologiia), 12. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Lipman, E. W. 1982. Systematics, biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Missourian and Virgilian brachiopods of the Bird Spring Group, Arrow Canyon, Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada. Unpublished , , 245 p.Google Scholar
Litvinovich, N. V. 1968. Kamennougolnie i permskie otlozheniia zapadnoi chasti tsentralnogo Kazakhstana. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy, 121:1211, 97 figs., 33 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Marcou, J. 1858. Geology of North America, With Two Reports on the Prairies of Arkansas and Texas, the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of California. Printed for the author by Zürcher and Furrer, Zurich, 144 p., 7 pls. Google Scholar
Martin, W. 1809. [In the nomenclatorially invalid work entitled “Petrificata Derbiensia” and now available as from the first subsequent date on which they were severally published in conditions satisfying the requirements of the “Règles.”] Opinions and Declarations of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 420, 14:129168.Google Scholar
Massa, D., Termier, G., and Termier, H. 1974. Le Carbonifère de Libye occidentale, stratigraphie et paléontologie. Compagnie Française des Pétroles, notes et mémoires, 11:139206, pls. 1–12.Google Scholar
Mather, K. F. 1915. The fauna of the Morrow Group of Arkansas and Oklahoma. Science Laboratory Denison University Bulletin, 18:59284, 49 pls.Google Scholar
Meek, F. B. 1871. I. Preliminary paleontological report, consisting of lists of fossils, with descriptions of some new types, etc, p. 287318. In Hayden, F. V. (ed.), Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Wyoming, and Portions of Contiguous Territories (Being a Second Annual Report of Progress), Conducted Under the Authority of the Secretary of the Interior. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Mendes, J. C. 1959. Chonetacea e Productacea Carboniferos da Amazonia. São Paolo Universidade Faculdade de Filosofia. Ciencias e Letras Boletim (Geologia), 236(17):183, pls. 1–7.Google Scholar
Mii, H., Grossman, E. L., and Yancey, T. E. 1999. Carboniferous isotope stratigraphies of North America; implications for Carboniferous paleoceanography and Mississippian glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111:960973.Google Scholar
Mironova, M. G. 1967. Pozdekamennougolnie Brakhiopodi Bashkiri. Leningradskii Gosudarstvenni Universitet Izvestiya, Leningrad, 62 p., 5 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Moffet, D. L. 1986. Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Desmoinesian (Pennsylvanian) brachiopods, Bird Spring Group, Arrow Canyon, Clark County, Nevada. Unpublished , , 132 p.Google Scholar
Morton, S. G. 1836. Notice and description of organic remains [Ohio Valley]. American Journal of Science, 2:149154.Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H. M. 1955. A History of the Classification of the References Phylum Brachiopoda. British Museum (Natural History), London, v + 124 p., 12 figs.Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H. M. 1962. On the Morphology and Classification of the Brachiopod Suborder Chonetoidea. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 132 p., 24 figs., 16 pls.Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H. M., and Cooper, G. A. 1960. Morphology, classification and life habits of the Productoidea (Brachiopoda). Geological Society of America Memoir, 81:1447, 8 figs., 135 pls.Google Scholar
Norwood, J. G., and Pratten, H. 1855. Notice of Producti found in the western states and territories with descriptions of twelve new species. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences Journal (n.s.), 3:121.Google Scholar
Otto-Bliesner, B. B. 2003. The role of mountains, polar ice, and vegetation in determining the tropical climate during the middle Pennsylvanian: Climate model simulations, p. 227237. In Cecil, C. B. and Edgar, N. T. (eds.), Climate Controls on Stratigraphy. SEPM Special Publication, 77.Google Scholar
Owen, D. D. 1852. Description of new and imperfectly known genera and species of organic remains, collected during the geological surveys of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory, p. 573587, pls. 1–3, 5, 7, 8. In Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota. Lippincott, Grambo, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Pareyn, C. 1961. Les Massifs Carboniféres du Sahara Sud-Oranais. Centre Reserche Sahariennes Géologique, 1(2), 244 p., 28 pls. Google Scholar
Pérez-Huerta, A. 2004. Brachiopods and paleoecological studies in the Pennsylvanian of the Great Basin (USA). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene, xxii + 419 p.Google Scholar
Racheboeuf, P. R. 2000. Suborder Chonetidina, p. 362423. In Kaesler, R. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Raymond, A. C., Kelley, P. H., and Lutken, C. B. 1990. Dead by degrees; articulate brachiopods, paleoclimate and the Mid-Carboniferous extinction event. Palaios, 5:111123.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C., and Sedgwick, A. 1933. Some Upper Carboniferous brachiopods from Brazil. Journal of Natural History, 11(65):519537.Google Scholar
Ross, C. A., and Ross, J. R. P. 1985. Carboniferous and Early Permian biogeography. Geology, 13:2730.Google Scholar
Rzhonsnitskaya, M. A. 1956. Systematization of Rhynchonellida, p. 125126. In Guzmán, E. (ed.), Resúmenes de Los Trabajos Presentados. International Geological Congress Report 20, Mexico.Google Scholar
Saltzman, M. R. 2003. Late Paleozoic ice age; oceanic gateway or pCO2? Geology, 31:151154.Google Scholar
Samtleben, C. 1972. Feinbau und Wachstum von Spiriferiden-Armgerüsten. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 46(1–2):2033, pls. 5–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarycheva, T. G. 1977. Brakhiopodi verkhnego Paleozoia Sibiri i Arktiki. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy, 162:1117, 40 figs., 15 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Sarycheva, T. G., and Sokolskaya, A. N. 1959. O klassifikatsin lozhnoporistykh brakhiopod [On the classification of pseudopunctate brachiopods]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Doklady (Moscow), 125(1):181184. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Sarycheva, T. G., Sokolskaya, A. N., Beznosova, G. A., and Maksimova, S. V. 1963. Brakhiopody i paleogeografiia Karbona Kuznetskoi kotloviny [Carboniferous brachiopods and palaeogeography of the Kuznetsk Basin]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy, 95:1547, 151 figs., 64 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Savage, N. M., Manceñido, M. O., Owen, E. F., Carlson, S. J., Grant, R. E., Dagys, A., and Li-Dong, S. 2002a. Order Rhynchonellida, p. 10271376. In Kaesler, R. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Savage, N. M., Manceñido, M. O., Owen, E. F., and Dagys, A. S. 2002b. Superfamily Pugnacoidea, p. 11651218. In Kaesler, R. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Savage, N. M., Manceñido, M. O., Owen, E. F., Dagys, A. S., and Dong-Li, S. 2002c. Superfamily Wellerelloidea, p. 12561279. In Kaesler, R. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Sayre, A. N. 1930. The fauna of the Drum Limestone of Kansas and western Missouri. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 19(8):75203, pls. 1–21.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. 1893. Classification of the Brachiopoda. American Geologist, 11:141167, 5 pls.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. 1913. Class 2. Brachiopoda, p. 355420, figs. 526–636. In von Zittel, K. A. (ed.), Text-book of Palaeontology, 1(1) (second edition, translated and edited by Eastman, C. R.). Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. 1929. Classification of Brachiopod Genera, fossil and recent. In Schuchert, Charles and Schuchert, C. and Levene, C. M. (eds.), Animalia pars 42; in Pompeckj, J. F. (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus, 1:1025. Junk, Berlin.Google Scholar
Shepard, C. U. 1838. Geology of upper Illinois. American Journal of Science (series 1), 34:134161, 9 figs.Google Scholar
Slyusareva, A. D. 1958. O Kazakhskikh spiriferidakh. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Doklady, 118:581583. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Snyder, W. S., Spinosa, C., and Gallegos, D. M. 1990. Pennsylvanian and Permian tectonism on the western U.S. continental margin, p. 519. In G. L. Raines and others (eds.), Geology and Ore deposits of the Great Basin, Symposium Proceedings. Department of Mineral Resources, Reno (Nevada).Google Scholar
Sokolskaya, A. N. 1950. Chonetidae Russkoy Platformy [Chonetidae of the Russian Platform]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy, 27:1108, pls. 1–13. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Solomina, R. V., and Chernyak, G. E. 1961. Orulgania–Novyy rod spiriferid iz verkhnego Paleozoya Arktiki [Orulgania–New spiriferid genus from the Upper Paleozoic of the Arctic]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 3:6166, pl. 6.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. 1812–1815. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 1. Author, London, iv + 1–234, pls. 1–102.Google Scholar
Sowerby, J. 1821–1822. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 4. Author, London, 1114, pls. 307–383.Google Scholar
Spencer, R. S. 1967. Pennsylvanian Spiriferacea and Spiriferinacea of Kansas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Papers, 14, 35 p., 22 figs.Google Scholar
St. Aubin-Hietpas, L. A. 1983. Carbonate petrology and paleoecology of Permo–Carboniferous rocks, southwestern Millard County, Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 30:113143.Google Scholar
Stehli, F. G. 1954. Lower Leonardian Brachiopoda of the Sierra Diablo. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 105:257358, figs. 1–55, pls. 17–27.Google Scholar
Stehli, F. 1956. Notes on oldhaminid brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 30:305313, pls. 41, 42.Google Scholar
Stuckenberg, A. A. 1905. Fauna verkhne-kamennougol'noi Tolshchi Samarskoi Luki [Die Fauna der obercarbonischen Suite des Wolgadurchbruches]. Trudy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, 23:144 p., 13 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
Sturgeon, M. T., and Hoare, R. D. 1968. Pennsylvanian brachiopods of Ohio. Ohio Geological Survey Bulletin, 63:95 p., 22 pls., 14 text-figs.Google Scholar
Sutherland, P. K., and Harlow, F. H. 1967. Late Pennsylvanian brachiopods from north-central New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 41:10651089.Google Scholar
Sutherland, P. K., and Harlow, F. H. 1973. Pennsylvanian brachiopods and biostratigraphy in southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, 27:1173, 49 figs., 18 pls.Google Scholar
Sutton, A. H., and Summerson, C. H. 1943. Cardinal process of Productidae. Journal of Paleontology, 16:323330, pls. 53, 54.Google Scholar
Swallow, G. C. 1867. Section of the rocks in eastern Kansas. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 15:5782.Google Scholar
Tabor, N. J., and Montañez, I. P. 2002. Shifts in the Late Paleozoic atmospheric circulation over western equatorial Pangea; insights from pedogenic mineral δ18O compositions. Geology, 30:11271130.Google Scholar
Thomas, I. 1914. The British Carboniferous Producti, Pt. 1, Genera Pustula and Overtonia. Great Britain Geological Survey Memoir, 1(4):197366, pls. 17–20.Google Scholar
Volgin, V. I. 1960. Brakhiopody verkhnekamennongol'nykh i nizhnepermskikh otlozhenii Iuzhnoi Fergany [Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian brachiopods from south Fergana]. Leningradskii Gosudarstvenni Universitet, Leningrad, 203 p., 18 pls. (In Russian) Google Scholar
von Keyserling, A. 1846. Geognostische Beobachtungen, p. 151406. In von Krusenstern, P. and Keyserling, A. (eds.), Wissenschaftliche Beobachtungen auf einer Reise in das Petschora-Land. Carl Kray, St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
von Schlotheim, E. F. 1816. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte =der Versteinerungen in geognostischer Hinsicht. Akademi Wissenschaften München Mathematischephysike Klasse Denkschriften, 6:1336.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. 1883. Salt Range fossils, I(4). Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica (series 13), fasc. 2:391546, pls. 29–49.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. 1884. Salt Range fossils, I(4). Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica (series 13), fasc. 3–4:547728, pls. 50–81.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. 1968. The classification and descriptions of Permian Spiriferida (Brachiopoda) from New Zealand. Palaeontographica (Abt. A), 129:194 p., 18 pls. Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. 1975. New Permian and Triassic brachiopod taxa. Department of Geology of the University of Queensland Papers (n.s.), 7(1):123, pls. 1, 2.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. 1986. New Late Palaeozoic invertebrate taxa. Indian Geologists' Association Bulletin (Chandigarh), 19:18.Google Scholar
Weller, S. 1914. The Mississippian brachiopoda of the Mississippi Valley Basin. Illinois State Geological Survey Monograph, 1, 508 p., 83 pls.Google Scholar
Williams, A., and Brunton, C. H. C. 1997. Morphological and anatomical terms applied to brachiopods, p. 423440. In Kaesler, R. L. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Brunton, C. H. C., and Mackinnon, D. I. 1997. Morphology, p. 321422. In Kaesler, R. L. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised), 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Carlson, S. J., Brunton, C. H. C., Holmer, L. E., and Popov, L. E. 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B351:11711193.Google Scholar
Winchell, A. 1863. Description of the fossils of the Yellow Sandstones lying beneath the Burlington Limestone at Burlington, Iowa. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Proceedings (series 2), 7:225.Google Scholar