Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-02T05:49:56.860Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

S. Christopher Bennett*
Affiliation:
Department of Systematics and Ecology and Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045

Abstract

A statistical and morphological study of the pterosaur Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany shows that specimens fall into discrete size-classes that are year-classes resulting from seasonal mortality or preservation of specimens. Taxonomic characters used in the past to separate species of Rhamphorhynchus are all related to size and ontogeny, and all specimens belong to a single species, R. muensteri. Thus, the collections of Rhamphorhynchus provide an unequaled record of the growth and development of a Jurassic rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur. Rhamphorhynchus did not have rapid determinate growth; the growth rate was comparable to that of extant crocodilians, and growth continued over the course of at least three years after individuals began to fly.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews, R. M. 1982. Patterns of growth in reptiles, p. 273320. In Gans, C. and Pough, F. H. (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Volume 13, Physiology D. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Arthaber, G. 1922. Über Entwicklung, Ausbildung und Absterben der Flugsaurier. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 4:147.Google Scholar
Barthel, K. W., Swinburne, N. H. M., and Conway Morris, S. 1990. Solnhofen: A Study in Mesozoic Paleontology. Cambridge University Press, 236 p.Google Scholar
Bennett, A. F., and Dawson, W. R. 1976. Metabolism, p. 127223. In Gans, C. and Dawson, W. R. (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Volume 5, Physiology A. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Bennett, S. C. 1991. Morphology of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon and systematics of the Pterodactyloidea. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas, 680 p. [Available from University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.] Google Scholar
Bennett, S. C. 1992. Sexual dimorphism of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs, with comments on cranial crests. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12:422434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, S. C. 1993a. The ontogeny of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs. Paleobiology, 19:92106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, S. C. 1993b. Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Southern Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13 (Supplement to Number 3):26A.Google Scholar
Bennett, S. C. 1994. Taxonomy and systematics of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea). Occasional Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas. Lawrence, 169:170.Google Scholar
Brinkman, D. 1988. Size-independent criteria for estimating relative age in Ophiacodon and Dimetrodon (Reptilia, Pelycosauria) from the Admiral and lower Belle Plains Formations of west-central Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8:172180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buisonje, P. H. de. 1985. Climatic conditions during the deposition of the Solnhofen Limestones, p. 4565. In Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P. (eds.), The Beginnings of Birds. Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstätt 1984. Freunde des Jura-Museums, Willibaldsburg, Eichstätt, Germany.Google Scholar
Callison, G., and Quimby, H. M. 1984. Tiny dinosaurs: are they fully grown? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3:200209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cott, H. B. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus) in Uganda and northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 29:211356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Currey, J. 1984. The Mechanical Adaptation of Bones. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 294 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enlow, D. H., 1963. Principles of Bone Remodeling. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 131 p.Google Scholar
Freyberg, B. von. 1968. Übersicht über den Malm der Altmühl-Alb. Erlanger geologische Abhandlungen, 70, 40 p.Google Scholar
Galton, P. M. 1982. Juveniles of the stegosaurian dinosaur Kentrosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of Tanzania, East Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2:4762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldfuss, G. A. 1831. Beiträge zur Kenntnis verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt. Nova acta Academiae caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae germanicae naturae curiosorum, 15:61128.Google Scholar
Gross, W. 1937. Über einen neuen Rhamphorhynchus gemmingi H. v. M. des Natur-Museums Senckenberg. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 437:116.Google Scholar
Houck, M. A., Gauthier, J. A., and Strauss, R. E. 1990. Allometric scaling in the earliest fossil bird, Archaeopteryx lithographica . Science, 247:195198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R. 1977. Size independent criteria for estimating relative age and relationships among growth parameters in a group of fossil reptiles (Reptilia: Icthyosauria). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14:19161924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaup, J. J. 1834. Isis von Oken, p. 315. Jena.Google Scholar
Koh, T.-P. 1937. Untersuchungen über die Gattung Rhamphorhynchus . Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, Beilage-Band, 77:455506.Google Scholar
Mateer, N. J. 1976. A statistical study of the genus Pterodactylus . Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala, New Series, 6:97105.Google Scholar
McIlhenny, E. A. 1934. Notes on incubation and growth of alligators. Copeia, 1934:8088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, H. von. 1846. Pterodactylus (Rhamphorhynchus) gemmingi aus dem Kalkschiefer von Solenhofen. Palaeontographica, 1:120.Google Scholar
Meyer, H. von. 1847. Homeosaurus maximiliani und Rhamphorhynchus (Pterodactylus) longicaudus, zwei fossile Reptilian aus der Kalkschiefer von Solenhofen. 4X, Frankfurt, 22 p.Google Scholar
Münster, G. G. zu. 1830. Nachtrag zu der Abhandlung des Professor Goldfuss über den Ornithocephalus Münsteri (Goldf.). Bayreuth, 8 p.Google Scholar
Münster, G. G. zu. 1839. Ueber einige neue Versteinerungen in der lithographischen Schiefer von Baiern. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaeontologie, 1839:676682.Google Scholar
Olson, E. C. 1957. Size-frequency distributions in samples of extinct organisms. Journal of Geology, 65:309333.Google Scholar
Padian, K., Horner, J. R., and de Ricqles, A. J. 1993. A new azhdarchid pterosaur from the Two Medicine Formation (Late Cretaceous: Campanian) of Montana, identified on the basis of bone histology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13 (Supplement to Number 3):52A.Google Scholar
Padian, K., and Rayner, J. M. V. 1993. The wings of pterosaurs. American Journal of Science, 293-A:91166.Google Scholar
Plieniger, F. 1901. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flugsaurier. Palaeontographica, 48:6590.Google Scholar
Plieniger, F. 1907. Die Pterosaurier der Juraformation Schwabens. Palaeontographica, 53:209313.Google Scholar
de Ricqles, A. J., Padian, K., and Horner, J. R. 1993. Paleohistology of pterosaur bones. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13 (Supplement to Number 3):54A.Google Scholar
Seeley, H. G. 1870. The Ornithosauria: An Elementary Study of the Bones of Pterodactyles. Cambridge, 135 p.Google Scholar
Seeley, H. G. 1901. Dragons of the Air: An Account of Extinct Flying Reptiles. Methuen and Co., London, 239 p.Google Scholar
Stolley, E. 1936. Odontorhynchus aculeatus n. g., n. sp., ein neuer Rhamphorhynchide von Solnhofen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, Beilage-Band, 75:543563.Google Scholar
Viohl, G. 1985. Geology of the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone and the habitat of Archaeopteryx , p. 3144. In Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P. (eds.), The Beginnings of Birds. Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstätt 1984. Freunde des Jura-Museums, Willibaldsburg, Eichstätt, Germany.Google Scholar
Wellnhofer, P. 1970. Die Pterodactyloidea (Pterosauria) der Oberjura-Plattenkalke Süddeutschlands. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Wissenschaftlichen Klasse, Abhandlungen, 141, 133 p.Google Scholar
Wellnhofer, P. 1975. Die Rhamphorhynchoidea (Pterosauria) der Oberjura-Plattenkalke Süddeutschlands. Palaeontographica, A148:133, 148:132–186, 149:1–30.Google Scholar
Wellnhofer, P. 1978. Pterosauria. Handbuch der Palaeoherpetologie, Teil 19. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 82 p.Google Scholar
Wellnhofer, P. 1991. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. Salamander Books, Ltd., London, 192 p.Google Scholar
Wellnhofer, P. 1993. Das siebte Exemplar von Archaeopteryx aus den Solnhofener Schichten. Archaeopteryx, 11:147.Google Scholar
Wellnhofer, P., and Vahldiek, B.-W. 1986. Ein Flugsaurier-Rest aus der Posidonienschiefer (Unter-Toarcium) von Schandelah bei Braunschweig. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 60:329340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiley, E. O. 1975. Karl R. Popper, systematics, and classification: a reply to Walter Bock and other evolutionary taxonomists. Systematic Zoology, 24:233243.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. V. H. 1984. Year classes and sexual dimorphism in the Eocene catostomid fish Amyzon aggregatum . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3:137142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. V. H. 1992. Taphonomy of a mass-death layer of fish in a fluvial sequence of the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation, Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(Supplement to Number 3):59A60A.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. Smith. 1902. On two skulls of the ornithosaurian Rhamphorhynchus . Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 9:15.Google Scholar