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Knowing “what for,” but not “where”: Dissociation between functional and contextual tool knowledge in healthy individuals and patients with dementia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2023

Josselin Baumard Open the ORCID record for Josselin Baumard [Opens in a new window] ,
Mathieu Lesourd ,
Christophe Jarry ,
Catherine Merck ,
Frédérique Etcharry-Bouyx ,
Valérie Chauviré ,
Serge Belliard ,
François Osiurak  and
Didier Le Gall
Josselin Baumard*
Affiliation:
Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen, France
Mathieu Lesourd
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive & MSHE Ledoux, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
Christophe Jarry
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université d’Angers, Angers, France
Catherine Merck
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
Frédérique Etcharry-Bouyx
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
Valérie Chauviré
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
Serge Belliard
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
François Osiurak
Affiliation:
Laboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
Didier Le Gall
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université d’Angers, Angers, France Département de Neurologie, Unité de Neuropsychologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Angers, France
*
Corresponding author: J. Baumard; Email: josselin.baumard@univ-rouen.fr
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Abstract

Objective:

Semantic tool knowledge underlies the ability to perform activities of daily living. Models of apraxia have emphasized the role of functional knowledge about the action performed with tools (e.g., a hammer and a mallet allow a “hammering” action), and contextual knowledge informing individuals about where to find tools in the social space (e.g., a hammer and a mallet can be found in a workshop). The goal of this study was to test whether contextual or functional knowledge, would be central in the organization of tool knowledge. It was assumed that contextual knowledge would be more salient than functional knowledge for healthy controls and that patients with dementia would show impaired contextual knowledge.

Methods:

We created an original, open-ended categorization task with ambiguity, in which the same familiar tools could be matched on either contextual or functional criteria.

Results:

In our findings, healthy controls prioritized a contextual, over a functional criterion. Patients with dementia had normal visual categorization skills (as demonstrated by an original picture categorization task), yet they made less contextual, but more functional associations than healthy controls.

Conclusion:

The findings support a dissociation between functional knowledge (“what for”) on the one hand, and contextual knowledge (“where”) on the other hand. While functional knowledge may be distributed across semantic and action-related factors, contextual knowledge may actually be the name of higher-order social norms applied to tool knowledge. These findings may encourage researchers to test both functional and contextual knowledge to diagnose semantic deficits and to use open-ended categorization tests.

Keywords

activities of daily livingapraxiatool usesemantic knowledgedementiaAlzheimer’s disease
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , February 2024 , pp. 97 - 106
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press 2023

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