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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2020
For many people the key question in the referendum is whether a vote to leave will enable the UK to take back control of its borders. So for them the focus is primarily on Article 45 on the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) which allows free movement of workers. But for individuals much movement to other EU Member States is covered by Article 56 TFEU on the free movement of services. This article will argue that empirical research shows that there is in fact an interesting link between temporary migration under Article 56 TFEU and ultimately permanent migration under Article 45 TFEU. Brexit has the potential profoundly to affect both.
2 Case 33/74 Van Binsbergen [1974] ECR 1299.
3 Article 1(b) of Directive 73/148 requires the abolition of restrictions on the movement and residence of “nationals wishing to go to another Member State as recipients of services”.
4 Case 286/82 and 26/83 Luisi and Carbone [1984] ECR 377 (Italians travelling to Germany to receive medical and tourism services); Case 186/87 Cowan v Le Tresor Public [1989] ECR 195 (Englishman mugged on French metro. As a recipient of a service he was entitled to receive criminal injuries compensation as a French man would).
5 Case 286/82 and 26/83 Luisi and Carbone [1984] ECR 377.
6 Case 293/83 Gravier v. Ville de Liège [1985] ECR 593, para. 30. For background see Shaw, J. (1999), ‘From the margins to the centre: education and training law and policy’, in Craig, P. and de Búrca, G. (eds), The Evolution of EU Law, Oxford: OUP.
7 Case C-159/90 SPUC v Grogan [1991] ECR I-4685.
8 See for example, Case C-384/93 Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financien [1995] ECR I-1141 (cold calling by Dutch company offering financial services in other Member States).
9 Case C-60/00 Mary Carpenter v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] ECR I-6279.
10 Case C-275/92 Customs Excise v Schindler [1994] ECR 1039.
11 See, for example, TUC, ‘Beside the point?’, December 2005: https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/extras/besidethepoint.pdf.
12 BERR Consultation Paper 2007, 78.
13 BERR Consultation Paper 2007, 81–2.
14 Conclusions – 18 and 19 February 2016.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
20 The government estimates that EU reforms in the 1990s resulted in a drop in fares of over 40 per cent for lower cost flights: HM Government (2016), Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK, April.
21 See e.g. ‘Ryanair Effect sees Azores Tourism boom’: http://www.traveldailynews.com/news/article/68191/ldquo-ryanair-effect-rdquo-sees-azores-tourism.
22 See e.g. ‘Castellón set for “Ryanair effect” property boom’ http://www.thelocal.es/20150407/castelln-to-be-2015-property-hotspot.
23 See, for example, Barbara's story: http://www.eumigrantworker.law.cam.ac.uk/Listening/a-fun-adventure-for-self-development-but-returning-to-poland-for-a-better-quality-of-life.
28 Case 293/83 Gravier v. Ville de Liège [1985] ECR 593, para. 30. For background see Shaw, J. (1999), ‘From the margins to the centre: education and training law and policy’, in Craig, P. and de Búrca, G. (eds), The Evolution of EU Law, Oxford: OUP.
29 Para. 26.
31 See Dougan, M. (2005), ‘Fees, grants, loans and dole cheques: who covers the costs of migrant education within the EU?’ 42 CMLReview, 42, p. 943.
32 Case C–147/03 [2005] ECR I–5969, noted Rieder (2006) 43 Common Market Law Review, p. 1711. See also Case C–73/08 Bressol v. Gouvernement de la Communauté française [2010] ECR 1–2735.
33 Para. 47.
34 According to the Advocate General's Opinion, this policy was introduced to improve the percentage of Austrian citizens with a higher education qualification, which at the time was one of the lowest in the EU (para. 26).
35 Para. 50
36 Para. 65.
37 Para. 66.
38 Para. 61.
40 See e.g. Breton, G. and Lambert, M. (eds) (2003), Universities and Globalization: Private Linkages, Public Trust, Paris: UNESCO, and Brooks, R. and Waters, J. (2011), Student Mobilities, Migration and the Internationalization of Higher Education, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
42 See e.g. Brooks, R. and Waters, J. (2010), ‘Social networks and educational mobility: the experiences of UK students’, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 8(1), pp.143–157.
44 The UK joined EFTA in 1960 but left in 1973 when it joined the EU.
46 Johansson, M. (2014), ‘Judicial Protection in the EEA EFTA States’ in the EFTA Court (eds), The EEA and the EFTA Court: Decentred integration, Oxford: Hart Publishing, p. 318.
47 Semertzi, A. (2014), ‘The preclusion of direct effect in the recently concluded EU free trade agreements’, Common Market Law Review, 15, p.1125.
48 HM Government (2016), ‘Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK’, April 2016.
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