Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-94d59 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T02:50:58.332Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The phonological status of Swedish au and eu: Proposals, evidence, evaluation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2022

Stig Eliasson*
Affiliation:
Institut für Slavistik, Turkologie und zirkumbaltische Studien, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
*
Address for correspondence: Noreens väg 96, 752 63 Uppsala, Sweden Emails: eliasson@uni-mainz.de; stig.s.e.eliasson@gmail.com
Get access

Abstract

Most modern studies of Swedish phonology take the view that the underlying vowel inventory of Central Standard Swedish comprises nine, rather than seventeen or eighteen, mutually contrasting vowel phonemes. A residual problem of a classic phonological type concerns the borrowed entities, rendered in traditional Swedish orthography as au and eu, whose ‘status in the vowel system is unclear’ (Riad 2014:42). The present paper scrutinizes earlier and current phonological interpretations of these entities, adduces evidence for and against each proposal, and concludes that the case for treating them as phonemic diphthongs /V͡V/, as /VC/-sequences, or as monosyllabic /VV̯/-sequences is weak and that they should in the first place be viewed as underlying heterosyllabic vowel sequences /VV/, subject to a special phonological stipulation valid for a borrowed sub-domain of the lexicon. Typologically, Central Standard Swedish should continue to be subsumed under the category of languages that lack phonological diphthongs.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nordic Association of Linguists

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aktürk-Drake, Memet. 2014. The role of perceptual salience in bilingual speakers’ integration of illicit long segments in loanwords. Lingua 143, 162186.10.1016/j.lingua.2014.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aktürk-Drake, Memet. 2015. Phonological Adoption through Bilingual Borrowing: Comparing Elite Bilinguals and Heritage Bilinguals. Stockholm: Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Department of Swedish Language and Multilingualism, Stockholm University. http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:781029/FULLTEXT02.pdf Google Scholar
Aktürk-Drake, Memet. Forthcoming. Hur blev engelskt /w/ ett marginellt fonem i standardsvenskan? [How did English /w/ become a marginal phoneme in Standard Swedish?]. To appear in Svenska språkets historia 16.Google Scholar
Allen, W. Sidney. 1953. Phonetics in Ancient India (London Oriental Series 1). London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, W. Sidney. 1965. Vox Latina: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, W. Sidney. 1968. Vox Graeca: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, W. Sidney. 1972. Sandhi: The Theoretical, Phonetic, and Historical Bases of Word-Junction in Sanskrit, 2nd edn. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.). 1997. Lithuanian Grammar. Vilnius: baltos lankos. http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/Ambrazas%20Lithuanian%20grammar.pdf Google Scholar
Andersen, Henning. 1972. Diphthongization. Language 48 (1), 1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, Erik. 1994. Swedish. In König, Ekkehard & van der Auwera, Johan (eds.), The Germanic Languages, 271312. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Árnason, Kristján. 1980. Quantity in Historical Phonology: Icelandic and Related Cases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Avanesov, R. I. & Ožegov, S. I.. 1959. Russkoe literaturnoe proiznošenie i udarenie: Slovar’-spravočnik [Russian standard pronunciation and accentuation: A reference dictionary]. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo inostrannyx i nacional’nyx slovarej.Google Scholar
Becker, Thomas. 1998. Das Vokalsystem der deutschen Standardsprache [The vowel system of the Standard German language] (Arbeiten zur Sprachanalyse 32). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Bendz, Gerhard. 1972. Latin för medicinare [Latin for physicians], 4th edn. Lund: Gleerups.Google Scholar
[Bergman, Gösta.] 1966. Uttalsordlista [Pronunciation glossary] (Skrifter utgivna av Nämnden för svensk språkvård 6), 3rd edn. Stockholm: Svenska Bokförlaget/Norstedts.Google Scholar
Bergroth, Hugo. 1924. Svensk uttalslära: Med särskilt beaktande av skiljaktigheterna mellan det finländska och det högsvenska ljudskicket [Swedish pronunciation: With special consideration of the differences between Finland-Swedish and Central Standard Swedish phonetic usage]. Helsinki: Söderström & Co.Google Scholar
Braunmüller, Kurt. 1980. Zur Phonotaktik des Schwedischen: Prinzipien und Tendenzen [On the phonotactics of Swedish: Principles and tendencies]. Skandinavistik 10, 29–60. (Reprinted in Kurt Braunmüller, Beiträge zur skandinavistischen Linguistik [Contributions to Scandinavian linguistics] (Studia Nordica 1), 9–52. Oslo: Novus forlag, 1995.)Google Scholar
Braunmüller, Kurt. 2007. Die skandinavischen Sprachen im Überblick [The Scandinavian languages: A survey], 3rd edn. Tübingen & Basel: A. Francke.Google Scholar
Bruce, Gösta. 2010. Vår fonetiska geografi: Om svenskans accenter, melodi och uttal [Our phonetic geography: On Swedish accents, melody and pronunciation]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 1996. Phonetics and phonology. In Hans Goebl, Peter H. Nelde, Zdeněk Starý & Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.), Kontaktlinguistik: Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung [Contact linguistics: An international handbook of contemporary research], vol. I, 98103. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, Noam & Halle, Morris. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Collins English Dictionary, 7th edn. 2005. Glasgow: HarperCollins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english Google Scholar
Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names, 6th edn. 2020. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326 Google Scholar
Cser, András. 1999. Diphthongs in the syllable structure of Latin. Glotta 75 (3–4), 172193.Google Scholar
Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus. 1962. Vad är främmande ord? [What are foreign words?] In Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt, Gösta Bergman & Carl Ivar Ståhle, Främmande ord i nusvenskan [Foreign words in contemporary Swedish] (Verdandis skriftserie 17), 1–31. Stockholm: Svenska Bokförlaget/Bonniers.Google Scholar
Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus. 1967. Svårigheter i svenskans uttal [Difficulties in Swedish pronunciation] (Skrifter utgivna av Modersmålslärarnas förening 107). Lund: Modersmålslärarnas förening & Gleerups. (First published in Modersmålslärarnas förening: Årsskrift 1966, 49–99.)Google Scholar
Danell, Gideon. 1937. Svensk ljudlära [Swedish phonetics], 4th edn. Stockholm: Svenska Bokförlaget, P.A. Norstedt & Söner.Google Scholar
Duden = Duden Aussprachewörterbuch [Duden pronunciation dictionary], 6th edn. 2005. Mannheim: Dudenverlag.Google Scholar
Einarsson, Stefán. 1927. Beiträge zur Phonetik der isländischen Sprache [Contributions to the phonetics of the Icelandic language]. Oslo: A.W. Brøggers Boktrykkeri.Google Scholar
Eisen, Elad. 2019. The typology of phonological segment borrowing. M.A. thesis, Department of Linguistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341734023_The_Typology_of_Phonological_Segment_Borrowing Google Scholar
Elert, Claes-Christian. 1955. Svenska fonem och deras strukturella relationer [Swedish phonemes and their structural relationships]. In Nordisk sommeruniversitet 1954: Virkelighed og beskrivelse [Nordic Summer University 1954: Facts and description] (Moderne videnskab: Orientering og debat 4), 140–144. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Elert, Claes-Christian. 1966. Review of Sigurd (1965). Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 9 (2), 192203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elert, Claes-Christian. 1970. Ljud och ord i svenskan [Sounds and words in Swedish]. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Elert, Claes-Christian. 1980. Diftongeringar och konsonantinslag: Drag i uttalet av långa vokaler i svenskan av i dag [Diphthongizations and consonantal offglides: Traits in the pronunciation of long vowels in the Swedish of today]. In Inge Jonsson (ed.), Språken i vårt språk [The languages in our language], 168–181. Stockholm: Bokförlaget PAN/Norstedts. (Reprinted under the title ‘Diftongeringar och konsonantinslag i uttalet av svenska vokaler [Diphthongizations and consonantal offglides in the pronunciation of Swedish vowels]’ in Claes-Christian Elert, Ljud och ord i svenskan [Sounds and words in Swedish], vol. 2, 5–18, with an English summary ibid. 153–157. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1981.)Google Scholar
Elert, Claes-Christian. 1989. Allmän och svensk fonetik [General and Swedish phonetics], 7th edn. Stockholm: Norstedts.Google Scholar
Elert, Claes-Christian. 1997. Inledning [Introduction]. In NUO, 10–43.Google Scholar
Eliasson, Stig. 1970. Studies in Swedish phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Eliasson, Stig. 1985. Stress alternations and vowel length: New evidence for an underlying nine-vowel system in Swedish. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 8, 101129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliasson, Stig. 2000. Typologiska och areallingvistiska aspekter på de nordeuropeiska språkens fonologi [Typological and areal linguistic facets of the phonology of the northern European languages]. In Ernst Håkon Jahr (ed.), Språkkontakt: Innverknaden frå nedertysk på andre nordeuropeiske språk [Language contact: The influence of Low German on other northern European languages] (Nord 2000:19), 21–70. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd.Google Scholar
Eliasson, Stig. 2009. Über den qualitativen und quantitativen Beitrag des Deutschen zur schwedischen Phonotaktik [On the qualitative and quantitative contribution of German to Swedish phonotactics]. In Lars Wollin, Dagmar Neuendorff & Michael Szurawitzki (eds.), Deutsch im Norden: Akten der nordisch-germanistischen Tagung zu Åbo/Turku, Finnland, 18.–19. Mai 2007 [German in the North: Proceedings of the Nordic–Germanistic conference in Åbo/Turku, Finland, 18–19 May 2007], 55–88. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Eliasson, Stig. 2010a. German and Swedish quantity: A comparison. Germanistische Linguistik 206–209, 5–55. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag.Google Scholar
Eliasson, Stig. 2010b. Kedjeförskjutningen av långa bakre vokaler och svenskans ‘tionde’ vokal [The chain shift of long back vowels and the Swedish ‘tenth’ vowel]. In Maj Reinhammar (ed.), Studier i svenska språkets historia 11: Förhandlingar vid Elfte sammankomsten för svenska språkets historia i Uppsala 23–24 april 2010 [Studies in the history of the Swedish language 11: Proceedings of the Eleventh meeting on the history of the Swedish language in Uppsala 23–24 April 2010] (Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 113), 127–136. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur.Google Scholar
Eliasson, Stig. 2014. The typology of syllable and word languages and Swedish phonological structure. In Caro Reina, Javier & Szczepaniak, Renata (eds.), Syllable and Word Languages (Linguae & Litterae 40), 4386. Berlin & Boston, MA: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliasson, Stig & La Pelle, Nancy. 1973. Generativa regler för svenskans kvantitet [Generative rules for Swedish quantity]. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 88, 133148. https://journals.lub.lu.se/anf/issue/view/1847/164 Google Scholar
EURPhon = The Database of Eurasian Phonological Inventories. https://eurphon.info/ Google Scholar
Frid, Johan, Schötz, Susanne & Löfqvist, Anders. 2012. South Swedish diphthongisation: An articulographic and acoustic study of /uː/ in the Malmöhus dialect. In Proceedings from FONETIK 2012, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 30–June 1, 2012, 85–88. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/5881318/3350446.pdf Google Scholar
Fries, Sigurd. 1983. Au-diftongen i nutida svenska [The au diphthong in modern Swedish]. In Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt, Åke Hansson, Rolf Hedquist & Björn Lindblom (eds.), From Sounds to Words: Essays in Honor of Claes-Christian Elert 23 December 1983 (Acta Universitatis Umensis, Umeå Studies in the Humanities 60), 115–120. Umeå.Google Scholar
Gårding, Eva. 1967. Internal Juncture in Swedish (Travaux de l’Institut de phonétique de Lund 6). Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Gårding, Eva & Kjellin, Olle. 1998. Vårt tal [Our speech]. Uppsala: Hallgren & Fallgren.Google Scholar
Garlén, Claes. 1988. Svenskans fonologi [The phonology of Swedish]. Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Gejrot, Herbert. 1960. Tysk grammatik: För enhetsskolan, realskolan och gymnasiet [German grammar: For the comprehensive school, junior high school and senior high school]. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Gjerdman, Olof. 1954. Svensk fonetik [Swedish phonetics]. In N. Rh. Blegvad (ed.), Nordisk lærebog for talepædagoger [Nordic reader for speech therapists], vol. I, 372–394. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde og Baggers Forlag.Google Scholar
Golston, Chris & Krämer, Martin. 2020. Diphthongs are micro-feet: Prominence and sonority in the nucleus. In Hyunah Baek, Chikako Takahashi & Alex Hong-Lun Yeung (eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 Annual Meeting on Phonology, 1–11. https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/amphonology/article/view/4675 Google Scholar
Grossman, Eitan, Eisen, Elad, Nikolaev, Dmitry & Moran, Steven. 2020. SegBo: A database of borrowed sounds in the world’s languages. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020), Marseille, 11–16 May 2020, 5316–5322. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.654.pdf Google Scholar
Hammarberg, Björn. 1988. Studien zur Phonologie des Zweitsprachenerwerbs [Studies on the phonology of second language acquisition] (Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Stockholmer Germanistische Forschungen 38). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.Google Scholar
Hasselmo, Nils. No date. The Phonology of the Scandinavian Languages: An Elementary Survey. Minneapolis, MN: Department of Scandinavian, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1967. Review of Sigurd (1965). Language 43 (3), 803809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heike, Georg. 1972. Phonologie [Phonology] (Sammlung Metzler 104). Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellberg, Staffan. 1974. Graphonomic Rules in Phonology: Studies in the Expression Component of Swedish (Nordistica Gothoburgensia 7). Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.Google Scholar
Hellquist, Elof. 1980. Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary], vols. I–II, 3rd edn., 7th printing. Malmö: Gleerups.Google Scholar
Hjelmslev, Louis. 1948–1950 [1951]. Grundtræk af det danske udtrykssystem med særligt henblik på stødet [Basic features of the Danish expression system with a particular focus on stød]. Selskab for nordisk filologi: Årsberetning for 1948–49–50, 12–24.Google Scholar
Hjorth, Hjalmar & Lide, Sven. 1958. Tysk grammatik [German grammar], 26th edn., 3rd printing. Stockholm: Svenska Bokförlaget Bonniers.Google Scholar
Hoard, James E. 1966. Contrastive Analysis of English and Swedish Phonology. Mimeographed. Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Hughes, Kevin. 2020. The synchronic and diachronic phonology of Nauruan: Towards a definitive classification of an understudied Micronesian language. Ph.D. dissertation, City University of New York. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4653&context=gc_etds Google Scholar
IPA Handbook = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. 1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakobson, Roman. 1962. Selected Writings, vol. I: Phonological studies. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Karlsson, Fred. 1969. Suomen yleiskielen segmentaalifoneemien paradigma [The paradigm of Standard Finnish segmental phonemes]. Virittäjä 73 (4), 351362. https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/35661/8742 Google Scholar
Karlsson, Fred. 2013. Svenskans enstavingar [Swedish monosyllables]. In Björn Lindblom (ed.), Text, tal och tecken: Några perspektiv inom språkforskningen [Text, speech and signs: Some perspectives in language research] (KVHAA: Konferenser 83), 44–59. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. https://1lib.sk/book/3562375/7ad1d6 or ∼http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/∼fkarlsso/Svenskans_enstavingar.pdf Google Scholar
Kohler, Klaus J. 1977. Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen [Introduction to the phonetics of German]. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. (2nd edn. 1995.)Google Scholar
Korlén, Gustav & Malmberg, Bertil. 1960. Tysk fonetik [German phonetics]. Lund: Gleerups Förlag.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter & Maddieson, Ian. 1996. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Lindblad, Vern M. 1999. Sandhi of /rs/ sequences in North Norrland Swedish. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, Christer. 2007. Schwedische Phonetik für Deutschsprachige [Swedish phonetics for German speakers]. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, Christer. 2015. Besprechung zu Riad (2014) [Review of Riad (2014)]. European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 45 (1), 115123.Google Scholar
Linell, Per. 1973. /ɯ/: On the phonology of the Swedish vowel system. Studia Linguistica 27, 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löfstedt, Ingvar. 1992. Swedish segment length and Structure Preservation. Studia Linguistica 46, 93127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löfstedt, Ingvar P. M. 2010. Phonetic effects in Swedish phonology: Allomorphy and paradigms. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 1990. Harlow, Essex: Longman.Google Scholar
Lyttkens, I. A. & Wulff, F. A.. 1885. Svenska språkets ljudlära och beteckningslära jämte en afhandling om aksent [The phonetics and orthography of the Swedish language, together with a treatise on accent]. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag. https://archive.org/details/svenskasprketsl00wulfgoog Google Scholar
Lyttkens, I. A. & Wulff, F. A.. 1889. Svensk uttals-ordbok [Swedish pronunciation dictionary]. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag. https://archive.org/details/svenskuttalsord00wulfgoog/mode/2up Google Scholar
Lyttkens, I. A. & Wulff, F. A.. 1912. Metodiska ljudövningar till undervisningens tjänst [Methodical phonetic exercises for teaching]. (2nd edn., Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag.)Google Scholar
Lyttkens, I. A. & Wulff, F. A.. 1916. Ordskatt och ljudförråd i svenska språket [Vocabulary and sound inventory of the Swedish language]. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag.Google Scholar
Malmberg, Bertil. 1960. Kort lärobok i fonetik [Introduction to phonetics], 2nd edn., 3rd printing. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag.Google Scholar
Malmberg, Bertil. 1966. Engelsk ljudlära [English phonetics], 3rd edn. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Malmberg, Bertil. 1968. Svensk fonetik [Swedish phonetics], 4th edn. Lund: Gleerups.Google Scholar
Marklund, Felix. 2018. Monoftongeringen i Sverige och Danmark [Monophthongization in Sweden and Denmark]. M.A. thesis, Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1252450/FULLTEXT01.pdf Google Scholar
Martens, Carl & Martens, Peter. 1961. Phonetik der deutschen Sprache: Praktische Aussprachelehre [Phonetics of the German language: A practical textbook on pronunciation]. Munich: Max Hueber Verlag.Google Scholar
Martinet, André. 1939. Un ou deux phonèmes? [One or two phonemes?] Acta Linguistica 1, 94–103. (Reprinted in Eric P. Hamp, Fred W. Householder & Robert Austerlitz (eds.), Readings in Linguistics, vol. II, 116–123. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinhold, Gottfried & Stock, Eberhard. 1980. Phonologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache [Phonology of contemporary German]. Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut.Google Scholar
Moran, Steven, McCloy, Daniel & Wright, Richard. 2019. Swedish sound inventory (PH). In PHOIBLE. http://phoible.org/inventories/view/1150 (accessed 13 December 2021)Google Scholar
NE 7 = Nationalencyklopedin 7. 1992. Höganäs: Bokförlaget Bra Böcker.Google Scholar
NE 14 = Nationalencyklopedin 14. 1994. Höganäs: Bokförlaget Bra Böcker.Google Scholar
Nikolaev, Dmitry. 2019. Swedish sound inventory (EA). In PHOIBLE. http://phoible.org/inventories/view/2554 (accessed 13 December 2021)Google Scholar
Noreen, Adolf. 1903–1924. Vårt språk: Nysvensk grammatik i utförlig framställning [Our language: A comprehensive Modern Swedish grammar], vols. I–III, IV (incomplete), V, VII, IX (incomplete). Lund: Gleerups.Google Scholar
NSU = Hedelin, Per. 1997. Norstedts svenska uttalslexikon [Norstedts’ Swedish pronunciation dictionary]. Stockholm: Norstedts.Google Scholar
Östergren, Olof. 1953. Våra vanligaste främmande ord [Our most common foreign words] (Studentföreningen Verdandi småskrifter 146), 30th edn. Stockholm: Albert Bonnier förlag.Google Scholar
Östergren, Olof. 1981. Nusvensk ordbok [Contemporary Swedish dictionary] I–V. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand.Google Scholar
Otterbjörk, Roland. 1970. Svenska förnamn: Kortfattat namnlexikon [Swedish first names: Concise name dictionary], 2nd edn. Stockholm: Esselte Studium. (3rd edn. 1992.)Google Scholar
Oxford Dictionary of English, 3rd edn. 2010. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pamp, Bengt. 1972. Svensk språk- och stilhistoria [Swedish language and style history]. Lund: CWK Gleerup.Google Scholar
Pelzer, Joppe Anna & Boersma, P. P. G.. 2019. Diphthongization in three regional varieties of Swedish. In Sasha Calhoun, Paola Escudero, Marija Tabain & Paul Warren (eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia, 2019, 1144–1148. Canberra, Australia: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. https://assta.org/proceedings/ICPhS2019/papers/ICPhS_1193.pdf Google Scholar
Petersen, Stacy Jennifer. 2018. Accounting for diphthongs: Duration as contrast in vowel dispersion theory. Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1053075/Petersen_georgetown_0076D_14131.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Google Scholar
PHOIBLE = Moran, Steven & Daniel McCloy (eds.). 2019. PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. https://phoible.org (accessed 13 December 2021)Google Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University. (Republished, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.)Google Scholar
Raffelsiefen, Renate & Brackhane, Fabian. 2014. German diphthongs: Evidence for phonemic structure. Ms., Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim.Google Scholar
Raffelsiefen, Renate, Brackhane, Fabian & Velkov, Hristo. No date. Phonetic unrounding in German EU: Implications for phonemic analysis and for sonority. PDF, Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim.Google Scholar
Raffelsiefen, Renate & Geumann, Anja. 2016. AI vs. AU in American English compared to German. In Christoph Draxler & Felicitas Kleber (eds.), Tagungsband: 12. Tagung Phonetik und Phonologie im deutschsprachigen Raum [Proceedings: 12th conference on phonetics and phonology in German-speaking countries], 155–157. Munich. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:mh39-53884 Google Scholar
Raffelsiefen, Renate & Geumann, Anja. 2018. Diphthongs versus monophthongs in English. In Malte Belz, Susanne Fuchs, Stefanie Jennedy, Christine Mooshammer, Oksana Rasskazova & Marzena Żygis (eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Phonetics & Phonology in German-Speaking Countries, 157–160. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335188963_Diphthongs_versus_monophthongs_in_English Google Scholar
Riad, Tomas. 1992. Structures in Germanic Prosody: A Diachronic Study with Special Reference to the Nordic Languages. Stockholm: Department of Scandinavian Languages, Stockholm University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/208034019_Structures_in_Germanic_Prosody Google Scholar
Riad, Tomas. 2014. The Phonology of Swedish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Risberg, Bernhard. 1932–1936. Den svenska versens teori, vol. I: De prosodiska grundfrågorna [The theory of Swedish verse, vol. I: Basic prosodic questions] (1932); vol. II: Rytmik och metrik [vol. II: Rhythm and metre] (1936), 2nd edn. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner.Google Scholar
Sánchez Miret, Fernando. 1998. Some reflections on the notion of diphthong. Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 34, 2751.Google Scholar
SAOB = Ordbok över svenska språket [Dictionary of the Swedish language]. Published by the Swedish Academy. Lund, 1893–. https://www.saob.se Google Scholar
SAOL = Svenska Akademiens ordlista över svenska språket [The Swedish Academy concise dictionary of the Swedish language], 14th edn. Stockholm: Svenska Akademien/Norstedts, 2015.Google Scholar
Schane, Sanford A. 1973. Generative Phonology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
SegBo = Grossman, Eitan, Elad Eisen, Dmitry Nikolaev & Steven Moran. 2020. Segbo-db/segbo: v1.0.0. May 18, 2020. https://zenodo.org/record/3832072#.YeqS1FjMJZU Google Scholar
Sigurd, Bengt. 1965. Phonotactic Structures in Swedish. Lund: Uniskol.Google Scholar
SO = Svensk ordbok utgiven av Svenska Akademien [Swedish dictionary published by the Swedish Academy], 2nd edn. 2021 (online). Stockholm: Svenska Akademien & Göteborg: Institutionen för svenska, flerspråkighet och språkteknologi, Göteborgs universitet. https://www.svenskaakademien.se/svenska-spraket/svensk-ordbok-utgiven-av-svenska-akademien-so Google Scholar
SOU = Lyttkens, I. A. & Wulff, F. A. 1911. Svensk ordlista med uttalsbeteckning [Swedish dictionary with phonetic notation], 2nd edn. Lund: C.W.K. Gleerups Förlag.Google Scholar
SSU = Garlén, Claes. 2003. Svenska språknämndens uttalsordbok [The Swedish Language Board’s pronunciation dictionary]. Stockholm: Svenska språknämnden/Norstedts Ordbok.Google Scholar
Suomi, Kari, Toivanen, Juhani & Ylitalo, Riikka. 2008. Finnish Sound Structure: Phonetics, Phonology, Phonotactics and Prosody (Studia humaniora ouluensia 9). Oulu: University of Oulu. http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789514289842.pdf Google Scholar
Svenska skrivregler [Rules for Swedish style, spelling and punctuation] (Språkrådets skrifter 8), 3rd edn. Stockholm: Liber, 2008. (4th enlarged edn., 2017.)Google Scholar
Sweet, Henry. 1879. Sounds and forms of spoken Swedish. Transactions of the Philological Society 17, 457–543. (Reprinted in H. C. Wyld (ed.), Collected Papers of Henry Sweet, 362–447. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913. https://archive.org/details/cu31924026804645)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamm, Fredr. 1887. Fonetiska kännetecken på lånord i nysvenska riksspråket [Phonetic characteristics of loanwords in Modern Standard Swedish] (Upsala Universitets Årsskrift 1887. Filosofi, Språkvetenskap och Historiska vetenskaper I). Upsala: Akademiska Boktryckeriet, Edv. Berling. (Reprinted in Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Studia Philologiae Scandinavicae Upsaliensia 5. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1966.)Google Scholar
Ternes, Elmar. 1998. Lauttypologie der Sprachen Europas [Phonetic typology of the languages of Europe]. In Winfried Boeder, Christoph Schroeder, Karl Heinz Wagner & Wolfgang Wildgen (eds.), Sprache in Raum und Zeit: In memoriam Johannes Bechert 2: Beiträge zur empirischen Sprachwissenschaft [Language in space and time: In memoriam Johannes Bechert, vol. 2: Contributions to empirical linguistics], 139–152. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.Google Scholar
Ternes, Elmar. 1999. Einführung in die Phonologie [Introduction to phonology], 2nd edn. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Togeby, Knud. 1965. Structure immanente de la langue française [Immanent structure of the French language], 2nd edn. Paris: Librairie Larousse.Google Scholar
Trubetzkoy, N. S. 1935. Anleitung zu phonologischen Beschreibungen [Guide to phonological descriptions]. Brno: Association Internationale pour les Études Phonologiques. (2nd edn., Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1958.)Google Scholar
Trubetzkoy, N. S. 1939. Grundzüge der Phonologie [Fundamentals of phonology] (Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 7). Prague. (3rd edn., Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962. English translation, Principles of Phonology, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969.)Google Scholar
Uffmann, Christian. 2015. Loanword adaptation. In Honeybone, Patrick & Salmons, Joseph (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology, 644665. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Werner, Otmar. 1972. Phonemik des Deutschen [Phonemics of German]. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessén, Elias. 1965. Svensk språkhistoria, vol. II: Ordbildningslära [History of the Swedish language, vol. II: Word formation], 4th edn. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Wessén, Elias. 1968. Våra ord, deras uttal och ursprung: Kortfattad etymologisk ordbok [Our words, their pronunciations and origins: Concise etymological dictionary]. Stockholm: Läromedelsförlagen/Språkförlaget.Google Scholar
Widmark, Gun. 1972. Om uttal och uttalsnormering [On pronunciation and pronunciation standardization] (Ord och stil. Språkvårdssamfundets skrifter 4). Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Witting, Claes. 1959. Physical and Functional Aspects of Speech Sounds: With Special Application to Standard Swedish (Uppsala universitets årsskrift 1959:7). Uppsala: A.-B. Lundequistska Bokhandeln & Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar