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A longitudinal investigation of non-suicidal self-injury persistence patterns, risk factors, and clinical outcomes during the college period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2022

Glenn Kiekens Open the ORCID record for Glenn Kiekens [Opens in a new window] ,
Laurence Claes Open the ORCID record for Laurence Claes [Opens in a new window] ,
Penelope Hasking Open the ORCID record for Penelope Hasking [Opens in a new window] ,
Philippe Mortier Open the ORCID record for Philippe Mortier [Opens in a new window] ,
Erik Bootsma ,
Mark Boyes Open the ORCID record for Mark Boyes [Opens in a new window] ,
Inez Myin-Germeys Open the ORCID record for Inez Myin-Germeys [Opens in a new window] ,
Koen Demyttenaere Open the ORCID record for Koen Demyttenaere [Opens in a new window] ,
Pim Cuijpers Open the ORCID record for Pim Cuijpers [Opens in a new window]  and
Ronald C. Kessler Open the ORCID record for Ronald C. Kessler [Opens in a new window]
...Show all authors
Glenn Kiekens*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Laurence Claes
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Penelope Hasking
Affiliation:
Curtin enAble Institute & School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Philippe Mortier
Affiliation:
Health Services Research Unit, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
Erik Bootsma
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium The KU Leuven – VIB Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
Mark Boyes
Affiliation:
Curtin enAble Institute & School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
Inez Myin-Germeys
Affiliation:
Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Koen Demyttenaere
Affiliation:
Center for Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Pim Cuijpers
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Ronald C. Kessler
Affiliation:
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Matthew K. Nock
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Ronny Bruffaerts
Affiliation:
Center for Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Institute for Social Research, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Glenn Kiekens, E-mail: Glenn.Kiekens@kuleuven.be
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Abstract

Background

Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is known typically to begin in adolescence, longitudinal information is lacking about patterns, predictors, and clinical outcomes of NSSI persistence among emerging adults. The present study was designed to (1) estimate NSSI persistence during the college period, (2) identify risk factors and high-risk students for NSSI persistence patterns, and (3) evaluate the association with future mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB).

Methods

Using prospective cohorts from the Leuven College Surveys (n = 5915), part of the World Mental Health International College Student Initiative, web-based surveys assessed mental health and psychosocial problems at college entrance and three annual follow-up assessments.

Results

Approximately one in five (20.4%) students reported lifetime NSSI at college entrance. NSSI persistence was estimated at 56.4%, with 15.6% reporting a high-frequency repetitive pattern (≥five times yearly). Many hypothesized risk factors were associated with repetitive NSSI persistence, with the most potent effects observed for pre-college NSSI characteristics. Multivariate models suggest that an intervention focusing on the 10–20% at the highest predicted risk could effectively reach 34.9–56.7% of students with high-frequency repetitive NSSI persistence (PPV = 81.8–93.4, AUC = 0.88–0.91). Repetitive NSSI persistence during the first two college years predicted 12-month mental disorders, role impairment, and STB during the third college year, including suicide attempts.

Conclusions

Most emerging adults with a history of NSSI report persistent self-injury during their college years. Web-based screening may be a promising approach for detecting students at risk for a highly persistent NSSI pattern characterized by subsequent adverse outcomes.

Keywords

College periodemerging adulthoodmental disordersnon-suicidal self-injurypersistencesuicidal thoughts and behaviors
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 13 , October 2023 , pp. 6011 - 6026
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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