Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-15T01:27:36.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The relationship between depression and anxiety: construction of a prototypical anxiety and depression scale

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Maarten W. J. Koeter  and
Wim Van Den Brink
Maarten W. J. Koeter*
Affiliation:
Academisch Ziekenhuis, Groningen, The Netherlands
Wim Van Den Brink
Affiliation:
Academisch Ziekenhuis, Groningen, The Netherlands
*
1 Address for correspondence: Dr M. W. J. Koeter, Academisch Ziekenhuis Groningen, Postbus 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

The question of the relationship between anxiety and depression remains to be solved. The fact that clinical pictures show substantial overlap makes it difficult, using conventional instruments, to distinguish between the co-occurrence of anxiety and depression and overlap in definitions and measurement of the two syndromes. This calls for the construction of scales which exclude symptoms common to both syndromes and incorporate symptoms specific only to anxiety or only to depression; i.e. scales with maximum discriminant validity. This article describes the construction of two such scales based on PSE symptoms; a prototypical anxiety scale and a prototypical depression scale. In a sample of 134 non-psychotic psychiatric out-patients these scales show good reliability and validity, both as a measure of severity and as a screening device. Compared to the Hamilton anxiety and depression scales (HARS and HRSD), the correlation between the prototypical anxiety and depression scales is low.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 22 , Issue 3 , August 1992 , pp. 597 - 606
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akiskal, A. S. (1990). Toward a clinical understanding of the relationship of anxiety and depressive disorders. In Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders (ed. Maser, J. D. and Cloninger, C. R.), pp. 597–607. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. APA: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Blashfield, R., Sprock, J., Pinkston, K. & Hodgin, J. (1985). Exemplar prototypes of personality disorder diagnosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry 26, 11–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blashfield, R. K., Sprock, J., Haymaker, D. & Hodgin, J. (1989). The family resemblance hypothesis applied to psychiatric classification. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177, 492–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brink, W.van den, , Koeter, M. W. J., Ormel, J., Dijkstra, W., Giel, R., Sloof, C. J. & Wohlfarth, T. D. (1989). Psychiatric diagnosis in an outpatient population. A comparative study of PSE-CATEGO and DSM-III. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 369–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buck, A. A. & Gart, J. J. (1966). Comparison of a screening test and a reference test in epidemiologic studies. 1: Indices of agreement and their relation to prevalence. American Journal of Epidemiology 83, 586–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantor, N., Smith, E. E., deSales French, R., Mezzich, J. (1980). Psychiatric diagnosis as prototype categorization. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89, 181–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobson, K. S. (1985). The relationship between anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review 5, 307–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlay-Jones, R., Brown, G. W., Duncan-Jones, P., Harris, T., Murphy, E. & Prudo, R. (1980). Depression and anxiety in the community: replicating the diagnosis of a case. Psychological Medicine 10, 445–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foa, E. B. & Foa, U. G. (1982). Differentiating depression and anxiety: is it possible? Is it useful? Psychopharmacology Bulletin 18, 62–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology 32, 50–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry 23, 56–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, L. M., Wright, J. C., Lowenstein, E. & Parad, H. W. (1981 a). The prototype as a construct in abnormal psychology: 1. A method for deriving prototypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90, 568–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, L. M., Post, D. L., de Sales French, R., Wallis, K. D. & Siegelman, E. Y. (1981 b). The prototype as a construct in abnormal psychology 2: clarifying disagreement in psychiatric judgments. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90, 575–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koeter, M. W. J. (1990). Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Maser, J. D. & Cloninger, C. R. (eds.) (1990). Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Metz, C. H. E. (1989). Basic principles of ROC analysis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 8, 283–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riskind, J. H., Beck, A. T., Brown, G. & Steer, R. A. (1987). Taking the measure of anxiety and depression. Validity of the reconstructed Hamilton scales. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, 474–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stravakaki, C. & Vargo, B. (1986). The relationship of anxiety and depression: a review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry 149, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyrer, P. (1985). Neurosis divisible. Lancet i, 685–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyrer, P. (1989). Classification of Neurosis. John Wiley & Sons. New York.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974). The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar