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Four thousand years of environmental change and human activity in the Cochabamba Basin, Bolivia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Joseph J. Williams ,
William D. Gosling ,
Angela L. Coe ,
Stephen J. Brooks  and
Pauline Gulliver
Joseph J. Williams*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
William D. Gosling
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
Angela L. Coe
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
Stephen J. Brooks
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
Pauline Gulliver
Affiliation:
NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, UK
*
⁎Corresponding author. Fax: + 44 1908 655151. E-mail address:J.J.Williams@open.ac.uk (J.J. Williams).
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Abstract

The Cochabamba Basin (Bolivia) is on the ancient road network connecting Andean and lowland areas. Little is known about the longevity of this trade route or how people responded to past environmental changes. The eastern end of the Cochabamba valley system constricts at the Vacas Lake District, constraining the road network and providing an ideal location in which to examine past human–environmental interactions. Multiproxy analysis of sediment from Lake Challacaba has allowed a c. 4000 year environmental history to be reconstructed. Fluctuations in drought tolerant pollen taxa and calcium carbonate indicate two periods of reduced moisture availability (c. 4000–3370 and c. 2190–1020 cal yr BP) compared to adjacent wetter episodes (c. 3370–2190 and c. 1020 cal yr BP–present). The moisture fluctuations broadly correlate to El Niño/Southern Oscillation variations reported elsewhere. High charcoal abundance from c. 4000 to 2000 yr ago indicates continuous use of the ancient road network. A decline in charcoal and an increase in dung fungus (Sporormiella) c. 1340–1210 cal yr BP, suggests that cultural changes were a major factor in shaping the modern landscape. Despite undisputable impacts of human populations on the Polylepis woodlands today, we see no evidence of woodland clearance in the Challacaba record.

Keywords

CharcoalEl Niño/Southern OscillationFireFossil pollenHoloceneHuman impactIncaPolylepisSporormiellaTiwanaku
Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 76 , Issue 1 , July 2011 , pp. 58 - 68
Copyright
University of Washington

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