Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-11T00:59:35.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Change in Settlement Distribution and the Emergence of an Early State: A Spatial Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates from Southwestern Korea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2017

Jiyoung Park ,
David K Wright  and
Jangsuk Kim
Jiyoung Park*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Art History, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
David K Wright
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Art History, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Jangsuk Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Art History, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
*
*Corresponding author. Email: geiyoung@snu.ac.kr.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Archaeologists have long examined how the emergence of core polities prompts changes in the settlement patterns of peripheral regions through various processes like warfare, patronage claims, control of ritual rites, and unequal balances of trade. According to historical records, there were 54 small Mahan polities in southwestern Korea, and one of these polities, Baekje, grew to become an ancient state by unifying other polities in the 4th century AD. It is assumed that subsequent changes in the settlement patterns of southwestern Korea were caused directly or indirectly by the expansion of Baekje, but the nature of this presumed influence is not fully explained due to difficulties in establishing chronologies and the limited application of spatial analyses. In this paper, radiocarbon (14C) dates, kernel density estimates, and spatial autocorrelation analyses are used to compare Mahan settlement distributions before and after the rise of the Baekje kingdom. The results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of Mahan settlements changed over time, correlating with the emergence of Baekje statehood, but detailed aspects of the settlement patterns observed in each region were not uniform. Baekje applied various expansion strategies and exerted asymmetrical hegemony based on the conditions and responses of peripheral communities.

Keywords

early stateGISKorearadiocarbon datessettlement
Type
Applications
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 59 , Special Issue 6: 8th International Symposium, Edinburgh, 27 June – 1 July, 2016 Part 2 of 2 , December 2017 , pp. 1779 - 1791
Copyright
© 2017 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Selected Papers from the 8th Radiocarbon & Archaeology Symposium, Edinburgh, UK, 27 June–1 July 2016

References

REFERENCES

Algaze, G. 1993. Expansionary dynamics of some early pristine states. American Anthropologist 95(2):304–333.Google Scholar
Anselin, L. 1995. Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geographical Analysis 27(2):93–115.Google Scholar
Anselin, L, Syabri, I, Kho, Y. 2006. GeoDa: an introduction to spatial data analysis. Geographical Analysis 38(1):5–22.Google Scholar
Balkansky, A. 1998. Urbanism and early state formation in the Huamelulpan Valley of southern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 9(1):37–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, BS, Covey, RA. 2002. Processes of state formation in the Inca heartland (Cuzco, Peru). American Anthropologist 104(3):846–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51(1):337–360.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C, Dee, MW, Rowland, JM., Higham, TFG, Harris, SA, Brock, F, Quiles, A, Wild, EM, Marcus, ES, Shortland, AJ. 2010. Radiocarbon-based chronology for dynastic Egypt. Science 328:1554–1557.Google Scholar
Bruins, HJ, van der Plicht, J. 2001. Radiocarbon challenges archaeo-historical time frameworks in the Near East: the early Bronze Age of Jericho in relation to Egypt. Radiocarbon 43:1321–1332.Google Scholar
Caballo, DM, Pluckhahan, T. 2007. Transportation corridors and political evolution in highland Mesoamerica: settlement analyses incorporating GIS for northern Tlaxcala, Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:607–629.Google Scholar
Chaput, MA, Kriesche, B, Betts, M, Martindale, A, Kulik, R, Schmidt, V, Gajewski, K. 2015. Spatiotemporal distribution of holocene populations in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 112(39):12127–12132.Google Scholar
Chase-Dunn, CK, Hall, TD. 1991. Core/periphery Relations in Precapitalist World. Chase-Deunn C, Hall TD, editors. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Chatfield, C. 1995. Problem Solving: A Statistician’s Guide. Chapman & Hall/CRC.Google Scholar
Chen, S. 2007. The Record of Three Kingdoms. [Originally published in the late 3rd century]. Seoul: Mineumsa. In Korean.Google Scholar
Choi, J., Lee, Y, Lee, J, Kim, J. 2017. Radiocarbon dating and the historical archaeology of Korea: an alternative interpretation of Hongryeonbong fortress II in the Three Kingdoms period, Central Korea. Journal of Field Archaeology 42(1):1–12.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. 1990. Things I have learned (so far). American Psychologist 45(12):1304–1312.Google Scholar
Conolly, J, Lake, M. 2006. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
D’Altroy, TN, Lorandi, A M, Williams, VI, Calderari, M, Hastorf, CA, DeMarrais, E, Hagstrum, MB. 2000. Inka rule in the northern Calchaqui Valley, Argentina. Journal of Field Archaeology 27:1–26.Google Scholar
Efron, B, Tibshirani, RJ. 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.Google Scholar
Feinman, GM, Kowalewski, SA, Finsten, L, Blanton, RE, Nicholas, L. 1985. Long-tern demographic change: a perspective from the valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 12(3):333–362.Google Scholar
Feinman, GM, Nicholas, LM. 1990. At the margins of the Monte Alban state: settlement patterns in the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 1(3):216–246.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R. 2008. Some spatial analyses of chalcolithic settlement in southern Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:2048–2058.Google Scholar
Fortin, MJ. 1999. Spatial statistics in landscape ecology. In: Klopatek JM, Gardner RH, editors. Landscape Ecological Analysis. New York: Springer. p 253–279.Google Scholar
Fredrich, WL, Kromer, B, Friedrich, M, Heinemeier, J, Pfeiffer, T, Talamo, S. 2006. Santorini eruption radiocarbon dated to 1627–1600 BC. Science 312(5773):548.Google Scholar
Friedman, JH, Rafsky, LC. 1979. Multivariate generalizations of the Wald-Wolfowitz and Smirnov two-sample tests. The Annals of Statistics 7:697–717.Google Scholar
Gamble, C, Davies, W, Pettitt, P, Hazelwood, L, Richards, M. 2005. The archaeological and genetic foundations of the european population during the Late Glacial: implication for ‘agricultural thinking’. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15(2):193–223.Google Scholar
Grove, M. 2011. A spatiao-temporal kernel method for mapping changes in prehistoric land-use pattern. Archaeometry 53(5):1012–1030.Google Scholar
Harunari, H, Fujio, S, Imamura, M, Sakamoto, M. 2003. The beginning date of the Yayoi period. Abstracts for the 69th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Arcaheological Association. Tokyou: Nihon University. p 65–68. (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Hodder, I, Orton, C. 1976. Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, J, Craig, N. 2001. Politywide analysis and imperial political economy: the relationship between valley political complexity and administrative centers in the Wari Empire of the Central Andes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:479–502.Google Scholar
Kim, B. 1998. Samguksagi. (Originally published 1145). Gwacheon, Korea: National Institute of Korean History. In Korean.Google Scholar
Kim, Ja, Kim, Ju. 2016. Radiocarbon dates and pottery chronology of the Proto–Three Kingdoms and Three Kingdoms Periods: Central, Hoseo, and Jeonbuk areas of Korea. Hangukgogohakbo 100:45–85. In Korean.Google Scholar
Kim, Se. 2007. The development of settlements in the Geum River Basin from the proto-Three Kingdoms to Three Kingdoms Period. Hangukgogohakbo 65:4–45. In Korean.Google Scholar
Kim, Su. 2006. Preliminary thoughts on the southern expansion of the Paekche State and its control over regional polities. Baekjeyongu 44:35–84. In Korean.Google Scholar
Kuzmin, YV, Keates, SG. 2005. Dates are not just data: Paleolithic settlement patterns in Siberia derived from radiocarbon records. American Antiquity 70(4):773–789.Google Scholar
Kwon, O. 1988. An example of a way to control peripheral region of Baekje at 4th century. Hanguksaron 18:3–28. In Korean.Google Scholar
Lee, Y. 2011. Settlement change of the upper Region of Youngsan River and the transformation of Being Baekje. Baekjehakbo 6:107–140. In Korean.Google Scholar
Levy, TE, Higham, T. 2005. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Lim, Y. 2011. Condition and limitation in development of local polities in Youngsan River in 3rd–5th century. Baekjehakbo 6:33–44. In Korean.Google Scholar
Liu, L. 1996. Settlement patterns, chiefdom variability, and the development of early states in north China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15:237–288.Google Scholar
Manning, K, Timpson, A. 2014. The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara. Quaternary Science Review 101:28–35.Google Scholar
Morris, C. 1998. Inka strategies of incorporation and governance. In: Feinman GM, Marcus J, editors. Archaic States. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. p 293–309.Google Scholar
Park, S. 2001. The Birth of Hanseoung Baekje. Seoul: Sekyoung Press. In Korean.Google Scholar
Park, S. 2007. Some pattern of early Baekche’s local cemetery continuation in view of localization of periphery by political center. Hangukgodaesahakbo 48:155–186. In Korean.Google Scholar
Reimer, PJ, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Haflidason, H, Hajdas, I, Hatté, C, Heaton, TJ, Hoffmann, DL, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, Manning, SW, Niu, M, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Scott, EM, Southon, JR, Staff, RA, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869–1887.Google Scholar
Rick, JW. 1987. Dates as data: an examination of the Peruvian preceramic radiocarbon record. American Antiquity 52:55–73.Google Scholar
Schreiber, KJ. 1992. Wari imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Anthropological Papers 87. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Seo, . 2000. Current situations and formation background on the shell middens of the proto-three Kingdoms period in Honam Province. Honamgogohakbo 11:79–111. In Korean.Google Scholar
Seong, C. 2009. Hunter-gatherer mobility and Postglacial cultural change in the Southern Korean Peninsula. Hangukgogohakbo 72:4–35.Google Scholar
Seong, J. 2000. An archaeological study of Paekche expansion into Mahan areas in midwestern Korea [unpublished Phd thesis]. Seoul: Seoul National University.Google Scholar
Shennan, S, Edinborough, K. 2007. Prehistoric population history: from the Late Glacial to the Late Neolithic in Central and Northern Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:1339–1345.Google Scholar
Sherman, RJ, Balkansky, AK, Spencer, CS, Nicholls, BD. 2010. Expansionary dynamics of the nascent Monte Albàn state. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29:278–301.Google Scholar
Spencer, CS. 2010. Territorial expansion and primary state formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(16):7119–7126.Google Scholar
van der Plicht, J, Bruins, HJ. 2001. Radiocarbon dating in Near-Eastern contexts: confusion and quality control. Radiocarbon 43(3):1155–1166.Google Scholar
Winter-Livneh, R, Svoray, T, Gilead, I. 2010. Settlement patterns, social complexity and agricultural strategies during the Chalcolithic period in the northern Negev, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(2):284–294.Google Scholar
Wong, J, Lee, J. 2005. Statistical Analysis of Geographic Information with ArcView GIS and ArcGIS. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Wright, DK, MacEachern, S, Lee, J. 2014. Analysis of feature intervisibility and cumulative visibility using GIS, Bayesian and spatial statistics: a study from the Mandara Mountains, northern Cameroon. PLoS ONE 9(11):e112191.Google Scholar
Wright, DK, Grillo, KM, Soper, R. 2016. Stone Cairns and material culture of the Middle to Late Holocene, Lake Turkana. Journal of African Archaeology 14(2):209–222.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Park et al supplementary material

Park et al supplementary material 1

Download Park et al supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 416.6 KB
Supplementary material: File

Park et al supplementary material

Park et al supplementary material 2

Download Park et al supplementary material(File)
File 4 MB