We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 October 2009
The literature on the role of regions in international relations is extensive. A ‘region’ is variably defined in terms of proximity or separateness, homogeneity, interdependence? common political orientations, institutional membership, transaction flows, or other ad hoc issues. Regions are thought to be important to the study of international relations because it is somehow assumed that regions lead to regionalism, i.e. the idea that the region has its own characteristics and logic of interaction and thus should be differentiated from outside.
1. See, for instance, Russett, Bruce M., International Regions and the International System; A Study in Political Ecology (Chicago: 1967)Google Scholar; Cantori, Louis J. and Spiegel, Steven L., The International Politics of Regions: A Comparative Approach (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1970)Google Scholar; and Young, Oran R., ‘Political Discontinuities in the International System,’ World Politics 20 (04 1968), 369–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Boals, Kay, ‘The Concept “Subordinate International System”: A Critique,’ in (Falk, Richard A. and Mendlovitz, Saul H., eds.), Regional Politics and World Order (San Francisco: 1973)Google Scholar, 405; and Aron, Raymond, Paix et Guerre (Paris: 1962)Google Scholar, 388, cited in Heilmann, Donald C., ‘The Emergence of an East Asian International Subsystem,’ International Studies Quarterly 13 (12 1969), 425.Google Scholar
3. Segal, Gerald, ‘Soviet Policy in East Asia: The Certainty of Uncertainty,’ in (Segal, Gerald, ed.), The Soviet Union in East Asia (Boulder, CO: 1983), 129.Google Scholar
4. On the concept of regional protector, see Thompson, William R., ‘The Regional Subsystem: A Conceptual Explication and a Propositional Inventory,’ International Studies Quarterly 17 (03 1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 105, 110 and 113.
5. Fairbank, John K., ed., The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, MA: 1968), 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Seicho, Matsumoto, ‘Japan in the Third Century,’ Japan Quarterly 30 (10–12 1983), 377–382Google Scholar; Hirano, Kunio, ‘The Yamato State and Korea in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries,’ Ada Asiatica 31 (01 1977), 59 and y66.Google Scholar
7. Gardiner, K. J. H., The Early History of Korea (Honolulu: 1969), 18 and 24.Google Scholar
8. Ibid., 21–22, 29, 32 and 34.
9. Ibid., 49; Kuno, Yoshi S., Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic Continent, Vol. I (Berkeley, CA: 1937), 9–10.Google Scholar
10. Kuno, op. cit., 214–216, and 240–241; Gardiner, op. cit., 48; Hirano, op. cit., 63 and 77.
11. Kazuchika, Komai, ‘The Ainu in the Age of T'ang Dynasty,’ Ada Asiatica 6 (1964), 1–10Google Scholar; Harrison, John A., Japan's Northern Frontier (Gainesville: 1953); Kuno, 27–28 and 30–40.Google Scholar
12. Henthorn, William E., A History of Korea (New York: 1971), 37–38Google Scholar and 53–55; Hirano, op. cit., 62, 72–73; Kuno, op. cit., 9–15 and 240.
13. On Korea's relations with China and other suzerains from the north, see Rogers, Michael C., ‘Factionalism and Koryo Policy Under the Northern Sung,’ Journal of the American Oriental Society 79 (01–03 1959)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rogers, Michael C., ‘The Regularization of Koryo-Chin Relations (1116–1131),’ Central Asiatic Journal 6 (1961)Google Scholar; Rogers, Michael C., ‘Studies in Korean History,’ T'oungPao LCVII (1959)Google Scholar; and Rogers, Michael C., ‘Sung-Koryo Relations: Some Inhibiting Factors,’ Oriens 11 (1959).Google Scholar
14. Rogers, ‘The Regularization…,’ 56–58, 61–62 and 70–72.
15. Henthorn, op. cit., 59; Yu Yu-sun, Sui-t'ang wu-tai chung-jih kuan-hsi shih [A History of Sino-Japanese Relations During the Sui and T'ang Dynasties], Taipei: 1964.
16. Mori, Katsumi, ‘International Relations between the 10th and the 16th Century and the Development of the Japanese International Consciousness,’ Ada Asiatica 2 (1961), 71.Google Scholar
17. Yu Yu-sun, op. cit., 132–146.
18. Tsunoda, Ryusaku and Goodrich, L. Carrington, trans, and eds., Japan in the Chinese Dynastic Histories: Later Han Through Ming Dynasties (South Pasadena: 1951), 110–111.Google Scholar
19. Yu Yu-sun, Sung-yuan chung-jih kuan-hsi shih [A History of Sino-Japanese Relations During the Sung and Yuan Dynasties], Taipei: 1964; and Mori, Katsumi, ‘The Beginning of Overseas Advance of Japanese Merchant Ships,’ Ada Asiatica 23 (1972), 1–24.Google Scholar
20. Wang, Yi-t'ung, Official Relations Between China and Japan, 1368–1549 (Cambridge, MA, 1953)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and So, Kwan-wai, Japanese Piracy in Ming China During the 16th Century (Michigan, 1975).Google Scholar
21. Stramigioli, Giuliana, ‘Hideyoshi's Expansionist Policy on the Asiatic Mainland,’ Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Third Series 3 (12 1954), 74, 96–99.Google Scholar
22. Kuno, 104. The date 1451 is given by E. Krueger, ‘Sino-Japanese Relations Reviewed,’ The China Quarterly (Shanghai), Special Fall Number (1937), 579. Robert Sakai gives 1472 as the date of the lord of Satsuma's initial assertion of authority over Liu-ch'iu, which was instructed ir. 1480 to pay tributes t o the Muromachi bakufu; see Robert K. Sakai, ‘The Ryukyu (Liu-ch'iu) Islands as a Fief of Satsuma,’ in Fairbank, The Chinese World Order (fn 5), 116.
23. Stramigioli, op. cit., 97, and 102–106.
24. Weinstein, Franklin B., ‘The U.S. Role in East and Southeast Asia,’ in (Meyers, Ramon H., ed), A U.S. Foreign Policy for Asia (Stanford, CA: 1982), 123.Google Scholar
25. Destler, I. M. and Sato, Hideo, eds., Coping with U.S.-Japanese Economic Conflicts (Lexington: 1982)Google Scholar; Weinstein, Franklin B., ed., U.S.-Japan Relations and the Security of East Asia (Boulder, CO: 1978)Google Scholar; and Hadley, Eleanor M., ‘Is the U.S.-Japan Trade Imbalance a Problem? Economists Answer “No”, Politicians “Yes”,’ Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 1 (03 1982), 35–56.Google Scholar
26. Donald C. Hellmann, ‘Japan and Northeast Asia,’ in Myers, op. cit., 74–88.
27. Low, William T. and Feeney, William R., eds., U.S. Foreign Policy and Asian-Pacific Security: A Transregional Approach (Boulding, CO: 1982).Google Scholar
28. Suhrke, Astri, ‘Gratuity or Tyranny: The Korean Alliances,’ World Politics 25 (07 1973), 508–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. On North Korea's other ‘cards,’ see Bruce Cumings, ‘North Korea: Security in the Crucible of Great-Power Confrontations,’ in Thomas, Raju G. C., ed., The Great-Power Triangle and Asian Security (Lexington: 1983), 153–172.Google Scholar
30. Gardiner, op. cit., 47; Henthorn, op. cit., 37; Frederick Nelson, M., Korea and the Old Orders in Eastern Asia (Baton Rouge, LO: 1945), 38–39.Google Scholar
31. Kraus, Richard C., ‘Withdrawing from the World-System: Self-Reliance and Class Structure in China,’ in Goldfrank, Walter L., ed., The World-System of Capitalism; Past and Present (Beverly Hills, CA: 1979), 237–259Google Scholar; Friedman, Edward, ‘On Maoist Conceptualizations of the Capitalist World System,’ The China Quarterly 80 (12 1979), 806–837CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cumings, Bruce, ‘The Political Economy of Chinese Foreign Policy,’ Modern China 5 (10 1979), 411–462CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Wu, Friedrich W. Y., ‘From Self Reliance to Interdependence?’ Ibid., 7 (10 1981), 445–482.Google Scholar
32. Segal, The Soviet Union in East Asia (fn 1); and Stuart, Douglas T. and Tow, William T., eds., China, the Soviet Union, and the West (Boulder, CO: 1982).Google Scholar
33. Ahn, Byung-joon, ‘The United States and Korean-Japanese Relations,’ in (Curtis, Gerald L. and Han, Sung-joo, eds.), The U.S.-South Korean Alliance (Lexington: 1983), 129–154Google Scholar; and Kim, Hong N., ‘Japanese—South Korean Relations after the Park Assassination,’ Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 1 (12 1982), 71–90.Google Scholar
34. Commentator, ‘Be Alert to the Danger of the Revival of Japanese Militarism,’ Hongqi [Red Flag] 16 (1982), 37–40.
