The attainment of a breakeven for lower outputs, the diversification of models in order to meet market demand and the improvement of quality are accepted as strategic objectives for the automotive industry. The role of flexible manufacturing with reference to these objectives is illustrated. The steps, through which the new technology is introduced, are discussed and some production systems already installed are described within the given framework.

An iterative procedure for obtaining dynamic model of manipulator has been proposed in this paper. The high efficiency of the procedure is reached on the basis of iterative relations of dynamic parameters. For general six revolute joint manipulator, the complete dynamic model i.e. matrices H(q), C(q), G(q) and vector of joint torques 13. requires 992 multiplications and 776 additions. When the complete dynamic model is given by 13. the number of operations reduces to 863 multiplications and 773 additions.

At Imperial College, the author has invented a form of universal gripper comprising two slightly separated ‘fingers’, each consisting of an array of 8 by 16 closely spaced pins which can ride vertically up and down independently of each other. Lowering the gripper over an object pushes some pins out of the way, so creating ‘customised’ fingers which mould round and fit the part. To grasp objects, either the two (slightly separated) fingers can be brought together to grip an object externally, or else they can be moved slightly apart (from a ‘closed’ position) for an internal grip. In addition, feedback from each pin of the gripper can provide tactile information about an object.

An algorithm for the inference of the external behaviour model of an automaton is given. It uses a sequential learning procedure based on induction-contradiction-correction concepts. The induction is a generalization of relationships between automaton state properties, and the correction consists in a more and more accurate discrimination of the automaton state properties. These properties are defined from the input/output contradictory sequences which are discovered after the observed contradictions between successive predictions and observations.

After discussing the advent of the Age of Automation, the author considers the number of robots in operation throughout the world and the forecasts of their manufacture for each country. Attention is then drawn to the international exchange of research and technological information, in particular to the frequent symposia on industrial robots (ISIR). In addition to ISIR, international conferences on advanced robotics are also envisaged (ICAR). Finally, some details are given of international cooperation in the realm of industrial research.

After reviewing the conference topics, the author discusses the technical potential of automation in the wider aspects of technical innovation. The next topic is concerned with automation and the world economy in general, and that in developed countries in particular. Some comments are then made about the manufacturing prospects in the U.K. and their relationships with education and training in the relevant fields. Finally, the inauguration of the Advanced Manufacturing Technology Chair at the University of Salford is described in the context of industry-education problems.

Some changes have uncomfortable characteristics. Change is inevitable, large, penetrating, unpredictable. There is thus the need to create ‘learning’ organisations capable of coping with change. The following topics are considered:

1. Changes in organisational shape – transition from hierarchical triangular shaped to ‘heterarchical’ diamond shaped organisations – the breakdown hierarchy.

2. Changes in the role of people in manufacturing and services including the public service.

3. ‘Managers’ and new technology – management role enhanced co-ordinating and creating motivation.

4. Three models for change.

5. The productivity of automation is essential. ‘Working’ years are shortening, ‘dependent’ years are lengthening.

6. People as assets.

7. Technology, Human Aspects, Process of change = TRAP.