Support for this article was provided by the Fulbright-Hays Program, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Max Weber Programme at the European University Institute, and the Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship Program at the Center for the Humanities at Tufts University. I would like to thank Harriet Murav and the two anonymous reviewers for Slavic Review for their very helpful suggestions for revising the article. I would also like to thank Sheila Fitzpatrick, Michael Geyer, and Leora Auslander for their support while I was writing my dissertation at the University of Chicago. I am especially indebted to Tara Zahra, who read multiple drafts of this article and offered helpful advice about the publishing process; Joshua Kotin for editing assistance; and Pavel Kolář for his insight on the eastern bloc and for Czech language assistance. I received invaluable feedback on earlier versions of this article from participants at the Russian Studies workshop at the University of Chicago; a panel on post-Stalinist friendship at ASEEES in 2011; the Midwest Historians of East Central Europe workshop in 2013; and the fall 2013 thesis workshop at the Department of History and Civilization at the European University Institute. The epigraph is quoted from “Nežiji s hlavou v růžovþch oblacích,” Student, March 6, 1968, 3.

1. “Pis'ma chitatelei,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, January 1964, 30.

2. Soviet and eastern European journalists and officials frequently used “socialist world” to describe the relationship between the USSR and its satellites. See, for example, “My i mir v Monreale,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, September 1967, 9.

3. See, for example, Zubok, Vladislav M., A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, 2007)Google Scholar; Haslam, Jonathan, Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (New Haven, 2011)Google Scholar; Amir Weiner, “Déjà Vu All Over Again: Prague Spring, Romanian Summer and Soviet Autumn on the Soviet Western Frontier,” Contemporary European History 15, no. 2 (May 2006): 159-94; and Zbigniew Wojnowski, “De-Stalinization and Soviet Patriotism: Ukrainian Reactions to East European Unrest in 1956,” Kritika 13, no. 4 (Fall 2012): 799-829.

4. Jan Behrends, “Agitation, Organization, Mobilization: The League for Polish-Soviet Friendship in Stalinist Poland,” in Balázs Apor, Péter Apor, and E. A. Rees, eds., The Sovietization of Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on the Postwar Period (Washington, D.C., 2008), 194. For a similar argument about East Germany, see Nothnagle, Alan L., Building the East German Myth: Historical Mythology and Youth Propaganda in the German Democratic Republic, 1945-1989 (Ann Arbor, 1999), 157 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5. See, for example, Reid, Susan E., “Who Will Beat Whom? Soviet Popular Reception of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959,” in Péteri, György, ed., Imagining the West in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Pittsburgh, 2010), 194–236 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Yale Richmond, Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain (University Park, 2003); English, Robert D., Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War (New York, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Eleonory Gilburd, “Picasso in Thaw Culture,” Cahiers du monde russe 47, nos. 1-2 (January-June, 2006): 65-108; and György Péteri, “Nylon Curtain—Transnational and Transsystemic Tendencies in the Cultural Life of State-Socialist Russia and East-Central Europe,” Slavonica 10, no. 2 (2004): 113-23.

6. Kozlov, Denis and Gilburd, Eleonory, “The Thaw as an Event in Russian History,” in Kozlov, Denis and Gilburd, Eleonory, eds., The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s (Toronto, 2013), 27 Google Scholar.

7. On cultural exchange, see Tomoff, Kiril, “A Pivotal Turn: Prague Spring 1948 and the Soviet Construction of a Cultural Sphere,” Slavonica 10, no. 2 (November 2004): 157–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On eastern European students in the USSR, see Patryk Babiracki, “Imperial Heresies: Polish Students in the Soviet Union, 1948-1957,” Ab Imperio, no. 4 (2007): 199-235; and Benjamin Tromly, “Brother or Other? East European Students in Soviet Higher Education Establishments, 1948-1956,” European History Quarterly 44, no. 1 (January 2014): 80-102.

8. Gould-Davies, Nigel, “The Logic of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy,” Diplomatic History 27, no. 2 (April 2003): 207 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9. In Hungary and Germany, these fears were quickly substantiated by mass rapes perpetrated against civilians by Red Army soldiers. See Mark, James, “Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary, 1944-1945,” Past&Present 188, no. 1 (August 2005): 131–61Google Scholar; Naimark, Norman M., The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 69–140 Google Scholar; Oleg Budnitskii and Susan Rupp, “The Intelligentsia Meets the Enemy: Educated Soviet Officers in Defeated Germany,” Kritika 10, no. 3 (Summer 2009): 629-82; and Kenez, Peter, Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary, 1944-1948 (New York, 2006), 37–52 Google Scholar.

10. Karen Gammelgaard, “Were the Czechs More Western Than Slavic? Nineteenth-Century Travel Literature from Russia by Disillusioned Czechs,” in Péteri, ed., Imagining the West, 13-16.

11. Abrams, Bradley F., The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation: Czech Culture and the Rise of Communism (Lanham, 2004)Google Scholar. On the uniqueness of the Czech case in the eastern bloc, see Brzezinski, Zbigniew, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 18–19 Google Scholar; as well as Norman Naimark, “The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944-1953,” in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 1, Origins (Cambridge, Eng., 2010), 181.

12. “Kam s ním?,” Vývoj, December 7, 1946, 268.

13. Národní archiv (NA), f. 1450, č.f. 861/0/1, i.č. 632, k. 224 (Report by the cultural attaché at the Czechoslovak embassy in Moscow on performances in the Soviet Union by the Vit Nejedlý Czechoslovak artistic ensemble, November 21, 1952), 1. 72.

14. “Self-Sovietization” was originally used by Manfred Heinemann to describe the GDR. See Connelly, John, Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education, 1945-1956 (Chapel Hill, 2000), 45 Google Scholar. On the Soviet Union's failure to successfully promote its culture to its satellite states during late Stalinism, see Naimark, “The Politics of Culture and Education,” chap. 8 in The Russians in Germany; Patryk Babiracki, Soviet Soft Power and the Poles: Culture and the Making of Stalin's New Empire, 1943-1957 (Chapel Hill, 2015); Kenez, “Cinema,” chap. 11 in Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets; and A. S. Stykalin, “Propaganda SSSR na zarubezhnuiu auditorial i obschestvennoe mnenie stran Zapada v pervye poslevoennye gody (po dokumentam rossiiskikh arkhivov),” Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Seriia 10. Zhurnalistika, no. 1 (1997): 57-70.

15. NA, f. 1261, a.j. 281 (Recommendation for developing the Soviet Union's popularity among famers), 1. 338; NA, f. 861/0/1, i.č. 484, k. 139 (News about the SČSP's activity from January 1 to January 30, 1948), 1. 7.

16. See, for instance, issues of Přítel SSSR, 1949-51.

17. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii (RGANI), f. 5, op. 17, d. 431, 1. 125.

18. On the Zhdanovshchina and the other antiwestern campaigns, see Fürst, Juliane, Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism (Oxford, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the surge of Russocentrism in the Soviet Union during late Stalinism, see Brandenberger, David, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956 (Cambridge, Mass., 2002)Google Scholar.

19. On the marriage law, see Sovetskoe gosudarstvennoe pravo (Moscow, 1948), 263n2; as well as Wolfe, M. M., “Some Aspects of Marriage and Divorce Laws in Soviet Russia,” Modern Law Review 12, no. 3 (July 1949): 290–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20. Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF), f. 9576, op. 4, d. 100 (Protocol of a conference for readers of the journal Chekhoslovakiia in Saratov, July 1960), 1. 167. The publication's title changed from Chekhoslovakiia to Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia in 1961, beginning with issue no. 2.

21. Jersild, Austin, “The Soviet State as Imperial Scavenger: ‘Catch Up and Surpass’ in the Transnational Socialist Bloc, 1950-1960,” American Historical Review 116, no. 1 (February 2011): 116–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22. GARF, f. 9576, op. 2, d. 53 (On the creation of the Soviet-Czechoslovak Friendship Society, 1957), 1. 33.

23. Archiv Ministerstva zahraničních věci České republiky (AMZV), f. TO SSSR-Tajné, 1965-1969, k. 3, o. 5 (Report by the Diplomatic] C[orps] in Moscow on the promotion of the CSSR in the USSR).

24. GARF, f. 9576, op. 2, d. 53 (On the creation of the Soviet-Czechoslovak Friendship Society), 1. 46.

25. Programma KPSS priniata 22 s”ezdom KPSS, 3. Mirovaia sistema sotsializma (Moscow, 1974), at http://leftinmsu.narod.ru/polit_nles/books/III_program_KPSS_files/019.htm (last accessed May 5,2015).

26. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc, 456-60.

27. On tourism, see Gorsuch, Anne E., “Time Travelers: Soviet Tourists to Eastern Europe,” in Gorsuch, Anne E. and Koenker, Diane P., eds., Turizm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism (Ithaca, 2006), 205–26Google Scholar; Gorsuch, Anne E., All This Is Your World: Soviet Tourism at Home and Abroad after Stalin (Oxford, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Applebaum, Rachel, “A Test of Friendship: Soviet-Czechoslovak Tourism and the Prague Spring,” in Gorsuch, Anne E. and Koenker, Diane P., eds., The Socialist Sixties: Crossing Borders in the Second World (Bloomington, 2013), 213–32Google Scholar.

28. On Hungary as a motivating factor behind eastern European integration, see Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc, 456.

29. Nye, Joseph S., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York, 2004), x Google Scholar. On the different types of power available to democracies versus authoritarian governments, see ibid., 6. See also Reeves, Julie, Culture and International Relations: Narratives, Natives, and Tourists (London, 2004), 41–44 Google Scholar.

30. For instance, the USSR attempted to use the 1957 World Youth Festival in Moscow to repair relations with Hungary. Eleonory Gilburd, “The Revival of Soviet Internationalism in the Mid to Late 1950s,” in Gilburd and Kozlov, eds., The Thaw, 386. Following their invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, the Soviets made interpersonal and cultural relations with Czechoslovak citizens a key part of their strategy of “normalization.“

31. On the eastern bloc as a Soviet empire, see Burbank, Jane and Cooper, Frederick, Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, 2010), 431–33Google Scholar; on Soviet imperial relations with postwar Poland, see Babiracki, Soviet Soft Power and the Poles; and on applying an imperial paradigm to Soviet relations with eastern Europe more broadly (including during the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland in 1939-41), see Tarik Amar, “Sovietization as a Civilizing Mission in the West,” in Apor, Apor, and Rees, eds., The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 29-45.

32. The other friendship societies were devoted to relations with China, Finland, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Italy, and India. See Eleonory Gilburd, “To See Paris and Die: Western Culture in the Soviet Union, 1950s and 1960s” (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2010), 35nllO.

33. Ibid., 25.

34. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 31 (Letter from Popova to the Central Committee of the Union of Czechoslovak-Soviet Friendship, March 27,1958), 1.260. On SSOD's replacement of VOKS, see Gilburd, “The Revival of Soviet Internationalism,” 373.

35. Knapik, Jiřě, Únor a kultura: Sovětizace české kultury, 1948-1950 (Prague, 2004), 166 Google Scholar. By 1957, the SČSP had 2,000,000 members. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 31 (Report from the Soviet embassy in Czechoslovakia to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the fortieth anniversary of the October revolution and the annual Month of Czechoslovak-Soviet Friendship, December 1957], 1. 12.

36. When a Czech reader wrote to the SČSP's journal, Svět sovětů (World of the Soviets), inquiring why a similar organization did not exist in the USSR, the journal claimed it turned to a Soviet veteran, who ostensibly supplied the unconvincing explanation that “there is no Union of Friends of Czechoslovakia here because we are all friends of the ČSR.” “Oč nám jde milý příteli,” Svět sovětů, January 17, 1947, 7.

37. GARF, f. 9576, op. 2, d. 53 (On the creation of the Soviet-Czechoslovak Friendship Society), 11. 36-37.

38. Ibid., 11. 62-70.

39. Ibid., 11. 21-24.

40. Ibid., 11. 8-17.

41. On the number of Soviet dead, see Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR (ÚSD), Sbírka dokumentů Komise vlády ČSFR pro analýzu událostí let 1967-1970, i.č. 274, sign. DI/274, k. 7 (Report by General Ogarkov protesting the destruction of Soviet WWII graves in Czechoslovakia, September, 1968).

42. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 95 (Report from the Irkutsk branch of the Union of Soviet Friendship and Cultural Contacts with Foreign Countries during the Month of Soviet-Czechoslovak Friendship, 1960), 1. 196.

43. See letters from people interested in joining the OSChD, GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 38.

44. Ibid., 1. 19. On scholarly interests, see ibid., 11. 77, 105, 138.

45. Susan E. Reid and David Crowley, introduction to Susan E. Reid and David Crowley, eds., Pleasures in Socialism: Leisure and Luxury in the Eastern Bloc (Evanston, 2012), 15. See also Edele, Mark, Soviet Veterans of the Second World War: A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, 1941-1991 (Oxford, 2008), 170 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Gleb Tsipursky, “Having Fun in the Thaw: Youth Initiative Clubs in the Post-Stalin Years,” Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 2201 (Pittsburgh, 2012), 12.

46. Gilburd, “The Revival of Internationalism in the Mid to Late 1950s,” 363.

47. “Dobrý den, drazí českoslovenští přátelá!,” Svět sovětů, September 3, 1952, 19.

48. NA, f. 1261, a.j. 282 (Report on the LKR for the ÚV-SČSP, December 28, 1951).

49. The prospect of Soviet citizens corresponding with people in capitalist countries was widely discussed during the thaw, although the Soviet government was very hesitant about it. Ultimately, most pen-pal correspondences with the west were undertaken on a collective basis, which made them easier for the authorities to control. See Gilburd, “To See Paris and Die,” 36-38.

50. GARF, f. 9576, op. 2, d. 53 (On the creation of the Soviet-Czechoslovak Friendship Society), 1. 91.

51. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 69 (Report from the SČSP on Russian language study), 11. 219-20.

52. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 71 (Correspondence between Galia Kudriatseva and Pronin, an official at SSOD), 11. 27-27a.

53. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 68 (Letter from Pronin to Svetlana, June 29, 1959), 1. 282.

54. Malíř, M., Fraňkova, T., and Lukešová, A., Dopisujeme si rusky: Přiručka pro kursy ruského jazyka a pro přípravu dopisů do SSSR (Prague, 1965), 10 Google Scholar.

55. Ibid., 21, 26, 36, 42.

56. Gilburd, “The Revival of Soviet Internationalism,” 363.

57. Malíř, Fraňkova, and Lukešová, Dopisujeme si rusky, 10.

58. There was also a separate Slovak magazine, Svet socializmu (World of Socialism), founded in 1951.

59. AMZV, f. TO SSSR-Tajné, 1960-1964, k. 3, o. 4 (Report from the Czechoslovak embassy in Moscow on propagating the ČSSR in the USSR, September 1964).

60. AMZV, f. TO SSSR-Tajné, 1965-1969, k. 2, o. 10 (Report on further possibilities for propagating the ČSSR in the USSR, May 1965), 1. 9.

61. GARF, f. 9572, op. 4, d. 100 (Protocol of a conference for readers of the journal Chekhoslovakiia in Saratov, July 1960), 1. 183.

62. “Čternáři promluví,” Svět sovětů, December 27, 1961, 2-3.

63. NA, f. 152, č .f. 1261/1/8, sv. 7, a.j. 23, b. 4 (Report by the Ideological Commission of the KSČ's Central Committee on the current state of propaganda of socialist internationalism and the USSR in the ČSSR, and suggestions for improving it, January 14, 1967), 1. 43.

64. See, for instance, Ukrainian recipes published in Svět sovětů, March 6, 1958.

65. Svět sovětů's format resembles the Romanian women's magazine Femeia from the same period. Massino, Jill, “From Black Caviar to Blackouts: Gender, Consumption, and Lifestyle in Ceauşescu's Romania,” in Bren, Paulina and Neuberger, Mary, eds., Communism Unwrapped: Consumption in Cold War Eastern Europe (Oxford, 2012), 230–35Google Scholar. The “age of affluence” comes from Tony Judt's description of western Europe from the 1950s to the 1970s in his Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York, 2005), 324-59.

66. GARF, f. 9572, op. 4, d. 100 (Protocol of a conference for readers of the journal Chekhoslovakiia in Saratov, July 1960), 1. 183.

67. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 31 (Meeting of the Presidium of the SČSP, January 2, 1958), 11. 66-67.

68. GARF, f. 9576, op. 4, d. 67 (Questions from a contest in Chekhoslovatskie profsouizy), 1. 141.

69. Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 2006), 6–7 Google Scholar.

70. Richmond, Cultural Exchange and the Cold War, 200. On intellectual trends, see also Richmond, “The Polish Connection,” chap. 22 in ibid. On cultural and commercial influences, see Gorsuch, “Time Travelers”; and Gorsuch, All This Is Your World, 80. On homegrown political reform, see English, Russia and the Idea of the West.

71. “Doverie k molodezhi,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, May 1964, 20; and “Liubovnye pokhozhdeniia blondinki,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, October 1965, 20. RGANI, f. 5. op. 36, d. 158 (Report on a trip to Czechoslovakia by film historian S. I. Frelikh, October-November 1965), 1. 239. Loves of a Blonde appears to have been eventually released in the USSR, because a Soviet woman named it as her favorite Czechoslovak movie in an interview for Svět sovětů the following year. See “Co o nás vědí Moskvané,” Svět sovětů, November 23, 1966, 13.

72. “Izdeliia iz tekstiliia dlia kvartiry,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, May 1963, 24-25; “Pis'ma chitatelei,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, January 1965, 28.

73. “Spetsial'nyi vypusk. Pisateli Svobody. Vstrechi s chitateliami v Prage,” Radio Svoboda, at http://archive.svoboda.org/programs/OTB/2003/OBT.033003.asp (last accessed April 30, 2015).

74. AMZV, TO-Tajné 1965-1969 SSSR, k. 2, o. 10 (Report on further possibilities for propagating the ČSSR in the USSR, May, 1965), 1.2.

75. “Ptejte se, APN odpovída,” Svět sovětů, April 8, 1968, 13.

76. “První big beat v SSSR,” Svět sovětů, February 2, 1966, 14-15.

77. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva (RGALI), f. 2918, op. 1, d. 446 (Report from the Soviet Union's trade mission in Czechoslovakia, September 15, 1967), 1.61.

78. RGANI, f. 5, op. 36, d. 156 (Report by the Deputy Chairman of the Foreign Commission of the Union of Soviet Writers, E. S. Romanova, December 1965), 1. 20. In 1965, half of Czechoslovakia's four million television sets were able to receive programming from Austria and West Germany. See RGANI, f. 5, op. 36, d. 216 (Report by a KPSS delegation on a trip to Czechoslovakia, June-July, 1965), 1. 64.

79. “Odds-On Favorite: Beautiful Prague Lures Westerners as No Other Communist City Does,” New York Times, March 6, 1966, 34.

80. Open Society Archives (OSA), 300-6-2, box 2, Jan. 1966-Dec. 1967, folder, “1965-1966” (Report on Audience Mail, April 1965). The Radio Prague poll was broadcast on December 22, 1965.

81. RGANI, f. 5, op. 36, d. 152 (Record of a conversation at the Soviet embassy in Prague with the artist Václav Fiala and the art historian Vladimír Fiala, June 1965), 1. 23.

82. GARF, f. 9572, op. 4, d. 295 (Report from the Soviet embassy in Czechoslovakia on a trip to Karlovy Vary, March 6, 1967), 1. 183.

83. RGANI, f. 5, op. 33, d. 234 (Report by N. Mikhailkov, chairman of the Committee for the Press of the Soviet Ministers about a trip to Czechoslovakia, March 1966), 1. 30.

84. GARF, f. 9572, op. 4, d. 2951. 183.

85. RGANI, f. 5, op. 33, d. 234 (Report by N. Mikhailkov, chairman of the Committee for the Press of the Soviet Ministers about a trip to Czechoslovakia, March 1966).

86. GARF, f. 9572, op. 4, d. 295, 1. 184.

87. “Vstretimsia v ‘Belom lebede,’” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, April 1961, 12.

88. “Foreign Goods,” translated and reprinted in condensed form from Sovetskaia torgovlia, October 13, 1956, 2, in the Current Digest of the Soviet Press 8, no. 42 (November 28,1956): 5-6.

89. “Development of U.S.S.R. Foreign Trade in 1956,” Current Digest of the Soviet Press 10, no. 6 (1958): 12-15.

90. AMZV, f. TO SSSR-Tajné, 1965-1969, k. 2, o. 10 (Report on further possibilities for propagating the CSSR in the USSR, May 1965), 1.2.

91. See, for example, Bren and Neuberger, introduction to Communism Unwrapped, 10-11; Susan E. Reid, “This Is Tomorrow! Becoming a Consumer in the Soviet Sixties,” in Gorsuch and Koenker, eds., The Socialist Sixties, 25-65; and Patterson, Patrick Hyder, “Risky Business: What Was Really Being Sold in the Department Stores of Socialist Eastern Europe?,” in Bren, and Neuberger, , Communism Unwrapped, 116–39Google Scholar.

92. Newsreel included in the show “Československé úspěchy,” which premiered on ČT24, March 2, 2013, as part of the Archiv ČT24 documentary series, at http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10116288585-archiv-ct24/213411058210009 (last accessed April 30, 2015).

93. NA, f. 1261_1, část II, i.č. 278 (Letter from FrantiŠek Krajčír to the Czechoslovak Ministry of Schools and Culture, March 25, 1959).

94. Reid, “Who Will Beat Whom?,” 236.

95. Reid, Susan E., “Khrushchev Modern: Agency and Modernization in the Soviet Home,” Cahiers du monde russe 47, nos. 1-2 (January-June 2006): 249 Google Scholar.

96. “Vyřid'te v Československu…,” Svět sovětů, December 6, 1961, 2.

97. “Nebol'shie zametki o bol'shoi druzhbe,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, September 1964, 12-13.

98. “Co o nás vědi Moskvané,” 13.

99. “Ot ‘zari’ k ‘Moskvichu,’” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, June 1964, 9.

100. Reid, Susan E., “Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and the De-Stalinization of Consumer Taste in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev,” Slavic Review 61, no. 2 (Summer 2002): 211–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

101. AMZV, f. TO SSSR-Tajné, 1960-1964, k. 2, o. 9 (Report from the General Consulate of Czechoslovakia in Kiev to the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June 30, 1961).

102. See, for instance, GARF, f. 9520, op. 1, d. 726 (Report by a tourist group from the Volyn region on a trip to Czechoslovakia, May 1964), 1. 35.

103. Shakhnazarov, G. Kh., S vozhdiami i bez nikh (Moscow, 2001), 94.Google Scholar

104. “Ot ‘zari’ k ‘Moskvichu,’” 9.

105. “Beskonechnoe mnozhestvo druzei,” Sotsialisticheskaia Chekhoslovakiia, October 1967, 11.

106. Elidor Mëhilli, “Building the Second World: Postwar Socialism in Albania and the Eastern Bloc” (PhD diss., Princeton University, 2011), 142. See also Kotkin, Stephen, “Mongol Commonwealth? Exchange and Governance across the Post-Mongol Space,” Kritika 8, no. 3 (Summer 2007): 487–531 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Jersild, “The Soviet State as Imperial Scavenger.“

107. Reeves, Culture and International Relations, 44.

108. “Přátelství na věčné časy,” produced for the documentary series Retro, first aired on ČT24 November 8, 2009, at http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10176269182-retro/209411000360034/ (last accessed May 1,2015).

109. Yurchak, Alexei, Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation (Princeton, 2005), 8 Google Scholar.