1 Jászi, Oszkár, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago, 1961), p. 129 Google Scholar. All references to this work, first published by the University of Chicago Press in 1929, refer to this paperback (Phoenix Book) edition.

2 Kann, Robert A., The Multinational Empire, II (New York, 1950).Google Scholar

3 Besides the two works already mentioned, the best known are: Bibl, Victor, Der Zerfall Österreichs, II (Vienna, 1922)Google Scholar; Masaryk, Thomas G., The Making of a State (New York, 1927)Google Scholar; Redlich, Joseph, Das österreichische Staats- und Rechtsproblem, II (Leipzig, 1920, 1926)Google Scholar; Seton-Watson, R. W., The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy (London, 1911)Google Scholar, Absolutism in Croatia (London, 1912), Roumania and the Great War (London, 1915), German, Slav and Magyar (London, 1916); Wendel, Hermann, Aus dem südslavischen Risorgimento (Gotha, 1921)Google Scholar and Der Kampf der Südstaven um Freiheit und Einheit (Frankfurt am Main, 1925). There are numerous other books of great interest on the subject.

4 The original well-known sentence in Palacký's letter refusing Bohemian participation in the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 reads: “If the Austrian Empire had not existed during past centuries, it ought to have been created in the very interest of Europe and humanity.“

5 The concept of personal sovereignty is an interesting updating of the medieval concept of personal right and law. The socialists Karl Renner and Otto Bauer were its main champions in Austria.

6 For details see: Lénάrt Böhm, Dél-Magyarorszάg υagy az ugynevezett Bάnsάg küilön törtenete [The History of Southern Hungary, known as the Banat], II (Pest, 1867); Picot, Émile, Les Serbes de Hongrie, leur histoire, leur privileges, leur église, leur état politique et social (Prague, 1873)Google Scholar; Schwicker, J. H., Geschichte des Temeser Banat (Budapest, 1872)Google Scholar and Politische Geschichte der Serben in Ungarn (Budapest, 1880).

7 For a good short description of this plan see Kann, op. cit., II, 113.

8 In 1900, 53.6 per cent of Austria's population lived in communities of 2, 000 or fewer inhabitants. In Hungary, during the same year, 78.4 per cent of the population lived in villages and cities with less than 10, 000 inhabitants, while in Croatia-Slavonia 94.4 per cent lived in communities of this size. (Austrian and Hungarian data do not refer to the same community sizes.)

9 In 1900, 38 per cent of the Austrian population and slightly less than 50 per cent of the Hungarian population were illiterate.

10 Jászi, op. cit., p. 215.

11 In 1867 there were approximately 466, 000 Magyar nobles in Hungary.

12 In Hungarian the saying reads: “Az úr nem siet, nem fizet, nem csodálkozik.“

13 If we count all, not only the Magyar, nobles of Hungary, we find about 550, 000 of them in 1867.

14 There are numerous Hungarian peasant stories about the good relationship between peasantry and king. The best known, thanks to the music of Zoltán Kodály, is “Háry János.“

15 Population figures of Austria-Hungary in 1910 (minor groups were not considered; figures were rounded to the nearest thousand, percentages to the nearest first decimal): NATIONALITY NUMBER PERCENTAGE NATIONALITY OF TOTAL (1) Austria Germans … 9, 950, 000 35.7 Rumanians. 275, 000 1.0 ( Czechs …. Italians …. 768, 000 2.4 1 Poles Slavs 16, 959, 000 60.9 / Ruthenians. \ Slovenes … Total … 27, 952, 000 100.0 / Serbo-Croats. NUMBER. 6, 436, 000. 4, 968, 000. 3, 519, 000. 1, 253, 000 783, 000 PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL 23.0 17.8 12.7 4.5 2.9 SLAVS 37.5 29.4 20.8 7.6 4.7 Total 16, 959, 000 60.9 100.0 (2) Croatia-Slavonia Magyars … 106, 000 Germans … 134, 000 Slavs 2, 283, 000 Total 2, 523, 000 4.2

53 (Croats 1, 638, 000 90'.5 )Serbs 645, 000 100.0 Total 2, 283, 000 64.9 25.6 90.5 71.8 28.2 100.0 (3) Hungary (including Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, and Fiume) Magyars … 9, 945, 000 Germans … 2, 037, 000 Rumanians. 2, 949, 000 Slavs 5, 380, 000 Total 20, 311, 000 48.9 / 10.0 \ Slovaks 1, 968, 000 9.6 36.5 14.6 J Croats 1, 833, 000 9.0 34.1 26.5 ( Serbs 1, 106, 000 5.6 20.6 ) Ruthenians.. 473, 000 2.3 8.8 100.0 I \ Total 5, 380, 000 26.5 100.0 (4) Bosnia-Hercegovina Serbo-Croats. 1, 900, 000 100.0 (5) The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy * Germans.. Magyars.. Rumanians Italians … Slavs …. Total.. 11, 987, 000 9, 945, 000 3, 224, 000 768, 000 24, 239, 000 50, 163, 000 23.8 19-7 /Czechs …

6 4 1 Slovaks … L 4 1 Poles 48.7 / Ruthenians j Slovenes.. 100.0 I Serbo-Croats 6, 436, 000 1, 968, 000 4, 968, 000 3, 992, 000 1, 253, 000 5, 622, 000 12.9 4.0 10.0 8.0 2.5 11.3 26.5 8.1 20.4 16.6 5.2 23.2 Total 24, 239, 000 48.7 100.0 “Total of “ruling nations“: 21, 932, 000 43.5

16 This compromise consisted of a new Landesordnung and laws regulating the use of the Czech and German languages, educational matters, and suffrage.

17 A new curia (about 13 per cent of the seats in the local diet) was added to the traditional ones, and the members of this new curia were popularly elected.

18 If we deduct from the population figures of Hungary (no. 3 in note 15) those of Croatia-Slavonia (no. 2), 17, 788, 000 remain. They were represented by 413 deputies in the lower house of the Hungarian Parliament. The Slovaks’ share of seats (11 per cent) must be based on these two figures, since Croatia-Slavonia sent an additional 40 deputies to Budapest, but these deputies could take part in the debates only if affairs relating to their land were discussed.

19 The Bukovina was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Austria in time of peace in 1775 and was administered by the latter until 1850 as part of Galicia.

20 A linguistic breakdown of the Bukovina's 793, 000 inhabitants in 1910 shows that 38.4 per cent spoke Ruthenian, 34.4 per cent Rumanian, 21.4 per cent German (mainly Jews), 4.6 per cent Polish, and 1.3 per cent Magyar. Kann, op. cit., I, 441-42.

21 “Right” in the name of Croatian parties does not refer to the political Right (although these were right-wing parties) but to the historic rights of the Croats.

22 A great amount of very interesting material on the early cultural activities of the Vojvodina Serbs was published by Aleks Ivic in five volumes under slightly differing titles between 1926 and 1956, under the auspices of the Serb Academy of Science. Arhivska Gradja o Jugoslovenskim [or Srpskim or Srpskim i Hrvatskim] Knjizevnim i Kulturnim, Radnicima.

23 Calculated according to the same principle as the one outlined for the Slovaks in note 18.

24 Jάszi, op. cit., p. 346.

25 Ibid.

26 ibid.

27 Ibid., p. 280.

28 The well-known Magyar-Rumanian dispute concerning the origin of the Rumanians and the question of who came to Transylvania first did not really influence Magyar policy, since the constitutional principle of the right of conquest would have been applied even if this dispute had been settled fully in the favor of the Rumanians.

29 21, 000 of the nobles referred to in note 13 were clearly of Rumanian origin.