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Serbian Textbooks: Toward Greater Serbia or Yugoslavia?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Charles Jelavich
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As is well known, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was founded on December 1,1918, did not achieve the success envisaged for it. It is generally assumed that the state was the direct product of Yugoslavism, a Croatian concept formulated in the nineteenth century, which found adherents among the Serbs and Slovenes. Although there is no consensus among scholars concerning the precise definition of Yugoslavism, in its basic terms the concept called for the union of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in one state. The proponents of Yugoslavism argued that as long as the three nations remained separate they were subject to domination by their stronger neighbors, whereas united they would be in a better position to determine their own future. These proponents never agreed on the exact political organization of the union, whether it should be a centralized or federalized state, but they assumed that the kingdom would have one army and a single foreign and trade policy, and that each nation would retain considerable local autonomy, for example, in education, religious affairs, and police jurisdiction. Yet the ultimate success of Yugoslavism was dependent on the acceptance by Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes of the basic premise that they were in essence one people, and that eventually they would no longer give primacy to their Serbianism, Croatianism, and Slovenianism but would offer their undivided loyalty to the larger Yugoslav concept.

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Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 42 , Issue 4 , Winter 1983 , pp. 601 - 619
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1983

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References

1. The literature on Serbianism, Croatianism, and Yugoslavism is extensive. The most recent bibliography on these topics is found in Wolf Dietrich Behschnitt, Nationalisms bei Serben und Kroaten 1830-1914 (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1980), pp. 384-415.

2. It will analyze the geography, history, and literature (iitanke) textbooks used in Croatia after the Nagodba of 1868.

3. Janković, Dragoslav, “Jugoslovenstvo u Srbiji 1903-1912,” Anali pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, 17 (1969): 530 Google Scholar. See also his major work Srbija i Jugoslovensko pitanje 1914-1915 (Belgrade: Institut za savremenu istoriju, 1973).

4. Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969), p. 398. Although the Serbian textbooks hitherto have not been studied, they had become a subject of international controversy in 1907 when Austria-Hungary demanded that Serbia withdraw an elementary school geography book by Jović, Mihailo and Putniković, D. J., Zemljopis Srbije i srpskih zemalja za W razred osnovne škole (Belgrade: Savić Komp. Kosmajska, 1905)Google Scholar, 3rd ed., which Vienna considered provocative and inflamatory because it instructed Serbian children that Bosnia-Hercegovina, Dalmatia, Istria, Croatia-Slavonia, Bačka, and Banat were Serbian lands under hostile Austro-Hungarian rule. See Charles, Jelavich, “Zemljopis Srbije i Srpskih Zemalja: An Episode in Austro-Serbian Relations, 1907-1912” Historijski Zbornik, 29-30 (1976-77): 419–29Google Scholar. Even more important was the ultimatum delivered to Serbia on July 22, 1914, in which Vienna charged that Serbia had “tolerated an unhealthy propaganda in its public instruction … which could betray the people of Serbia into hatred of the monarchy and contempt for its institutions.” Austria called on the Serbian government “to eliminate without delay from public instruction in Serbia, everything, whether connected with the teaching corps or with the methods of teaching, that serves or may serve to nourish propaganda against Austria-Hungary.“ Mosse, George L., et al., Europe in Review — Revised (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964), pp. 383, 385Google Scholar. Even the references in the ultimatum to teachers and their teaching methods did not attract the attention of scholars to this issue.

5. There were three classifications for textbooks: those officially approved by the government for use in the classroom, those which also received the government's endorsement and could be used as supplementary reading, and those published independently with the hope that they might be adopted by the government in the future.

6. Statistički godišnjak Kraljevine Srbije, 1910 (Belgrade: Državna štamparija, 1912), pp. 775-81. The following figures for literacy in 1900 are informative. In that year the population of Serbia, excluding the non-Serbs, was 2,298,551, which represented 92.2 percent of the total population. Of that number, 423,433 or 18.4 percent were literate. Literacy by age groups was as follows: 0-10: 47,792 individuals or 11.2 percent; 11-15: 79,709 or 18.8 percent; and 16-20: 69,997 or 16.5 percent. Ibid., vol. 5 (1904): 65, 77, 80.

7. Karić, Vladimir, Srbija: Opis zemlje, naroda i države (Belgrade: Državna štamparija, 1887), pp. 240–41Google Scholar. Hereafter cited as Karić, Srbija. Also his Zemljopis za niže razrede šrednjih škola po najnovijim izvorima-politički zemljopis: jevropa (Belgrade: Srpska napredna stranka, 1883). Hereafter cited as Karić, Zemljopis.

8. Karić, Zemljopis, pp. 73, 105, 110, 128.

9. Ibid., p. 34.

10. Ibid., p. 68.

11. Ibid., p. 68; Karić, Srbija, p. 243.

12. Karić, Srbija, pp. 203-204.

13. Karić, Zemljopis, p. 69.

14. Ibid., p. 69; Karić, Srbija, p. 243.

15. Dim. J. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva za učenike IV razreda osnovnih škola (Belgrade: Petar Čurčić, 1890), p. 37.

16. Petar K. Šreplović, Atlas srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva sa zemljopisom za učenike-ce IV razreda osnovnih škola (Belgrade: “Kod Prosvete,” 1891), p. 33.

17. Raša Mitrović, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije sa kratkim opisom sviju srpskih zemalja za učenike i učenice IV r. osn. škole (Belgrade: Velimir Valozić, 1900), p. 125.

18. Jović and Putniković, Zemljopis Srbije, p. 92.

19. M. M. Stanojević, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije i srpskih zemalja za učenike i učenice IV razreda osnovne škole (Belgrade: Velimir Valozić, 1912), pp. 49-56.

20. Josip Lakatoš, Narodna statistika (Osijek: Naklada Radoslava Bačića, 1914), 2nd ed., pp. 12, 24.

21. Karić, Zemljopis, p. 117; Karić, Srbija, p. 243.

22. Šreplović, Atlas srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 29.

23. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 31.

24. St. J. Nikolić, Kraljevina Srbija i kratak pregled srpskih zemalja za IV razred narodnih škola (Belgrade: Sv. Nikolic, 1899), p. 108.

25. Raša Mitrović and Mih. M. Stanojević, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije sa kratkim opisom sviju srpskih zemalja za učenike i učenice IV razreda osnovne škole (Belgrade: Velimir Valozić, 1902), p. 92.

26. Vladimir T. Simić and Milan Hrabrenović, Atlas Srbije i srpskih zemalja sa zemljopismom za učenike-ce IV razreda osnovne ćkole (Belgrade: Mita Stajić, 1909), p. 67.

27. Stanojević, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije i srpskih zemalja, p. 50; and S. Antonovic’ and T. Radivojević, Osnovna zemljopisna znanja za prvi razred (Belgrade: Geca Kon, 1913), p. 60.

28. Lakatoš, Narodna statistika, pp. 22-23.

29. Karić, Zemljopis, p. 112.

30. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 18; Mitrović and Stojanović, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije i srpskih zemalja, p. 90 and S. Antonović and N. Lazić, Zemljopis za II razred srednjih škola (Belgrade: Geca Kon, 1912), 5th ed., p. 63.

31. Simić and Hrabrenović, Atlas Srbije, p. 65.

32. Karić, Zemljopis, p. 112; Karić, Srbija, p. 243.

33. Šreplović, Atlas srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 24.

34. Jović and Putniković, Zemljopis Srbije, p. 75.

35. Antonović and Lazić, Zemljopis za II razred srednjih Skola, p. 65.

36. Karić, Zemljopis, p. 55.

37. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 18.

38. Nikolić, Kraljevina Srbija, p. 106.

39. Stanojević, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije i srpskih zemalja, p. 55.

40. See Mihovil, Kombol, Povijest hrvatske knjiievnosti do narodnog preporoda (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1961), 2nd ed., pp. 63–396 Google Scholar, and Michael B., Petrovich, “Croatian Humanists and the Writing of History in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries” Slavic Review, 37, no. 4 (1978): 624–39Google Scholar. According to the 1910 census, which projected religious affiliation, not nationality, in the district (kotar) of Dubrovnik, which included the city, there were 36,209 or 87.8 percent Catholics and 1,043 or 2.5 percent Orthodox. This statistic is somewhat misleading because there were some Serbs in Dubrovnik who were Catholics. Although their exact number is not certain, the figure would not basically alter the overwhelming Catholic or Croatian character of the city. Lakatoš, Narodna statistika, pp. 22-23.

41. Nikolić, Kraljevina Srbija, p. 106; Jović and Putniković, Zemljopis Srbije, p. 90; Antonovic' and Radivojević, Osnovna zemljopisna inanja, p. 61; Mitrović, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije, p. 139; and Simić and Hrabrenović, Adas Srbije, p. 69.

42. Lakatoš, Narodna statistika, p. 23.

43. Mitrović, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije, p. 139; Karić, Srbija, p. 243.

44. Karić, Zemljopis, p. 128.

45. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 9.

46. Mitrović, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije, p. 133.

47. Jović and Putniković, Zemljopis Srbije, p. 67.

48. Lakatoć, Narodna statistika, p. 41.

49. Antonović and Lazić, Zemljopis za II razred srednjih škola, p. 74; Karic\ Srbija, p. 243.

50. Šreplović, Atlas srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 20.

51. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 9.

52. Jovićand Putniković, Zemljopis Srbije, p. 68.

53. Stanojević, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije i srpskih zemalja, p. 54; Mitrović and Stanojević, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije, p. 89.

54. For Baćka and Banat see Karić, Zemljopis, pp. 123-27; Srbija, p. 243; Nikolić, Kraljevina Srbija, pp. 108-109; Mitrović and Stanojević, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije, pp. 88-89; Jović and Putniković, Zemljopis Srbije, pp. 85-86; and Antonović and Radivojevic\ Osnovna zemljopisna znanja, p. 61.

55. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, 3rd ed. (1894), p. 32.

56. All the textbooks discussed Old Serbia and Macedonia. See, for example, Karic\ Zemljopis, pp. 135-44 and Jović and Putniković, Zemljopis Srbije, pp. 79-84.

57. Sokolović, Zemljopis srpskih zemalja i balkanskog poluostrva, p. 25.

58. Nikolić, Kraljevina Srbija, p. 103.

59. Mitrović, Zemljopis Kraljevine Srbije, p. 129.

60. Ljub. M. Protić and Vlad. D. Stojanović, Srpska (čitanka za IV razred osnovnih škola u Kraljevinih Srbijl (Belgrade: Državna štamparija, 1907), 7th ed., p. 223.

61. Filip Hristić, Treća čitanka za osnovne srpske škole (Belgrade: Državna štamparija, 1872), p. 89.

62. Miloš Ivkovifć, Srpska čitanka za prvi razred srednjih škola (Belgrade: Geca Kon, 1911), p. 63.

63. Filip Hristić, Druga čitanka za osnovne srpske škole (Belgrade: Driavna Stamparija, 1872), p. 66.

64. Vojislav M. Jovanović and Milo§ Ivković, Srpska čitanka za (četvrti razred srednjih škola (Belgrade: Geca Kon, 1913), pp. 261-62. Hereafter cited as Jovanović and Ivkovic\ Četvrti

65. Ibid., pp. 113-17.

66. Protić and Stojanović, Srpska čitanka, p. 5.

67. Ibid., pp. 77-79.

68. Hristić, Treća, p. 115.

69. Ivković, Srpska čitanka, p. 111.

70. Stojan Novaković, Srpska čitanka za niže gimnazije i realke Kraljevine Srbije (Belgrade: Državna štamparija, 1895), 2: v.

71. Jovanović and Ivković, Četvrti, p. 72.

72. Vojislav M. Jovanović and Miloš Ivković, Srpska čitanka za treći razred srednjih škola (Belgrade: Geca Kon, 1913), pp. 54-58, 137-45, 197-98, 236-39.

73. Jovanović and Ivković, Četvrti, p. 53.

74. Protić and Stojanović, Četvrti, p. 157.

75. Mihailo Jović, Srpska istorija za IV razred osnovne škole (Belgrade: Velimir Valozic\ 1896), 14th ed.

76. Milenko Vukičević, Istorija srpskoga naroda za srednje škole od dolaska Srba na Balkansko poluostrvo do polovine XV stoleća (Belgrade: Dositej Obradović, 1904), 1:1.

77. Jovan Djordjević, Istorija srpskoga naroda od najstarijega do najnovijega doba za srednje škole i za narod (Vranje: Petar Jovanović, 1900), p. 7.

78. Ibid., p. 11.

79. Ibid., pp. 163-77, and Milenko Vukičević, Istorija srpskoga naroda za srednje škole od polovine XV stoleća do danas (Belgrade: Davidović, 1912), 2:23-29.

80. Vukičević, Istorija srpskoga naroda, 1 (1914): 7.

81. Ibid., p. 33.

82. Vuki£evi6, Istorija srpskoga naroda, 2 (1914): 22-29.

83. Ibid., p. 17.

84. Ibid., p. 92.

85. Ibid., p. 116. 86. Ibid., pp. 114-16. 87. Ibid., pp. 116-17.

86. Ibid., pp. 114-16.

87. Ibid., pp. 116-17.