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Factors Affecting the Outcrossing Rate between Clearfield™ Rice and Red Rice (Oryza sativa)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Vinod K. Shivrain ,
Nilda R. Burgos ,
Marites A. Sales ,
Andy Mauromoustakos ,
David R. Gealy ,
Kenneth L. Smith ,
Howard L. Black  and
Melissa Jia
Vinod K. Shivrain
Affiliation:
Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
Nilda R. Burgos*
Affiliation:
Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
Marites A. Sales
Affiliation:
Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
Andy Mauromoustakos
Affiliation:
Agricultural Statistics Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
David R. Gealy
Affiliation:
Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, USDA-ARS, Stuttgart, AR 72160
Kenneth L. Smith
Affiliation:
University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, Monticello, AR 71656
Howard L. Black
Affiliation:
Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, USDA-ARS, Stuttgart, AR 72160
Melissa Jia
Affiliation:
Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, USDA-ARS, Stuttgart, AR 72160
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: nburgos@uark.edu
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Abstract

The commercialization of imazethapyr-resistant (Clearfield™, CL) rice in the southern United States has raised serious concerns about gene flow to red rice, producing imazethapyr-resistant red rice populations. Our objectives were to determine the impact of planting date, CL cultivars, and red rice biotypes on outcrossing rate; and to investigate the relative contribution of flowering time of CL rice and red rice biotypes, together with air temperature and relative humidity (RH), on outcrossing rate. Field experiments were conducted at Stuttgart, Rohwer, and Kibler, AR, from 2005 to 2007, at three or four planting times from mid-April to late May. ‘CL161’ (inbred cultivar) and ‘CLXL8’ (hybrid) rice were planted in nine-row plots, with red rice planted in the middle row. Twelve red rice biotypes were used. The flowering of red rice and CL rice, air temperature, and RH were recorded. Red rice seeds were collected at maturity. To estimate outcrossing rate, resistance to imazethapyr was evaluated in subsequent years and confirmed using rice microsatellite markers. CLXL8 rice flowered 2 to 4 d earlier than CL161 rice, and flowering was completed within 1 wk in all plantings. The flowering duration of most red rice biotypes ranged from 4 to 17 d. Flowering synchrony of red rice biotypes and CL rice ranged from 0 to 100% at different plantings. In general, CLXL8 had greater flowering overlap and higher outcrossing rate with red rice than did CL161 rice. The outcrossing rate of red rice biotypes ranged from 0 to 0.21% and 0 to 1.26% with CL161 and CLXL8 rice, respectively. The outcrossing rate differed within each planting date (P < 0.05). Outcrossing was generally lower in mid-May and late May than in mid-April and late April planting times. Flowering synchrony and outcrossing rate were not correlated (r2 < 0.01). Outcrossing with CL161 was primarily influenced by red rice biotype. A minimum air temperature of > 24 C in the evening also favors outcrossing with CL161. With CLXL8 rice, outcrossing was most affected by RH. When RH was < 54%, outcrossing was less (0.12%) than when RH was ≥ 54% (0.38%). With CLXL8 rice, a minimum RH of ≥ 54%, from mid-morning to noon, increased outcrossing with red rice. To fully understand the interaction effects of these factors on outcrossing with red rice, controlled experiments are needed.

Keywords

ImazethapyrRed rice, Oryza sativa L.Rice, Oryza sativa L. ORYSA.Acetolactate synthase (ALS)biosafetyflowering synchronygene flowherbicide-resistanceimazethapyr-resistant ricepollen flowrelative humidity
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 57 , Issue 4 , August 2009 , pp. 394 - 403
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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