Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-31T22:57:33.975Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Weed Seed Bank Dynamics During a Five-Year Crop Rotation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Douglas D. Buhler*
Affiliation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011
Keith A. Kohler
Affiliation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011
Richard L. Thompson
Affiliation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: buhler@msu.edu.

Abstract

Cultural practices used for crop production influence the composition of the weed seed bank in the soil. This paper reports the results of a 5-yr experiment to characterize the weed seed bank conducted on a farmer-managed field in central Iowa. The number of weed seeds in the soil and their vertical distribution were examined each October. At the initial sampling in October 1994, the field had been in hay production and about 80% of the weed seeds were common waterhemp and foxtail species. The cropping sequence over the next 3 yr was corn/soybean/corn using a ridge tillage system. Over this period, the density of common waterhemp seeds declined each year. The density of foxtail seeds declined by almost 90% during the first year of corn and did not change during the following years of soybean and corn production. Prior to moldboard plowing of the hay sward in 1994, weed seeds were concentrated in the upper 10 cm of soil. Moldboard plowing resulted in a more uniform distribution of the weed seeds over the upper 20 cm of soil, and the distribution across depths remained relatively constant during the 3 yr of corn and soybean production. During the final year of the experiment, the field was rotated to oat and reseeded with hay species. The number of common waterhemp and foxtail seeds in the soil greatly increased following oat/hay production and seeds were concentrated in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile. Results indicated that the processes affecting the weed seed bank in production fields are complex and will vary greatly based on the production practices used and the timing of their application.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Ball, D. A. 1992. Weed seedbank response to tillage, herbicides, and crop rotation sequence. Weed Sci. 40: 654659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battles, B., Hartzler, B., and Buhler, D. 1998. Effect of common waterhemp emergence date in soybeans on growth and competitiveness. Proc. North Cent. Weed Sci. Soc. 53: 145146.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D. 1999a. Weed population responses to weed control practices. I. Seed bank, weed populations, and crop yields. Weed Sci. 47: 416422.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D. 1999b. Weed population responses to weed control practices. II. Residual effects on weed populations, control, and soybean yield. Weed Sci. 47: 423426.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D. and Hartzler, R. G. 2001. Emergence and persistence of seed of velvetleaf, common waterhemp, woolly cupgrass, and giant foxtail. Weed Sci. In press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhler, D. D. and Maxwell, B. D. 1993. Seed separation and enumeration from soil using K2CO3-centrifugation and image analysis. Weed Sci. 41: 298302.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Hartzler, R. G., and Forcella, F. 1997a. Implications of weed seed bank dynamics to weed management. Weed Sci. 45: 329336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Hartzler, R. G., Forcella, F., and Gunsolus, J. L. 1997b. Relative Emergence of Weeds of Corn and Soybean. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Extension Publ. SA-11. 4 p.Google Scholar
Burnside, O. C., Moomaw, R. S., Roeth, F. W., Wicks, G. A., and Wilson, R. G. 1986. Weed seed demise in soil in weed-free corn (Zea mays) production across Nebraska. Weed Sci. 34: 248251.Google Scholar
Cavers, P. B. 1983. Seed demography. Can. J. Bot. 61: 36783690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derksen, D. A., Lafond, G. P., Thomas, A. G., Loeppky, H. A., and Swanton, C. J. 1993. Impact of agronomic practices on weed communities: tillage systems. Weed Sci. 41: 409417.Google Scholar
Fenner, M. 1985. Seed bank dynamics. In Seed Ecology. New York: Chapman Hall. pp. 8296.Google Scholar
Forcella, F. and Lindstrom, M. J. 1988. Movement and germination of weeds in ridge-till crop production systems. Weed Sci. 36: 5659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hager, A. G., Wax, L. M., Simmons, F. W., and Stoller, E. W. 1997. Waterhemp Management in Agronomic Crops. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Bull. X855. p. 12.Google Scholar
Harmon, G. W. and Keim, F. D. 1934. The percentage and viability of weed seeds recovered in the feces of farm animals and their longevity when buried in manure. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 26: 762767.Google Scholar
Harper, J. L. 1977. The seed bank. In Population Biology of Plants. New York: Academic Press. pp. 6182.Google Scholar
Hinz, J.R.R. and Owen, M.D.K. 1997. Acetolactate synthase resistance in a common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) population. Weed Technol. 11: 1318.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L., Owen, M.D.K., and Buhler, D. D. 1998. Effects of crop and weed management on density and vertical distribution of weed seeds in soil. Agron. J. 90: 793799.Google Scholar
Jordan, N., Mortensen, D. A., Prenzlow, D. M., and Curtis Cox, K. 1995. Simulation analysis of crop rotation effects on weed seedbanks. Am. J. Bot. 82: 390398.Google Scholar
Karlen, D. L. and Colvin, T. S. 1992. Alternative farming system effects on profile nitrogen concentration on two Iowa farms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56: 12491256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebman, M. and Ohno, T. 1998. Crop rotation and legume residue effects on weed emergence and growth: applications to management. In Hatfield, J. L., Buhler, D. D., and Stewart, B. A., eds. Integrated Weed and Soil Management. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press. pp. 181221.Google Scholar
Mortensen, D. A., Johnson, G. A., and Young, L. J. 1993. Weed distribution in agricultural fields. In Robert, P. C., Rust, R. H., and Larson, W. E., eds. Soil Specific Crop Management. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomists. pp. 113123.Google Scholar
Mt. Pleasant, J. and Schlather, K. J. 1994. Incidence of weed seed in cow (Bos sp.) manure and its importance as a weed source for cropland. Weed Technol. 8: 304310.Google Scholar
Rothrock, P. E., Squiers, E. R., and Sheeley, S. 1993. Heterogeneity and size of persistent seedbank of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Seteria faberi Herm. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120: 417422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreiber, M. M. 1992. Influence of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and corn yield. Weed Sci. 40: 645653.Google Scholar
Schweizer, E. E. and Zimdahl, R. L. 1984. Weed seed decline in irrigated soil after six years of continuous corn (Zea mays) and herbicides. Weed Sci. 32: 7683.Google Scholar
Staricka, J. A., Burford, P. M., Allmaras, R. R., and Nelson, W. W. 1990. Tracing the vertical distribution of simulated shattered seeds as related to tillage. Agron. J. 82: 11311134.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. G. and Frick, B. L. 1993. Influence of tillage systems on weed abundance in southwestern Ontario. Weed Technol. 7: 699705.Google Scholar
Thompson, K., Band, S. R., and Hodgson, J. G. 1993. Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Funct. Ecol. 7: 236241.Google Scholar
Wiese, A. F., Sweeten, J. M., Bean, B. W., Salisbury, C. D., and Chenault, E. W. 1998. High temperature composting of cattle feedlot manure kills weed seed. Appl. Eng. Agric. 14: 377380.Google Scholar
Willems, J. H. and Huijsmans, K.G.A. 1994. Vertical seed dispersal by earthworms: a quantitative approach. Ecography 17: 124130.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. 1988. Biology of weed seeds in the soil. In Altieri, M. A. and Liebman, M., eds. Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approaches. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 2539.Google Scholar
Yenish, J. P., Doll, J. D., and Buhler, D. D. 1992. Effects of tillage on vertical distribution and viability of weed seed in soil. Weed Sci. 40: 429433.Google Scholar