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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2023

Edited by
Alan Fenna ,
Sébastien Jodoin  and
Joana Setzer
Alan Fenna
Affiliation:
Curtin University, Perth
Sébastien Jodoin
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Joana Setzer
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
Climate Governance and Federalism
A Forum of Federations Comparative Policy Analysis
 , pp. 337 - 346
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate a figure on the corresponding page. Page numbers followed by t indicate a table on the corresponding page.

adaptation policy
Australia, 20, 26
Brazil, 50, 53t
China, 89, 92, 95–96, 99
Ethiopia, 109–110, 114, 117, 119–120, 123
European Union, 138–141
Germany, 162, 165–166, 168–169
India, 178–179, 182, 184, 186, 189
Indonesia, 203
Mexico, 218, 221–222, 225–231, 234
South Africa, 243, 246–255, 257
Spain, 264, 267, 273–274
Switzerland, 293–301, 295–296t, 297t, 299t
United States, 307–308, 314–316, 324
administrative federalism, 7–8, 130, 178, 181
Affordable Clean Energy rule (US), 317
African Development Bank, 113
African National Congress (ANC), 241, 244
agropastoral communities, 112
air pollution, 189, 221
Alberta Climate Leadership Plan, 74, 76
Alberta New Democratic Party (NDP), 74
aluminium manufacturing, 15–16
Amazon forest protection, 44–45
Australian Capital Territory Labor government, 24
Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), 19
Australian Labor Party (ALP), 21–22
Australia’s climate governance and federalism
adaptation policy, 20, 26
analysis and assessment, 28–30
bicameralism, 23
carbon emissions, 15–18
carbon tax in, 24–26
climate change governance, 18–29, 335
coal energy, 15–16, 21
Coalition parties, 23
collective state action, 24
cooperative federalism, 19–20
COVID-19 pandemic, 19–20
division of powers, 18–19
energy production, 15–17
experimentation and learning, 29
federalism in, 18–20, 28–30
global warming, 17
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 14–18
ideology and partisanship, 21–22
international commitments, 17–18
introduction to, 14–15
Kyoto Protocol, 17
overview, 18–20, 28–30
Paris Agreement, 17, 28
regional variation, 22–23
state-level partisan divide, 23–24, 26–27
summary of, 30–31
Austria’s climate governance and federalism, 6, 9–10
Autonomous Communities (ACs) in Spain, 263–264, 268–279, 275–276t, 279t
bicameralism, 8–9, 23, 29
Biden, Joe, 307, 313–314, 318, 323
Bio Carbon Fund (Indonesia), 208
Bolsonaro, Jair, 45, 57
Brazil Center on Climate, 56
Brazilian Alliance for Climate Action (ACA), 56
Brazilian Association of Municipalities (ABM), 57
Brazilian Association of State Environmental Entities (ABEMA), 56
Brazil’s climate governance and federalism
adaptation policy, 50, 53t
carbon emissions, 43–44
climate change in, 43–50, 47–49t, 51–52t, 53t
commitment to Amazon protection, 44–45
COVID-19 pandemic, 43
decentralized policy-making, 42, 50–55
experimental policy-making, 56–58
federalism in, 42–43
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 41, 43–44, 46
introduction to, 41–42
Kyoto Protocol, 44
mitigation policies, 50, 53t
municipal-level climate change, 46–50, 51–52t
Paris Agreement, 44–45
practice of federalism, 42–43
state-level climate change, 45–46, 47–49t
at subnational level of government, 50–58
summary of, 58–59
brown coal (lignite), 15, 26
Bush, George H.W., 309, 312
Bush, George W., 70
business-as-usual (BAU), 110, 200
California Air Resources Board, 314, 318
Canada’s climate governance and federalism
carbon emissions, 64, 72–80
carbon pricing and, 72–80
carbon tax, 73
climate change in, 65–72
coal energy, 67, 73–74
as decentralised, 8
federalism in, 9–10, 75–80, 332–334
fossil fuels, 64–65, 71
global warming, 66–67
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 65–66
introduction to, 64–65
joint decision trap, 64, 69–71
Kyoto Protocol, 67, 70, 72
oil production, 69, 73, 76–77
Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, 75–80
provincial governments and, 71–72
summary of, 80–81
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 69
cap-and-trade system, 2–3, 71–72, 128–129, 314
carbon emissions
Australia, 15–18
Brazil, 43–44
Canada, 64, 72–80
China, 15, 87–88
decarbonization, 179
Ethiopia, 114–115
European Union, 130
impact of, 2
India, 179
Indonesia, 199
South Africa, 242, 247
United States, 15, 306–308, 316
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) (Australia), 25
carbon sequestration, 3, 58, 200
carbon tax
Australia, 24–26
Canada, 73
impact of, 3
Mexico, 222–223, 230–231
South Africa, 242, 247, 257
Switzerland, 292
carryover credits, 18
Central Inspection System for Ecological and Environmental Protection (CISEEP) (China), 94, 102–103
centralised division of powers, 8
Central Party Committee, 92
Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Diseases (CRED) (Ethiopia), 111
China Minmetals Group, 102
China’s climate governance and quasi-federalism
carbon emissions, 15, 87–88
Central Inspection System for Ecological and Environmental Protection, 94, 102–103
climate change in, 86–90
climate mitigation efforts, 95–103, 96–97t, 101t
COVID-19 pandemic, 90
division of powers, 90–92
divisions of power, 90–92, 91t
fiscal incentives, 94
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 88–89, 97–99
introduction to, 86
local environmental agencies, 93–94
Paris Agreement, 89
public participation in climate governance, 95
quasi-federalism in, 7, 86, 90–95, 332
summary of, 103–104
target-responsibility system, 93–94, 104
China’s climate mitigation case study
agenda setting, 97
analytical framework, 95–96, 96t
formulation and adoption, 97–99
implementation of, 99–102, 101t
low-carbon pilot initiative, 96–103, 97t
supervision and evaluation, 102–103
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 90
Chretien, Jean, 70
Clean Air Act Amendments (1990) (US), 312–313, 315, 323, 331
Clean Power Plan (CPP) (US), 315–317, 322–323
Climate and Energy Package (EU) (2020), 128–129
Climate Change Act (Australia), 26
Climate Change Act (Germany), 156
Climate Change Act (UK), 134
Climate Change and Energy Transition Law (Spain), 267, 277–278
climate change mitigation. See also China’s climate mitigation case study
Brazil, 50, 53t
China, 95–103, 96–97t, 101t
defined, 1, 6
European Union, 133–138
forest-based mitigation, 205–213
global efforts, 328–329
Indonesia, 199–201, 205–213
Mexico, 225–232
politics of, 14
Switzerland, 6, 286–288, 292–293, 296–300, 299t
United States, 314–323
Climate Change Mitigation System (South Africa), 247
Climate Change Strategy (South Africa), 248
Climate Protection Act (Germany), 156–164
Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy (Ethiopia), 109–110, 112–124
Clinton, Bill, 309
CO2-Act (2013) (Switzerland), 285
coal energy
Australia, 15–16, 21
brown coal, 15, 26
Canada, 67, 73–74
Germany, 159, 161–162
coastal erosion, 151–154
compensatory federalism, 5, 28–29, 330–331
Conference of Cantonal Energy Directors (EnDK) (Switzerland), 300
Conservation and Development of Urban Trees Law (Mexico), 232
constituent unit action, 5–6
Convention on Biological Diversity (Spain), 266
cooperative federalism, 19–20, 157–158, 181, 244
Copenhagen Accord, 67, 309
Copenhagen Conference of Parties (COP), 179
Council for the Australian Federation, 24
Council of Australian Governments (COAG), 20, 24–26
Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (EU), 139
Covenant Territorial Coordinators (CTCs) (EU), 137
COVID-19 pandemic
Australia, 19–20
Brazil, 43
China, 90
Germany, 158
India, 189
customary forests (hutan adat), 206
decarbonization, 179
decentralization
division of powers, 8
federalism and, 329–330
Indonesia, 201–213
of policies in Brazil, 42, 50–55
Spain, 273
deforestation, 41, 44–45, 198–201
Delivery Unit for Development Monitoring (UKP4), 209
Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF), 243
desertification risk in Spain, 264–265
Disaster Management Act (South Africa), 248
diversity in Swiss federalism, 290–292
division of powers
Australia, 18–19
centralised/decentralised, 8
China, 90–92, 91t
climate change governance, 19–20
in dualist federations, 7–8
Ethiopia, 116–117
European Union, 131–133
Germany, 155
India, 181
Indonesia, 201–202
South Africa, 249–251
Spain, 269, 280, 286–287t, 286
Switzerland, 291
United States, 310–311
Draft Climate Change Bill (South Africa), 256
droughts
Australia, 17
China, 88
Ethiopia, 111, 118
Indonesia, 198–199
Mexico, 220
South Africa, 242
Spain, 265
Switzerland, 288
United States, 308
dryland agroecology, 112
Durban Climate Change Strategy (2014), 248
Ecological Planning Program (Mexico), 233
Ecosystem Restoration Concessionaires (Indonesia), 210
Education Law (Mexico), 232
Effort Sharing (ES) instrument, 128–129
Ekurhuleni Climate Change and Energy Strategy (South Africa), 248
Electricity Act (India) (2003), 180, 187
electricity generation, 15–16, 182, 256, 289–290
Electricity Regulations on New Generation Capacity of the Electricity Regulation Act (South Africa), 249
electric vehicles (EVs), 187
El-Niño events, 199
Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), 29–30, 72, 128–129
Energiewende strategy (Germany), 150, 152, 159
Energy Efficiency Directive (EU), 136
energy imports, 136, 164–165
environmental and social impacts (ESIA) report, 121–122
environmental consciousness, 263
environmental disaster risk management, 46
environmental federalism, 86, 90, 91t, 103, 177
Environmental Fund Management Agency (BPLDH), 209
environmental impact assessments (EIAs), 250
environmental performance in promotions, 94
environmental protection, 43
Environmental Protection Law (Mexico), 232
Environmental Protection Tax Law (China), 94
Environmental Secretaries of Brazilian Capital Cities, 56
Environment Fund Management Agency (BPDLH) (Indonesia), 203
Environment Protection Act (India) (1986), 181
equal status rule of federalism, 90
Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), 115
Ethiopia’s climate governance and federalism
adaptation policy, 109–110, 114, 117, 119–120, 123
carbon emissions, 114–115
climate change and, 110–117
Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy, 109–110, 112–124
division of power, 116–117
ethnic federalism, 116–124
federalism, 9–10, 115–124
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 114–115
impact of, 111–112
introduction to, 109–110
Kyoto Protocol, 114
policy and institutional framework, 112–113
responses to, 113–115
summary of, 124–126
trends and patterns, 110–111
ethnic federalism, 116–124, 244
ethno-federalism, 10, 115–116
EU Covenant of Mayors, 137, 139
European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT), 138–140
European Climate Law (EC), 154
European Commission, 131, 135, 137–138, 154
European Union’s climate governance and federalism
adaptation action, 138–141
carbon emissions, 130
climate change and, 128–133
climate mitigation and, 133–138
competitive cooperation, 135–137
cross-cutting policy, 140–141
division of powers, 131–133
federalism in, 7–9, 329
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 128–130
initiatives and financial assistance, 138–140
institutional architecture of EU, 131
integration process and, 130–133
introduction to, 128
multilevel reinforcing mechanisms, 137–138
opportunity structure of, 133–135
Paris Agreement, 134
quasi-federalism, 130–131
summary of, 141–142
executive federalism, 9, 69
Federal Commission for Protection against Health Risks (Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios or COFEPRIS), 220
Federal Constitution (CESOP 2006) (Mexico), 223
Federal Environmental Agency (Germany), 154
federalism
administrative federalism, 7–8, 130, 178, 181
Australia, 18–20, 28–30
bicameralism, 8–9
Brazil, 42–43
Canada, 9–10, 75–80, 332–334
centralised/decentralised division of powers, 8
climate change governance and, 3–7
collective action and, 335
compensatory federalism, 5, 28–29, 330–331
conflict and cooperation, 9
cooperative federalism, 19–20, 181, 244
decentralization and, 329–330
defined, 1, 5
dividing powers, 7–8
environmental federalism, 86, 90, 91t, 103, 177
Ethiopia, 9–10, 115–124
ethnic federalism, 116–124, 244
ethno-federalism, 10, 115–116
executive federalism, 9, 69
as facilitator of governance, 5–6, 329–332
Germany, 9–10, 154–166, 333
as hinderance to governance, 6–7, 332–335
India, 180–191, 329–331
integrated federalism, 8–9
laboratory federalism, 5, 103, 331–332
local-level policy making, 329–330
Mexico, 222–231
presidential or parliamentary, 9
reflections on, 328–329, 335–336
separation-of-powers system and, 9, 306, 331
societal and economic factors in, 9–10
South Africa, 243–254
Spain, 7, 267–279
Switzerland, 286, 290–301, 331
United States, 307, 310–314, 330–331
Federal Ministry of the Environment (SEMARNAT) (Mexico), 222, 224
Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (Switzerland), 294
feed-in-tariffs (FiTs), 152
fiscal incentives, 86, 94–95, 100
floods
Ethiopia, 111, 118
European Union, 138, 140
Germany, 151–154, 166
India, 180, 188
Indonesia, 198–199
Mexico, 220
South Africa, 242
Spain, 265
Switzerland, 294
United States, 308
food security, 111, 203, 221, 248
forest-based mitigation, 205–213
Forest Management Units (FMUs), 205
Forum of Environmental Secretaries of Brazilian Capital Cities, 56
fossil fuels, 16, 21, 64–65, 71, 150, 152
fragmentation, defined, 14
Fund for Natural Disasters (FONDEN) (Mexico), 220–221
Fund for the Prevention of Natural Disasters (FOPREDEN) (Mexico), 220–221
Gandhi, Indira, 181
general allocation grants, 201
General Law on Climate Change (GLCC) (Mexico), 218, 222–226
geothermal power, 293
Germany’s climate governance and federalism
administrative federalism in, 7–8
Bund-Länder associations, 158
city states and, 165–166
climate change, 151–166
coal energy, 159, 161–162
cooperative federalism in, 157–158
COVID-19 pandemic, 158
discussion on, 166–168
division of powers, 155
Energiewende strategy, 150, 152, 159
energy imports, 164–165
federalism, 9–10, 154–166, 333
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 151–154, 153–154t, 163, 165
integrated federalism in, 8–9, 157–158
introduction to, 150–151
Kommunalrichtlinie initiative, 157
Länder policy, 150–158, 156t, 158–161, 159–160t, 161–162t, 162t, 166–168
nuclear power, 152, 163
resources, 10
solar energy, 163
summary of, 168–169
wind energy, 163–164
Gillard, Julia, 25
glacial melt, 151–154
Global Climate Risk Index (Mexico), 219
Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCMCE) (Brazil), 57
Governors Climate and Forest Task Force (GCFTF) (Indonesia), 207–208, 210–213
Great Recession, 320
Green Climate Cities Program (Brazil), 55
Green Deal (EU), 154
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
attempts to reduce, 6, 328–329
Australia, 14–18
Brazil, 41, 43–44, 46
Canada, 65–66
China, 88–89, 97–99
Ethiopia, 114–115
European Union, 128–130
Germany, 151–154, 153–154t, 163, 165
governance and, 1–2
India, 179
Indonesia, 198–199, 205
Mexico, 218–219, 224, 228–229
South Africa, 242
Spain, 265–266, 266t
United States, 307–308, 315
Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (2018) (Canada), 77, 333
Green Party (EU), 152, 159, 161
Harper, Stephen, 70
hydrocarbons, 10, 21–22
hydrometeorological monitoring, 221
hyper-partisanship, 311
independent power producers (IPPs), 249
Indian Administrative Service (IAS), 188
India’s climate governance and federalism
carbon emissions, 179
central frameworks, 8, 185–188
climate change and, 178–180
co-benefits experiments, 188–190
COVID-19 pandemic, 189
division of powers, 181
Electricity Act, 180, 187
environmental federalism, 177
federalism and, 180–191, 329–331
Finance Commissions, 184
finance flows and, 184–186
financial experiments, 185–186
introduction to, 177–178
Paris Agreement, 179–180
policy innovations, 190–191
political translation, 188–191
solar energy, 190
state climate policies, 186–187
state-level bureaucratic capacity, 187–188
summary of, 191–192
wind energy, 190
Indonesia’s climate governance and federalism
carbon emissions, 199
climate change and, 198–201
climate change mitigation and, 199–201, 205–213
decentralization processes, 201–213
district level, 204
division of powers, 201–202
federalism in, 7, 333
Governors Climate and Forest Task Force, 207–208, 210–213
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 198–199, 205
introduction to, 198
jurisdictional approaches, 207–213
land use decisions, 198–201, 205–206
Low Emission Development, 208, 210, 213
national level, 209–210, 212–213
provincial level, 204, 211–213
recentralization processes, 201–202
REDD+ Investment Program, 200, 204, 207–213
summary of, 213–214
Integrated Coastal Management Act (South Africa), 247
Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) (South Africa), 251–252
Integrated Development Regions (RIDEs) (Brazil), 54
Integrated Energy Plan (South Africa), 247
integrated federalism, 8–9, 157–158
Integrated Resources Plan (IRP), 247
Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF), 250–251
INTERACT-Bio Project, 54
Inter-Administrative Cooperation on Climate Change and Energy (Spain), 271
Intercultural Biocultural Board of Inter-Municipal Decentralised Public Organisations of Puuc (JIBIOPUUC) (Mexico), 234–235
Intergovernmental Committee on Climate Change (IGCCC), 253
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2, 180
Intergovernmental Relations Framework Act (South Africa), 252–253
intergovernmental relations (IGR), 9
Interministerial Commission on Climate Change (Mexico), 226–227, 232–233
Interministerial Commission on Global Climate Change (Brazil), 50
Interministerial Committee on Climate Change (Brazil), 50
Interministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) (South Africa), 253
International Energy Agency (IEA), 87
Irish Red Cross Society, 111
joint decision trap, 64, 69–71
Kigali Amendments (US), 309
Kommunalrichtlinie initiative (Germany), 157
KwaZulu-Natal (Inkatha Freedom Party), 244
Kyoto Protocol
Australia, 17
Brazil, 44
Canada, 67, 70, 72
Ethiopia, 114
United States, 75, 309
laboratory federalism, 5, 103, 331–332
land for other uses, 206
Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation (EU), 128–129
land use decisions in Indonesia, 198–201, 205–206
Law of the Sea Convention (US), 309
Leaders’ Climate Summit (Brazil), 56
Leyen, Ursula von der, 128
local environmental agencies, 93–94
Long Term Forestry Management Plan (Indonesia), 205
Low Emission Development (LED) (Indonesia), 208, 210, 213
Management by Objectives (China), 94
mandatory renewable energy target (MRET), 23, 29
Martin, Paul, 70, 72
Massachusetts v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007), 313, 324
Mayors Adapt (EC), 139
Mexico City Climate Commission, 228
Mexico’s climate governance and federalism
adaptation policy, 218, 221–222, 225–231, 234
background and context of, 219–222
carbon tax, 222–223, 230–231
climate change and, 219–222
climate mitigation and, 225–232
federalism and, 222–231
General Law on Climate Change, 218, 222–226, 235–236
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 218–219, 224, 228–229
institutional arrangements, 226–227
introduction to, 218–219
legal framework, 225–226
National Strategy for Climate Change, 219, 226
Paris Agreement, 221
planning instruments, 226
state climate policy, 227–231
summary of, 235–236
Yucatan case, 232–235
Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) (China), 92
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) (Indonesia), 202–203, 205–206, 209
Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) (Indonesia), 203–204
Ministry of the Environment of Czech Republic, 140
Montreal Aviation Protocols, 309
Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances, 309
Morrison, Scott, 21
multi-level governance structure, 41, 93, 130, 136, 192, 198, 212
National Action Plan Addressing Climate Change (RAN-PI) (Indonesia), 199
National Action Plan for the Reduction of GHG Emissions (RAN-GRK) (Indonesia), 200
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) (India), 179, 186
National Act on Climate Change Policies (PNMC) (Brazil), 44
National Adaptation Plan (Brazil), 45
National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) Ethiopia (NAP-ETH), 114
National Adaptation Plan (PNA) (Brazil), 53
National Association of Municipal Environmental Entities (ANAMMA) (Brazil), 56
National Centre for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED) (Mexico), 220
National Civil Defence and Protection Policy (Brazil), 55
National Civil Defence and Protection System (Brazil), 55
National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 2020 (NCCAS) (South Africa), 243
National Climate Change Fund (Brazil), 50
National Climate Change System (SINACC) (Mexico), 222
National Climate Process (Canada), 70
National Confederation of Municipalities (CNM) (Brazil), 57
National Council on Climate Change (DNPI) (Indonesia), 209
National Determined Contribution (NDC) (Indonesia), 200
National Determined Contribution (NDC) (Mexico), 221–222
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (China), 92, 97–98
National Development Plan (NDP) (South Africa), 242
national electricity market (NEM), 19
National Emissions Trading Scheme (Australia), 24
National Emissions Trading Taskforce (Australia), 24
National Energy Guarantee (Australia), 26
National Front of Mayors (FNP) (Brazil), 57
National Greenhouse Gases and Compounds Emissions Inventory (INEGyCEI) (Mexico), 219
National Green Transport Strategy (South Africa), 247
National Institute for Ecology and Climate Change (INECC) (Mexico), 224, 226–228, 231
National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (ENCP) (Spain), 267
Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 2, 124, 309
National Plan for Adaptation (NPACC) (Spain), 264, 267, 273–274
National Policy on Climate Change (Brazil), 54
national spatial development framework (NSDF), 249
National Steering Committee on Climate Change (NSCCC) (India), 182, 185–187, 189
National Strategy for Climate Change (Mexico), 219, 226
National System for Climate Change (SINACC) (Mexico), 226–227, 231
Nature Conservancy (Indonesia), 208
ND-GAIN Index (Brazil), 41
net-zero emissions, 16, 21
New South Wales Labor (NSW), 24
Notley, Rachel, 74
nuclear power, 152, 163, 293
Obama, Barack, 307, 309–310, 313–316, 318, 323
oil production, 69, 73, 76–77
Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change (PCF), 75–80
Paris Agreement (2015)
Australia and, 17, 28
Brazil and, 44–45
China and, 89
European Union and, 134
India and, 179–180
introduction to, 2–4
Mexico, 221
South Africa and, 242
Spain and, 266
United States and, 307, 309–310, 313–315
parliamentary federalism, 9
pastoral communities, 112
Plan for Deforestation Prevention and Control in Amazonia (Brazil), 45
Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation and Burning Practices in the Cerrado Region (Brazil), 45
presidential federalism, 9
private climate finance, 200
ProAdapta Project (Brazil), 55
Protocol to the Barcelona Convention on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Spain), 266
Provincial Council on Climate Change (Indonesia), 208
Provincial Low Carbon Development Plans (Indonesia), 200
provincial spatial development frameworks (PSDFs), 249
public participation in climate governance, 95
public transportation policy, 54
rain-fed mixed crop production, 109
rainforests, 199
recentralization processes, 201–202
Reconecta Program at Campinas Metropolitan Region (Brazil), 54
REDD+(Reducing Emissions from Deforestation & forest Degradation) Investment Program
Brazil, 113
Indonesia, 200, 204, 207–213
Mexico, 234
Regional Adaptation Strategy for the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), 234
Regional Climate Change Commission (Mexico), 233–234
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) (US), 314, 322
Renewable Energy Directive (EU), 136
Renewable Energy Heat Act (EU), 156
renewable energy target (RET), 25
renewable energy zones, 16
Rudd, Kevin, 21, 25
Sarkaria Commission Report (India), 180
sea-level rise, 17
self-rule in Ethiopia, 123–124
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (EU), 266
separation-of-powers system, 9, 306, 331
social-ecological resilience, 125
societal factors in federalism, 9–10
solar energy
Australia, 16
Germany, 163
India, 190
Switzerland, 293
South African Local Government Association (SALGA), 252–253
South Africa’s climate governance and federalism
adaptation policy, 243, 246–255, 257
administrative federalism in, 8
carbon emissions, 242, 247
carbon tax, 242, 247, 257
as centralised, 8
climate change and, 242–243, 246–257
distribution of power, 244–246
division of power, 249–251
federalism and, 243–254
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 242
historical context, 243–244
institutional actors, 251–252
integrated development planning, 252–254
intergovernmental coordination and planning, 252–254
introduction to, 241
law and policy framework, 246–252
local level, 255–257
municipal level, 248–249
national level, 247–248
Paris Agreement, 242
provincial level, 248–249, 254–255
quasi-federalism and, 246
summary of, 257–258
Spain’s climate governance and federalism
adaptation policy, 264, 267, 273–274
Autonomous Communities in, 263–264, 268–279, 275–276t, 279t
central government and, 273
challenges to, 264–265
climate change and, 264–279
Climate Change and Energy Transition Law, 267, 277–278
decentralization, 273
division of powers, 269, 280, 286–287t, 286
federalism and, 7, 267–279
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 265–266, 266t
institutional framework, 269–272
international commitment, 266–267
introduction to, 263–264
law and policy objectives, 267
local level, 278–279, 279t
National Plan for Adaptation, 264, 267, 273–274
Paris Agreement, 266
summary of, 280
tax revenues, 272
Spanish Constitution (1978), 268–269
spatial development frameworks (SDFs), 252–254
Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA) (South Africa), 249
Special Action Program on Climate Change (Mexico), 232
Special Climate Change Program (Mexico), 220
Specified Gas Emitters Regulation (SGER) (Canada), 73–74
State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs) (India), 179, 182, 186–188, 191
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) (US), 315
subsidiarity principle, 4, 213, 251, 290–292
Supreme Court of Canada, 78
Sustainable Forest Development Law (Mexico), 232
Sustainable Rural Development Law (Mexico), 232
Switzerland’s climate governance and federalism
adaption measures, 293–301, 295–296t, 297t, 299t
carbon tax, 292
climate change and, 286, 286–287t, 288–290, 289t
climate mitigation and, 6, 286–288, 292–293, 296–300, 299t
core principles, 290–292
as decentralised, 8
direct democracy system, 8–9
division of powers, 291
federalism and, 286, 290–301, 331
intercantonal coordination, 301–302
introduction to, 285–288, 286–287t
municipal level, 295–301, 299t
qualitative comparative assessment, 295
resources, 10
target-responsibility system, 93–94, 104
tar sands, 67, 71, 335
tiao-kuai governance structure, 90–92
top-down policy process, 92
Trans Mountain Expansion Project (Canada), 76–77
transnational municipal networks (TMNs), 55–56
Treaty of Lisbon, 131
Treaty on European Union (TEU), 131
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), 131–133
Trump, Donald, 307, 313–314, 318
UN Agenda for Sustainable Development, 266
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Conferences of the Parties (UNFCCC COP), 285, 292
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Brazil, 44
Canada, 67
Ethiopia, 113–114, 124
India, 185
Mexico, 221
South Africa, 251
Spain, 266
unilateralism, 65, 77–78, 81
United Conservative Party (Canada), 77
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Conference, 113
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 266
United States climate governance and federalism
adaptation policy, 307–308, 314–316, 324
carbon emissions, 15, 306–308, 316
Clean Air Act Amendments, 312–313, 315, 323, 331
Clean Power Plan, 315–317, 322–323
climate change and, 307–314
climate change mitigation, 314–323
compensatory or pre-emptive action, 319
conflict and cooperation, 321–323
constitutional climate authority, 312, 317–318
contentiousness, 311–312
convergence and divergence, 320–321
division of responsibilities, 310–311
federalism and, 307, 310–314, 330–331
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 307–308, 315
introduction to, 306–307
Kyoto Protocol, 75, 309
local level, 319–320
Paris Agreement, 307, 309–310, 313–315
policy development and implementation, 312–313, 316–317
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, 314, 322
separation-of-powers system, 9, 306
state administrative capacity, 318
state level, 313–323
state paradiplomacy engagement, 318–319
summary of, 323–325
U.S. Constitution, 308, 310–311
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 313, 315, 318
venue shopping, 5
vertical coordination, 6, 14, 332, 334
Victoria’s Renewable Energy Act (2006), 24
water management policy, 54, 190
Western Climate Initiative (WCI) (Canada), 73
wind energy
Australia, 16
Germany, 163–164
India, 190
Switzerland, 293
World Bank, 111
World Banks’ Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, 208
Yucatan Peninsula Climate Change Fund (Mexico), 234
zero-emission electricity, 16

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  • Index
  • Edited by Alan Fenna, Curtin University, Perth, Sébastien Jodoin, McGill University, Montréal, Joana Setzer, London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Book: Climate Governance and Federalism
  • Online publication: 11 May 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009249676.018
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  • Index
  • Edited by Alan Fenna, Curtin University, Perth, Sébastien Jodoin, McGill University, Montréal, Joana Setzer, London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Book: Climate Governance and Federalism
  • Online publication: 11 May 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009249676.018
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  • Index
  • Edited by Alan Fenna, Curtin University, Perth, Sébastien Jodoin, McGill University, Montréal, Joana Setzer, London School of Economics and Political Science
  • Book: Climate Governance and Federalism
  • Online publication: 11 May 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009249676.018
Available formats
×