Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-14T00:15:14.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Introduction/Description of the Problem

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2021

Katherine Warburton
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Stephen M. Stahl
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Dvoskin, JA, Knoll, JL, Silva, M. A brief history of the criminalization of mental illness. CNS Spectr. 2020; Mar 20: 113.Google Scholar
Scull, A. Madness in Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd; 2015.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. A History of Psychiatry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1997.Google Scholar
Doughty, B, Warburton, K, Stahl, SM. A social history of psychotic illness. CNS Spectr. 2020; May 12: 1–9.Google Scholar
Penrose, IS. Mental disease and crime: outline of a comparative study of European statistics. Med Psych. XVIII: 115.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF, Kennard, AD, Eslinger, D, Lamb, R, Pavle, J. More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: a survey of the states. Treatment Advocacy Center and National Sheriff’s Association; 2010. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE. Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: a review. Psychiatr Serv. 1998; 49(4): 483492.Google Scholar
Sisti, DA, Segal, AG, Emanuel, EJ. Improving long-term psychiatric care: bring back the asylum. J Am Med Assoc. 2015; 313(3): 243244.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Seewald, K. Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2012; 200: 364373.Google Scholar
Parks, J, Svendsen, D, Singer, P, Foti, ME. Morbidity and mortality in people with serious mental illness. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; October 2006. www.nasmhpd.org (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Druss, BG, Zhao, L, Von Esenwein, S, et al. Understanding excess mortality in persons with mental illness: 17-year follow up of a nationally representative US survey. Med Care. 2011; 49(6): 599604.Google Scholar
Colton, CW, Manderscheid, RW. Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states. Prev Chronic Dis. 2006; 3(2): 114.Google Scholar
Delgado, D, Breth, A, Warburton, K, Stahl, SM. Economics of decriminalizing mental illness: when doing the right thing costs less. CNS Spectr. 2020; Jan 8: 15.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF. American Psychosis: How the Federal Government Destroyed the Mental Illness Treatment System. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.Google Scholar
Jaffe, DJ. Insane Consequences. Amhurst, NY: Prometheus Books; 2017.Google Scholar
Powers, R. No One Cares About Crazy People. New York: Hachette Books; 2018.Google Scholar
Wik, A, Hollen, V, Fisher, W. Forensic patients in state psychiatric hospitals: 1999–2016. CNS Spectr, 2020; 25(2): 196206.Google Scholar

References

Kaeble, D, Cowhig, M. Correctional populations in the United States, 2016. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2018. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus16.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Torrey, EF, Kennard, AD, Eslinger, D, Lamb, R, Pavle, J. More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: a survey of the states. Treatment Advocacy Center; 2010. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE. Decarceration of our jails and prisons: where will persons with serious mental illness go? J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2014; 42(4): 489494.Google Scholar
Olley, MC, Nichols, TL, Brink, J. Mentally ill individuals in limbo: obstacles and opportunities for providing psychiatric services to corrections inmates with mental illness. Behav Sci Law. 2009; 27(5): 811831.Google Scholar
Blevens, KR, Soderstrom, IR. The mental health crisis grows on: a descriptive analysis of DOC systems in America. J Offender Rehabil. 2015; 54(2): 142160.Google Scholar
Adams, K. Ferrandino, J. Managing mentally ill inmates in prisons. Crim Justice Behav. 2008; 35(8): 913927.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF, Fuller, DA, Geller, J, Jacobs, C, Ragosta, K. No room at the inn: trends and consequences of closing public psychiatric hospitals 2005–2010. Treatment Advocacy Center; 2012. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/no_room_at_the_inn-2012.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Harcourt, BE. Mass incarceration: causes, consequences, and exit strategies. Reducing mass incarceration: lessons from the deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals in the 1960s. Ohio St J Crim L. 2011; 9: 5388.Google Scholar
Folsom, DP, Hawthorne, W, Lindamer, L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for homelessness and utilization of mental health services among 10,340 patients with serious mental illness in a large public mental health system. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(2): 370376.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Bachrach, LL. Some perspectives on deinstitutionalization. Psychiatr Serv. 2001; 52(8): 10391045.Google Scholar
Anthony, WA, Cohen, M, Farkas, M, Cohen, B. Clinical care update: the chronically mentally ill – case management – more than a response to a dysfunctional system. Community Ment Health J. 2000; 36(1): 97106.Google Scholar
Lehrer, DS, Lorenz, J. Anosognosia in schizophrenia: hidden in plain sight. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014; 11(5–6): 1017.Google Scholar
Andrews, DA, Bonta, J, Wormith, SJ. The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime Delinq. 2006; 52(1): 727.Google Scholar
Lamberti, JS. Understanding and predicting criminal recidivism among adults with psychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58(6): 773781.Google Scholar
Rowaert, S, Vandevelde, S, Lemmens, G, et al. The role and experiences of family members during the rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders. Int J Rehabil Res. 2016; 39: 1119.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE, DeCuir, WJ. The police and mental health. Psychiatr Serv. 2002; 53(10): 12661271.Google Scholar
Patch, PC, Arrigo, BA. Police officer attitudes and use of discretion in situations involving the mentally ill: the need to narrow the focus. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1999; 22(1): 2335.Google Scholar
Lurigio, AJ, Smith, A, Harris, A. The challenge of responding to people with mental illness: police officer training and special programmes. Police J. 2008; 81(4): 295322.Google Scholar
Compton, MT, Bahora, M, Watson, AC, Oliva, JR. A comprehensive review of extant research on crisis intervention team (CIT) programs. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2008; 36(1): 4755.Google Scholar
Ritter, C, Teller, JLS, Marcussen, K, Munetz, MR, Teasdale, B. Crisis intervention team officer dispatch, assessment, and disposition: interactions with individuals with severe mental illness. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2011; 34(1): 3038.Google Scholar
Redlich, AD. The past, present, and future of mental health courts. In: Wiener, RL, Brank, EM, eds. Problem Solving Courts: Social Science and Legal Perspectives. New York: Springer; 2013: 147163.Google Scholar
Wexler, DB, Winnick, BJ. Therapeutic jurisprudence as a new approach to mental health law policy analysis and research. Univ Miami Law Rev. 1991; 45(5): 9791004.Google Scholar
Peters, HP, Wexler, KW, Lurigio, AJ. Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders in the criminal justice system: a new frontier of clinical practice and research. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2015; 38(1): 16.Google Scholar
Swartz, MS, Wilder, CM, Swanson, JW, et al. Assessing outcomes for consumers in New York’s assisted outpatient treatment program. Psychiatr Serv. 2010; 61(10): 976981.Google Scholar
Lamberti, SJ, Deem, A, Weisman, RL, LaDuke, C. The role of probation in forensic assertive community treatment. Psychiatr Serv. 2011; 62(4): 418421.Google Scholar
Slate, RN, Buffington-Vollum, JK, Johnson, WW. Criminalization of Mental Illness, 2nd edn. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press; 2013.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Bernstein, R, Seltzer, T Criminalization for people with mental illnesses: the role of mental health courts in system reform. UDC L Rev. 2003; 7(1): 143162.Google Scholar
Chaimowitz, G The criminalization of people with mental illness. Can J Psychiatry. 2012; 57(2).Google Scholar
Draine, J, Salzer, MS, Culhane, DP, Hadley, TR Role of social disadvantage in crime, joblessness, and homelessness among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2002; 53(5): 565573.Google Scholar
Engel, RS, Silver, E Policing mentally disordered suspects: a reexamination of the criminalization hypothesis. Criminology. 2001; 39(2): 225252.Google Scholar
Fisher, WH, Silver, E, Wolff, N Beyond criminalization: toward a criminologically informed framework for mental health policy and services research. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2006; 33(5): 544557.Google Scholar
Junginger, J, Claypoole, K, Laygo, R, Crisanti, A Effects of serious mental illness and substance abuse on criminal offenses. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 57(6): 879882.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE Persons with severe mental illness in jails and prisons: a review. Psychiatr Serv. 1998; 49(4): 483492.Google Scholar
Powell, TA, Holt, JC, Fondacaro, KM The prevalence of mental illness among inmates in a rural state. Law Hum Behav. 1997; 21(4): 427438.Google Scholar
Ringhoff, D, Rapp, L, Robst, J The criminalization hypothesis: practice and policy implications for persons with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system. Best Pract Ment Health. 2012; 8(2): 119.Google Scholar
Skeem, JL, Manchak, S, Peterson, JK Correctional policy for offenders with mental illness: creating a new paradigm for recidivism reduction. Law Hum Behav. 2011; 35(2): 110126.Google Scholar

References

Høyersten, JG. [Possessed! Some historical, psychiatric and current moments of demonic possession]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1996; 116(30): 36023606.Google Scholar
Kramer, H, Sprenger, J. The Malleus Maleficarum. Translated by M. Summers. New York: Dover Publications; 1971.Google Scholar
Teague, S, Robinson, P. The History of Unreason: Social Construction of Mental Illness. In: Martin, JM, ed. Mental Health Policy, Practice, and Service Accessibility in Contemporary Society. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2019: 119.Google Scholar
Billig, M, Condor, S, Edwards, D, et al. Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking. London: Sage; 1988.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, PS. Law & Psychiatry: “One madman keeping loaded guns”: misconceptions of mental illness and their legal consequences. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55(10): 11051106.Google Scholar
Knoll, J. The recurrence of an illusion: the concept of “evil” in forensic psychiatry. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2008; 36(1): 105116.Google Scholar
Chiu, SN. Historical, religious, and medical perspectives of possession phenomenon. Hong Kong J Psychiatry. 2000; 10( 1).Google Scholar
D’Antonio, P. History of Psychiatric Hospitals. Nursing, History, and Health Care. Penn Nursing. www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/nurses-institutions-caring/history-of-psychiatric-hospitals/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Luchins, AS. The rise and decline of the American asylum movement in the 19th century. J Psychol. 1988; 122(5): 471486.Google Scholar
Kiesler, CA, Sibulkin, AE. Mental Hospitalization: Myths and Facts about a National Crisis. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 1987.Google Scholar
Diseases of the Mind: Highlights of American Psychiatry through 1900 – Early Psychiatric Hospitals and Asylums. U.S. National Library of Medicine. www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/diseases/early.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Grob, GN. Mental Institutions in America: Social Policy to 1875. London: Routledge; 2017.Google Scholar
Confronting California’s Continuing Prison Crisis: The Prevalence And Severity Of Mental Illness Among California Prisoners On The Rise. Stanford Justice Advocacy Project; 2017. https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Stanford-Report-FINAL.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Bronson, J, Berzofsky, M. Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2011–12; 2017. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/imhprpji1112.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Stefan, S. The protection racket: rape trauma syndrome, psychiatric labeling, and law. NW Univ Law Rev. 1994; 88(4).Google Scholar
Ladd-Taylor, M. “Ravished by Some Moron”: the eugenic origins of the Minnesota Psychopathic Personality Act of 1939. J Policy Hist. 2019; 31(2): 192216.Google Scholar
Goode, D. A History and Sociology of the Willowbrook State School. Washington, DC: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities; 2013.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, M. The right to treatment. Am Bar Assoc J. 1960; 46(5): 499505.Google Scholar
Right to Treatment: Wyatt v. Stickney – Case Summary. Mental Illness Policy Org. https://mentalillnesspolicy.org/legal/wyatt-stickney-right-treatment.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Birnbaum, R. Remembering the “right to treatment”. Am J Psychiatry, 2012; 169(4): 358359.Google Scholar
Szasz, TS. The myth of mental illness. Am Psychol. 1960; 15(2): 113118.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Doubleday Anchor; 1961.Google Scholar
Civil Rights Act of 1964. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/50th/thelaw/civil_rights_act.cfm (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Bloom, JD, Britton, J, Berry, W. The Oregon Court of Appeals and the State Civil Commitment Statute. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2017; 45(1): 5261.Google Scholar
Goldman, HH, Adams, NH, Taube, CA. Deinstitutionalization: the data demythologized. Psychiatr Serv. 1983; 34(2): 129134.Google Scholar
Schmidt v. Lessard, 414 U.S. 473. 1973.Google Scholar
Developments in the Law: Civil Commitment of the Mentally Ill. Harv L Rev. 1974; 87(6): 11901406.Google Scholar
Wyatt v. Stickney 325 F. Supp. 781(M.D.Ala.1971), 334 F. Supp. 1341 (M.D. Ala 1971), 344 F. Supp. 373 (M.D. Ala. 1972), sub nom Wyatt v. Aderholt, 503 F. 2d 1305 (5th Cir. 1974).Google Scholar
Perez, A, Leifman, S, Estrada, A. Reversing the criminalization of mental illness. Crime Delinq. 2003; 49(1): 6278.Google Scholar
Unfortunately, in 1981 the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act consolidated federal funding, and shifted treatment costs back to states. As a result, the funding of community-based mental health services was significantly curtailed.Google Scholar
Goldman, HH, Adams, NH, Taube, CA. Deinstitutionalization: the data demythologized. Psychiatr Serv. 1983; 34(2): 129134.Google Scholar
Teich, J. Better data for better mental health services. Issues Sci Technol. 2016; XXXII(2).Google Scholar
Mundt, AP, Konrad, N. Institutionalization, Deinstitutionalization, and the Penrose Hypothesis. Adv Psychiatry. 2018; 187196.Google Scholar
Teplin, LA. Criminalizing mental disorder: the comparative arrest rate of the mentally ill. Am Psychol. 1984; 39(7): 794803.Google Scholar
Prins, SJ. Does transinstitutionalization explain the overrepresentation of people with serious mental illnesses in the criminal justice system? Community Ment Health J. 2011; 47(6): 716722.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR. Does deinstitutionalization cause criminalization? JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(2): 105.Google Scholar
Kalapos, MP. Penrose’s Law: methodological challenges and call for data. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2016; 49: 19.Google Scholar
Schildbach, S, Schildbach, C. Criminalization through transinstitutionalization: a critical review of the penrose hypothesis in the context of compensation imprisonment. Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 534.Google Scholar
O’Neill, CJ, Kelly, BD, Kennedy, HG. A 25-year dynamic ecological analysis of psychiatric hospital admissions and prison committals: Penrose’s Hypothesis updated. Ir J Psychol Med. 2018; 14.Google Scholar
O’Neill, CJ, Kelly, BD, Kennedy, HG. A 25-year dynamic ecological analysis of psychiatric hospital admissions and prison committals: Penrose’s Hypothesis updated. Ir J Psychol Med. 2018; 14.Google Scholar
Robuy, B, Kopf, D. Detaining the poor: how money bail perpetuates an endless cycle of poverty and jail time. 2016. www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/incomejails.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Drake, RE, Latimer, E. Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in North America. World Psychiatry. 2012; 11(1): 4751.Google Scholar
Feldman, S. Community mental health centers: a decade later. Int J Ment Health. 1974; 3(2–3): 1934.Google Scholar
Fisher, WH, Roy-Bujnowski, KM, Grudzinskas, AJ, et al. Patterns and prevalence of arrest in a statewide cohort of mental health care consumers. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 57(11): 16231628.Google Scholar
Smith, KB. The politics of punishment: evaluating political explanations of incarceration rates. J Politics. 2004; 66(3): 925938.Google Scholar
Anderson, DC, Enberg, C. Crime and the politics of hysteria: how the Willie Horton story changed American justice. J Contemp Crim Justice. 1995; 11(4): 298300.Google Scholar
National Research Council. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2014.Google Scholar
Cullen, James. The History of Mass Incarceration. Brennan Center for Justice; 2018. www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/history-mass-incarceration (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Silver, E, Mulvey, EP, Swanson, JW. Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisited. Soc Sci Med. 2002; 55(8): 14571470.Google Scholar
Silver, E. Extending social disorganization theory: a multilevel approach to the study of violence among persons with mental illnesses. Criminology. 2000; 38(4): 10431074.Google Scholar
Silver, E. Race, neighborhood disadvantage, and violence among persons with mental disorders: the importance of contextual measurement. Law Hum Behav. 2000; 24(4): 449456.Google Scholar
Silver, E, Piquero, AR, Jennings, WG, Piquero, NL, Leiber, M. Assessing the violent offending and violent victimization overlap among discharged psychiatric patients. Law Hum Behav. 2011; 35(1): 4959.Google Scholar
Harvard Health Publishing. Mental illness and violence. Harvard Medical School; 2011. www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/mental-illness-and-violence (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Monahan, J, Steadman, HJ. Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assesment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1994.Google Scholar
Steadman, HJ, Mulvey, EP, Monahan, J, et al. Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998; 55(5): 393401.Google Scholar
Peterson, J, Skeem, JL, Hart, E, Vidal, S, Keith, F. Analyzing offense patterns as a function of mental illness to test the criminalization hypothesis. Psychiatr Servx. 2010; 61(12): 1217–1222.Google Scholar
Draine, J. Where is the ‘illness’ in the criminalization of mental illness? In: Research in Community and Mental Health. Community-Based Interventions for Criminal Offenders with Severe Mental Illness. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2002: 12: 921.Google Scholar
Teplin, LA. Criminalizing mental disorder: the comparative arrest rate of the mentally ill. Am Psychol. 1984; 39(7): 794803.Google Scholar
Silver, E. Race, neighborhood disadvantage, and violence among persons with mental disorders: the importance of contextual measurement. Law Hum Behav. 2000; 24(4): 449456.Google Scholar
Andrews, DA. The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model of correctional assessment and treatment. In Dvoskin, JA, Skeem, JL, Novaco, RW, Douglas, K, eds. Using Social Science to Reduce Violent Offending. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011: 127156.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, PS. Public safety, mental disorders, and guns. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70(6): 565.Google Scholar
Angermeyer, MC. Schizophrenia and violence. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000; 102(s407): 6367.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Gulati, G, Linsell, L, Geddes, JR, Grann, M. Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(8): e1000120.Google Scholar
Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT). A Service Delivery Model for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness Involved With the Criminal Justice System. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://store.samhsa.gov/system/files/508_compliant_factactionbrief_0.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Empey, LT, Lipton, D, Martinson, R, Wilks, J. The effectiveness of correctional treatment: a survey of treatment evaluation studies. Contemp Sociol. 1976; 5(5): 582.Google Scholar
Miller, JG. The debate on rehabilitating criminals: is it true that nothing works? Washington Post; 1989. www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/rehab.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Macnamara, DE. The medical model in corrections: requiescat in pace. Criminology. 1977; 14(4): 439448.Google Scholar
Robins, LN, Regier, DA. Psychiatric disorders in America The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Psychiatr Serv. 1991; 43(3): 289.Google Scholar
Kupers, TA. Prison Madness: the Mental Health Crisis behind Bars and What We Must Do about It. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1999.Google Scholar
Metzner, J. Class action litigation in correctional psychiatry. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002; 30: 1929.Google Scholar
Carr, WA, Rotter, M, Steinbacher, M, et al. Structured Assessment of Correctional Adaptation (SACA). Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2006; 50(5): 570581.Google Scholar
Toch, H, Adams, K. Pathology and disruptiveness among prison inmates. J Res Crime Delinq. 1986; 23(1): 721.Google Scholar
Lovell, D, Cloyes, K, Allen, D, Rhodes, L. Who lives in super maximum custody? A Washington State study. Fed Probat. 2000; 64: 3343.Google Scholar
Roberts, JW. Reform and Retribution: an Illustrated History of American Prisons. Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association; 1997.Google Scholar
Stinchcomb, JB. Corrections: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Routledge; 2011.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2017.Google Scholar
Loewy, AH. Criminal Law in a Nutshell, 2nd Edn. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co; 1987.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.Google Scholar
Stinchcomb, JB. Corrections: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Routledge; 2005.Google Scholar
Weedon, J. The role of jails is growing in the community. Corrections Today. April 2003.Google Scholar
Coleman v. Brown, 938 F. Supp.2d 955, 974, n.35 (E.D.Cal). 2013.Google Scholar
Harrison, PM, Beck, AJ. Prisoners in 2005. U.S. Department of Justice; 2006. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p05.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Beck, A. Testimony on Prison Demographics. Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons. Newark, NJ. July 19, 2005.Google Scholar
Huey, MP, McNulty, TL. Institutional conditions and prison suicide: conditional effects of deprivation and overcrowding. Prison J. 2005; 85(4): 490514.Google Scholar
Brown v. Plata 131 S. Ct. 1910 (2011).Google Scholar
Farmer v. Brennan (92–7247), 511 US 825 (1994) www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/92–7247.ZS.htmlGoogle Scholar
Petersilia, J, Cullen, FT. Liberal but Not Stupid: Meeting the Promise of Downsizing Prisons. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2014.Google Scholar
Dvoskin, JA, Skeem, JL, Novaco, RW, Douglas, KS. What if psychology redesigned the criminal justice system? In: Using Social Science to Reduce Violent Offending. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011: 291302.Google Scholar
Slate, RN, Buffington-Vollum, JK, Johnson, WW. The Criminalization of Mental Illness: Crisis and Opportunity for the Justice System. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press; 2013.Google Scholar
Knoll, J. Individual psychotherapy. In: Trestman, RL, Appelbaum, KL, Metzner, JL, eds. Oxford Textbook of Correctional Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015: 223–228.Google Scholar
Beckett, K Ph.D. Seattle’s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion Program: Lessons Learned from the First Two Years; 2014. www.fordfoundation.org/media/2543/2014-lead-process-evaluation.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Varano, SP, Kelley, P, Makhlouta, N. The city of Brockton’s “champion plan”: the role of police departments in facilitating access to treatment. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2019; 63(15–16): 26302653.Google Scholar
Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Programs. National Alliance on Mental Illness. www.nami.org/get-involved/law-enforcement-and-mental-health (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Teller, JLS, Munetz, MR, Gil, KM, Ritter, C. Crisis intervention team training for police officers responding to mental disturbance calls. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 57(2): 232237.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE. Understanding and treating offenders with serious mental illness in public sector mental health. Behav Sci Law. 2017; 35(4): 303318.Google Scholar
Baillargeon, J, Hoge, SK, Penn, JV. Addressing the challenge of community reentry among released inmates with serious mental illness. Am J Community Psychol. 2010; 46(3–4): 361375.Google Scholar
Lurigio, AJ. Effective services for parolees with mental illnesses. Crime Delinq. 2001; 47(3): 446461.Google Scholar
Dlugacz, HA. Reentry Planning for Offenders with Mental Disorders: Policy and Practice. Kingston: Civic Research Institute; 2015.Google Scholar
Perez, A, Leifman, S, Estrada, A. Reversing the criminalization of mental illness. Crime Delinq. 2003; 49(1): 6278.Google Scholar
Wilson, AB, Farkas, K, Bonfine, N, Duda-Banwar, J. Interventions that target criminogenic needs for justice-involved persons with serious mental illnesses: a targeted service delivery approach. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2017; 62(7): 18381853. This research describes the development of a targeted service delivery approach that tailors the delivery of interventions that target criminogenic needs to the specific learning and treatment needs of justice-involved people with serious mental illnesses (SMI).Google Scholar

References

Grob, GN. Mental Institutions in America. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 1973.Google Scholar
Porter, R. Madness: A Brief History. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002.Google Scholar
Scull, A. Madness in Civilization: A Cultural History of Insanity from the Bible to Freud from the Madhouse to Modern Medicine. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press; 2015.Google Scholar
Shorter, E, Healy, D. A history of psychiatry: from the era of the asylum to the age of prozac. J Psychopharmacol. 1997; 11(3): 287.Google Scholar
Tseng, W-S. The development of psychiatric concepts in traditional Chinese medicine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973; 29(4): 569575.Google Scholar
Porter, R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (The Norton History of Science). New York: WW Norton & Company; 1999.Google Scholar
Risse, GB. Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.Google Scholar
Miller, AC. Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres. J R Soc Med. 2006; 99(12): 615617.Google Scholar
Youssef, HA, Youssef, FA, Dening, TR. Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. Hist Psychiatry. 1996; 7(25): 5562.Google Scholar
Dubovsky, SL. Psychiatry in Saudi Arabia. Am J Psychiatry. 1983; 140(11): 14551459.Google Scholar
Pridmore, S, Pasha, MI. Psychiatry and Islam. Australas Psychiatry. 2004; 12(4): 380385.Google Scholar
Andrews, J, Briggs, A, Porter, R, Tucker, P, Waddington, K. The History of Bethlem. London and New York: Routledge; 2013.Google Scholar
Parry-Jones, WL. The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. London: Routledge; 1972.Google Scholar
Parry-Jones, WL. English private madhouses in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Proc R Soc Med. 1973; 66(7): 659.Google Scholar
Maisel, AQ. Bedlam 1946: most US mental hospitals are a shame and a disgrace. Life Mag. 1946; 20(18): 102118.Google Scholar
Gorman, M. Oklahoma Attacks Its Snake Pits. USA: National Mental Health Foundation; 1948.Google Scholar
Deutsch, A. The Shame of the States. California, USA: Harcourt, Brace; 1948.Google Scholar
Scull, A. The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900. New Haven and London: Yale University Press; 1993.Google Scholar
Kirkby, KC. History of psychiatry in Australia, pre-1960. Hist Psychiatry. 1999; 10(38): 191204.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, PS, Kemp, KN. The evolution of commitment law in the nineteenth century: a reinterpretation. Law Hum Behav. 1982; 6(3–4): 343.Google Scholar
Scull, AT. Moral treatment reconsidered: some sociological comments on an episode in the history of British psychiatry. Psychol Med. 1979; 9(3): 421428.Google Scholar
Dorothea Dix. Encyclopaedia Britannica; 2019. www.britannica.com/biography/Dorothea-Dix (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Scull, A, MacKenzie, C, Hervey, N. Masters of Bedlam: The Transformation of the Mad-Doctoring Trade. New Jersey, USA and Chichester, UK: Princeton University Press; 2014.Google Scholar
Topp, L. Single rooms, seclusion and the non-restraint movement in British asylums, 1838–1844. Soc Hist Med. 2018; 31(4): 754773.Google Scholar
Langley, GE. Sir John Charles Bucknill 1817–1897: our founder. Based on a lecture given at the annual meeting of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in Exeter on 9th July, 1979. Br J Psychiatry. 1980; 137(2): 105110.Google Scholar
Bucknill, JC. Notes on asylums for the insane in America. Am J Psychiatry. 1876; 33(2): 137160.Google Scholar
Digby, A. Changes in the asylum: the case of York, 1777–1815. Econ Hist Rev. 1983; 36(2): 218239.Google Scholar
Kirby, D. Vulnerable patients moved 50 miles after closure of York Psychiatric Hospital. The Independent; 2015. www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/vulnerable-patients-moved-50-miles-after-closure-of-york-psychiatric-hospital-a6787061.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Coleborne, C, MacKinnon, D. Psychiatry and its institutions in Australia and New Zealand: an overview. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006; 18(4): 371380.Google Scholar
Dax, EC.The first 200 years of Australian psychiatry. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1989; 23(1): 103110.Google Scholar
Mahone, S. Psychiatry in the East African colonies: a background to confinement. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006; 18(4): 327332.Google Scholar
Oyebode, F. History of psychiatry in West Africa. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006; 18(4): 319325.Google Scholar
Sadowsky, J. Imperial Bedlam: Institutions of Madness in Colonial Southwest Nigeria. 10. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1999.Google Scholar
Nizamie, H, Goyal, N. History of psychiatry in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010; 52(7): 7.Google Scholar
Jain, S, Murthy, P. Madmen and specialists: the clientele and the staff of the Lunatic Asylum, Bangalore. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006; 18(4): 345354.Google Scholar
Judd, A. America’s dark past relived as cycle ends. Atlanta Journal & Constitution; 2013. www.ajc.com/news/state–regional/asylum-dark-past-relived-cycle-ends/uq2OK0dgHCeynhFUGba36O/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Sisti, DA, Segal, AG, Emanuel, EJ. Improving long-term psychiatric care: bring back the asylum. J Am Med Assoc. 2015; 313(3): 243244.Google Scholar
Kevles, DJ. Eugenics and human rights. Br Med J. 1999; 319(7207): 435438.Google Scholar
Bashford, A, Levine, P. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.Google Scholar
Adams, MB. The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.Google Scholar
Broberg, G, Roll-Hansen, N. Eugenics and the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden Norway and Finland. Michigan: Michigan State University Press; 2005.Google Scholar
Scull, A. Psychiatry and Its Discontents. Oakland, CL: University of California Press; 2019.Google Scholar
Scull, A. Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine. New Haven and London: Yale University Press; 2007.Google Scholar
Wagner-Jauregg, J. The history of the malaria treatment of general paralysis. Am J Psychiatry. 1946; 102(5): 577582.Google Scholar
Ouwens, IMD, Lens, CE, Fiolet, ATL, et al. Malaria fever therapy for general paralysis of the insane: a historical cohort study. Eur Neurol. 2017; 78(1–2): 5662.Google Scholar
Lieberman, JA. Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson; 2015.Google Scholar
Walton, M. Deep sleep therapy and Chelmsford Private Hospital: have we learnt anything? Australas Psychiatry. 2013; 21(3): 206212.Google Scholar
Jones, K. Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia. J R Soc Med. 2000; 93(3): 147149.Google Scholar
Bourne, H. The insulin myth. Lancet. 1953; 262(6793): 964968.Google Scholar
Ackner, B, Harris, A, Oldham, AJ. Insulin treatment of schizophrenia: a controlled study. Lancet. 1957; 269(6969): 607611.Google Scholar
Swayze, VW. Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935–1954): a historical overview. Am J Psychiatry. 1995; 152(4): 505515.Google Scholar
Larson, KC. Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2015.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF. American Psychosis: How the Federal Government Destroyed the Mental Illness Treatment System. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR. Deinstitutionalization and the homeless mentally ill. Psychiatr Serv. 1984; 35(9): 899907.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR. Does deinstitutionalization cause criminalization?: the Penrose hypothesis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(2): 105106.Google Scholar
Pols, H. The development of psychiatry in Indonesia: from colonial to modern times. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006; 18(4): 363370.Google Scholar
Pols, H, Wibisono, S. Psychiatry and mental health care in Indonesia from colonial to modern times. In: Minas, H, Lewis, M, eds. Mental Health in Asia and the Pacific. New York: Springer; 2017: 205221.Google Scholar
Reese, AS. Disorder; 2011–2016. www.andreastarreese.com/disorder (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE. The shift of psychiatric inpatient care from hospitals to jails and prisons. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005; 33(4): 529534.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Khosla, V, Doll, H, Geddes, J. The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in western countries: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. 2008; 5(12): e225.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Berglund, PA, Bruce, ML, et al. The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Serv Res. 2001; 36(6 Pt 1): 987.Google Scholar
Iglehart, JK. Decriminalizing mental illness—the Miami model. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374(18): 17011703.Google Scholar
McNiel, DE, Binder, RL, Robinson, JC. Incarceration associated with homelessness, mental disorder, and co-occurring substance abuse. Psychiatr Serv. 2005; 56(7): 840846.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF, Kennard, AD, Eslinger, D, Lamb, R, Pavle, J. More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: a survey of the states. Treatment Advocacy Centre, Arlington, VA and National Sheriffs’ Association; 2010. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Lima State Hospital.Google Scholar
Matteawan State Hospital.Google Scholar
St. Joseph State Asylum.Google Scholar
The Association of State Correctional Administrators, The Liman Center for Public Interest Law at Yale Law School. Reforming restrictive housing: the 2018 ASCA-Liman nationwide survey of time-in-cell. 2018.Google Scholar
Walker, ER, McGee, RE, Druss, BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(4): 334341.Google Scholar
Hjorthøj, C, Stürup, AE, McGrath, JJ, Nordentoft, M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017; 4(4): 295301.Google Scholar
Chang, C-K, Hayes, RD, Perera, G, et al. Life expectancy at birth for people with serious mental illness and other major disorders from a secondary mental health care case register in London. PLoS One. 2011; 6(5): e19590.Google Scholar

References

Colorado Department of Human Services. Needs analysis: current status, strategic positioning, and future planning. Office of Behavioral Health; 2015. www.nri-inc.org/media/1109/2015-colorado-department-of-human-service-behavioral-health-needs-analysis-nri.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Fitch, LW. Assessment #3: Forensic mental health services in the United States. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; 2014. www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Assessment%203%20-%20Updated%20Forensic%20Mental%20Health%20Services.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Nobles, J, Randall, J. Evaluation report: mental health services in county jails. Office of the Legislative Auditor (OLA), State Of Minnesota; 2016. www.auditor.leg.state.mn.us/ped/pedrep/mhjails.pdf (accessed June 2020)Google Scholar
PCG. Initial findings report: Washington mental health system assessment. Public Consulting Group; 2016. www.ofm.wa.gov/reports/MentalHealthSystemAssessmentInitialFindings.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Washington State Department of Social and Health Services. Cassie Cordell Trueblood, et al., v. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, et al. Case No. C14-1178 MJP monthly report to the court appointed monitor - July 15, 2017. www.dshs.wa.gov/sites/default/files/BHSIA/FMHS/Trueblood/2017Trueblood/Trueblood-Report-2017-07.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Miller, RD. Hospitalization of criminal defendants for evaluation of competence to stand trial or for restoration of competence: clinical and legal issues. Behav Sci Law. 2003; 21: 369391.Google Scholar
Fisher, WH, Geller, JL, Pandiani, JA. The changing role of the state psychiatric hospital. Health Affairs. 2009; 28(3): 676684.Google Scholar
Parks, J, Radke, AQ. The vital role of state psychiatric hospitals. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; 2014. https://nasmhpd.org/content/vital-role-state-psychiatric-hospitals-july-2014-0 (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Lutterman, T, Shaw, R, Fisher, W, Manderscheid, R. Trend in psychiatric inpatient capacity, United States and each state, 1970 to 2014. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; August 2017.www.nri-inc.org/media/1319/tac-paper-10-psychiatric-inpatient-capacity-final-09-05-2017.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
The State of Texas Legislative Budget Board. Texas state government effectiveness and efficiency report: selected issues and recommendations. January 2013. https://www.lbb.state.tx.us/Documents/Publications/GEER/Government%20Effectiveness%20and%20Efficiency%20Report%202012.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

References

Fitch, WL. Forensic mental health services in the United States. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Policy Paper; 2014.Google Scholar
Wik, A, Hollen, V, Fisher, WH. Forensic patients in state psychiatric hospitals: 1999–2016. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Policy Paper; 2017.Google Scholar
Grissom, B. With state hospitals packed, mentally ill inmates wait in county jails that aren’t equipped for them. Dallas Morning News; 2016. www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2016/04/21/with-state-hospitals-packed-mentally-ill-inmates-wait-in-county-jails-that-aren-t-equipped-for-them/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Jail wait times are inhumane for the mentally ill. The Delaware County Daily Times; 2016. www.delcotimes.com/opinion/ editorial-jail-wait-times-are-inhumane-for-the-mentally-ill/article_ cb4244a5-7113-5f8f-96a4-ab1bb0228cc2.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Dusky v. United States, 362, 402 (1960).Google Scholar
Pirelli, G, Gottdiener, WH, Zapf, PA. A meta-analytic review of competency to stand trial research. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2011; 17(1): 153.Google Scholar
Warren, JI, Murrie, DC, Stejskal, W, et al. Opinion formation in evaluating the adjudicative competence and restorability of criminal defendants: a review of 8,000 evaluations. Behav Sci Law. 2006; 24(2): 113132.Google Scholar
Bartos, BJ, Renner, M, Newark, C, McCleary, R, Scurich, N. Characteristics of forensic patients in California with dementia/Alzheimer’s disease. J Forensic Nurs. 2017; 13(2): 7780.Google Scholar
Cooper, VG, Zapf, PA. Predictor variables in competency to stand trial decisions. Law Hum Behav. 2003; 27(4): 423436.Google Scholar
Cochrane, RE, Grisso, T, Frederick, RI. The relationship between criminal charges, diagnoses, and psycholegal opinions among federal pretrial defendants. Behav Sci Law. 2001; 19(4): 565582.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF, Kennard, AD, Eslinger, D, Lamb, R, Pavle, J. More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: a survey of the states. Treatment Advocacy Center Policy Paper; 2010.Google Scholar
Abramson, MF. The criminalization of mentally disordered behavior. Psychiatr Serv. 1972; 23(4): 101105.Google Scholar
Arvanites, TM. The impact of state mental hospital deinstitutionalization on commitments for incompetency to stand trial. Criminology. 1988; 26(2): 307320.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF. Jails and prisons – America’s new mental hospitals. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85(12): 16111613.Google Scholar
Fields, G, Phillips, EE. The new asylums: jails swell with mentally ill. The Wall Street Journal; September 25, 2013.Google Scholar
Trueblood v. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services (United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit); 2016.Google Scholar
Phillips, N. Lawyers take Colorado DHS back to court over mental competency exam backlog. The Denver Post; June 14, 2018.Google Scholar
Katz, MH. Examination of increase in mental competency cases. Report to LA County Supervisors; 2016.Google Scholar
Gowensmith, WN. Resolution or resignation: the role of forensic mental health professionals amidst the competency services crisis. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2019; 25(1): 114.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE. The shift of psychiatric inpatient care from hospitals to jails and prisons. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005; 33(4): 529534.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE, Marsh, JS, Gross, BH. Treatment prospects for persons with severe mental illness in an urban county jail. Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58(6): 782786.Google Scholar
Bondurant, SR, Lindo, JM, Swensen, ID, National Bureau of Economic Research. Substance abuse treatment centers and local crime; 2016.Google Scholar
Toynbee, M. The Penrose hypothesis in the 21st century: revisiting the asylum. Evid Based Mental Health. 2015; 18(3): 76.Google Scholar
Stafford, K, Sellbom, M. Assessment of competence to stand trial. In: Weiner, I, Otto, R, eds. Handbook of Psychology, Vol 11 Forensic Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012: 412439.Google Scholar
Honberg, R, Diehl, S, Kimball, A, Gruttadaro, D, Fitzpatrick, M. State mental health cuts: a national crisis. National Alliance on Mental Illness; 2011.Google Scholar
Martell, DA, Rosner, R, Harmon, RB. Base-rate estimates of criminal behavior by homeless mentally ill persons in New York City. Psychiatr Serv. 1995; 46(6): 596601.Google Scholar
Martell, DA, Rosner, R, Harmon, RB. Homeless mentally disordered defendants: competency to stand trial and mental status findings. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1994; 22(2): 289295.Google Scholar
Schreiber, J, Green, D, Kunz, M, Belfi, B, Pequeno, G. Offense characteristics of incompetent to stand trial defendants charged with violent offenses. Behav Sci Law. 2015; 33(2–3): 257278.Google Scholar
Bastiampillai, T, Sharfstein, SS, Allison, S. Increase in US suicide rates and the critical decline in psychiatric beds. J Am Med Assoc. 2016; 316(24): 25912592.Google Scholar
Sisti, DA, Sinclair, EA, Sharfstein, SS. Bedless psychiatry-rebuilding behavioral health service capacity. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018; 75(5): 417418.Google Scholar
California Hospital Association. California’s acute psychiatric bed loss. 2019.Google Scholar
Green, TM. Police as frontline mental health workers: the decision to arrest or refer to mental health agencies. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1997; 20(4): 469486.Google Scholar
Sisti, DA, Segal, AG, Emanuel, EJ. Improving long-term psychiatric care: bring back the asylum. J Am Med Assoc. 2015; 313(3): 243244.Google Scholar
Steadman, HJ, Osher, FC, Robbins, PC, Case, B, Samuels, S. Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psychiatr Serv. 2009; 60(6): 761765.Google Scholar
Trestman, RL, Ford, J, Zhang, W, Wiesbrock, V. Current and lifetime psychiatric illness among inmates not identified as acutely mentally ill at intake in Connecticut’s jails. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007; 35(4): 490500.Google Scholar
Wilper, AP, Woolhandler, S, Boyd, JW, et al. The health and health care of US prisoners: results of a nationwide survey. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99(4): 666672.Google Scholar
Bellisle, M. After paying $83 million in fines, Washington settles jail mental-health lawsuit. The Seattle Times. 2018.Google Scholar

References

Mullen, PE, Briggs, S, Dalton, T, et al. Forensic mental health services in Australia. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2000; 23: 433452.Google Scholar
Every-Palmer, S, Brink, J, Chern, TP, et al. Review of psychiatric services to mentally disordered offenders around the Pacific Rim. Asia-Pac Psychiatry. 2014; 6(1): 17.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. www.abs.gov.au/Population (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Hanley, N, Ross, S. Forensic mental health in Australia: charting the gaps. Curr Issues Crim Justice. 2013; 24(3): 341356.Google Scholar
Kasinathan, J, Le, J, Barker, A, Sharp, G. Presser – the forgotten story. Australas Psychiatry. 2016; 24(5): 478482.Google Scholar
Allnutt, S, Samuels, A, O’Driscoll, C. The insanity defence: from wild beasts to M’Naghten. Australas Psychiatry. 2007; 15(4): 292298.Google Scholar
Ogloff, JR, Talevski, D, Lemphers, A, et al. Co-occurring mental illness, substance use disorders, and antisocial personality disorder among clients of forensic mental health services. Psych Rehab J. 2015; 38(1): 16.Google Scholar
Adams, J, Thomas, SD, Mackinnon, T, et al. The risks, needs and stages of recovery of a complete forensic patient cohort in an Australian state. BMC Psychiatry. 2018; 18(1): 35.Google Scholar
Hayes, H, Kemp, RI, Large, MM, et al. A 21-year retrospective outcome study of New South Wales forensic patients granted conditional and unconditional release. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014; 48(3): 259282.Google Scholar
Ong, K, Carroll, A, Reid, S, et al. Community outcomes of mentally disordered homicide offenders in Victoria. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009; 43(8): 775780.Google Scholar
Adams, J, Ellis, A, Brown, A, et al. A prison mental health screening unit: a first for New South Wales. Australas Psychiatry. 2009; 17(2): 9096.Google Scholar
Butler, T, Andrews, G, Allnutt, S, et al. Mental disorders in Australian prisoners: a comparison with a community sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006; 40(3): 272276.Google Scholar
Butler, T, Allnutt, S, Kariminia, A, et al. Mental health status of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian prisoners. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007; 41(5): 429435.Google Scholar
Ellis, A, Kumar, V, Rodriguez, M, et al. A survey of the conditionally released forensic patient population in New South Wales. Australas Psychiatry. 2010; 18(6): 542546.Google Scholar
Carroll, A, Scott, R, Green, B, et al. Forensic mental health orders: orders without borders. Australas Psychiatry. 2009; 17(1): 3437.Google Scholar
Soon, YL, Rae, N, Korobanova, D, et al. Mentally ill offenders eligible for diversion at local court in New South Wales (NSW), Australia: factors associated with initially successful diversion. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2018; 29(5): 705–716.Google Scholar
Albalawi, O, Chowdhury, NZ, Wand, H, et al. Court diversion for those with psychosis and its impact on re-offending rates: results from a longitudinal data-linkage study. B J Psych Open. 2019; 5(1): e9.Google Scholar

References

Department of Health. National Service Framework for Mental Health: Modern Standards and Service Models. London: HMSO; 1999.Google Scholar
Killaspy, H, Bebbington, P, Blizard, R, et al. The REACT study: randomised evaluation of assertive community treatment in North London. Br Med J. 2006; 332: 815820.Google Scholar
Allderidge, PH. Criminal insanity: Bethlem to Broadmoor. Proc R Soc Med. 1974; 67(9): 897904.Google Scholar
Criminal Lunatics Act 1800.Google Scholar
Home Office and the Department of Health and Social Security. Report of the Committee on Mentally Disordered Offenders (The Butler Report) (Cmnd 6244). London: HMSO; 1976.Google Scholar
Killaspy, H. From the asylum to community care: learning from experience. Br Med Bull. 2006; 79–80(1): 245258.Google Scholar
Coid, J, Maden, T. Should psychiatrists protect the public?: a new risk reduction strategy, supporting criminal justice, could be effective. Br Med J. 2003; 406407.Google Scholar
Hallam, A, Hallam, A. Media influences on mental health policy: long-term effects of the Clunis and Silcock cases. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2002; 14(1): 2633.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists. Summary of workforce census; 2017.Google Scholar
Thornicroft, G. Deinstitutionalisation: from hospital closure to service development. Br J Psychiatry. 1989; 155: 739753.Google Scholar
Eastman, NLG. Forensic psychiatric services in Britain: a current review. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1993; 16(1–2): 126.Google Scholar
Grounds, A. Forensic psychiatry for the millennium. J Forensic Psychiatry. 2008; 7(2): 221227.Google Scholar
Walker, J, Amos, T, Knowles, P, et al. Putting a price on psychiatric care. Health Serv J. 2012; 122(6296): 2224.Google Scholar
Rutherford, M, Duggan, S. Forensic mental health services: facts and figures on current provision. Br J Forensic Pract. 2008; 10(4): 410.Google Scholar
Bradley, K. Lord Bradley’s Review of People with Mental Health Problems or Learning Disabilities in the Criminal Justice System. London: House of Lords; 2009.Google Scholar
Whittle, M, Scally, M. Model of forensic psychiatric community care. Psychiatr Bull. 1998; 22: 748750.Google Scholar
Mohan, R, Slade, M, Fahy, T. Clinical characteristics of community forensic mental health services. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55(11): 12941298.Google Scholar
Gunn, J. Management of the mentally disordered offender: integrated or parallel. Proc R Soc Med. 1977; 70(12): 877880.Google Scholar
Humber, N, Hayes, A, Wright, S, et al. A comparative study of forensic and general community psychiatric patients with integrated and parallel models of care in the UK. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2011; 22: 183202.Google Scholar
Buchanan, A. The relationship between generic and forensic psychiatric services. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2001; 11: 9094.Google Scholar
Khosla, V, Davidson, P, Gordon, H, et al. The interface between general and forensic psychiatry: the present day. B J Psych Adv. 2014; 20: 359365.Google Scholar
Kenney-Herbert, J, Taylor, M, Puri, R, et al. Standards for Community Forensic Mental Health Services. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2013.Google Scholar
NHS England, National Offender Management Service. The Offender Personality Disorder Pathway Strategy. 2015.Google Scholar
Dowsett, J. Measurement of risk by a community forensic mental health team. Psychiatr Bull. 2005; 29: 912.Google Scholar
Kennedy, HG, O’Neill, C, Flynn, G, Gill, P, Davoren, M. The Dundrum Toolkit V1.0.30. Dangerousness, understanding, recovery and urgency manual (the Dundrum Quartet). Structured professional judgement instruments for admission triage, urgency, treatment completion and recovery assessments. Dublin: TARA; 2016: 1–141.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, S, Wessely, S. National survey of current arrangements for diversion from custody in England and Wales. Br Med J. 1992; 305: 13221325.Google Scholar
Hean, S, Heaslip, V, Warr, J, et al. A women’s worker in court: a more appropriate service for women defendants with mental health issues? Perspect Public Health. 2010; 130(2): 9196.Google Scholar
Slade, K, Samele, C, Valmaggia, L, et al. Pathways through the criminal justice system for prisoners with acute and serious mental illness. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016; 44: 162168.Google Scholar
Kane, E, Evans, E, Shokraneh, F. Effectiveness of current policing-related mental health interventions in England and Wales and Crisis Intervention Teams as a future potential model: a systematic review. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2017; 28(2): 108119.Google Scholar
Forrester, A, Samele, C, Slade, K, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 1092 consecutive police custody mental health referrals. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2017; 28(3): 295312.Google Scholar
Bourne, R, Rajpur, R, Field, F. Working with probation services and mentally disordered offenders. B J Psych Adv. 2015; 21: 273280.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice, HM Prison & Probation Service. Transforming Rehabilitation: Progress Review. 2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales. 31 January 2019.Google Scholar
Brooker, C, Sirdifield, C, Blizard, R, et al. An investigation into the prevalence of mental health disorder and patterns of health service access in a probation population. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2011; 23(4): 522537.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. Youth Justice Statistics England and Wales. Youth Justice Board January 2018.Google Scholar
Chitsabesan, P, Kroll, L, Bailey, S, et al. Mental health needs of young offenders in custody and in the community. Br J Psychiatry. 2006; 188: 534540.Google Scholar
Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Section 39.Google Scholar
Butler, S, Baruch, G, Hickey, N, et al. A randomized controlled trial of multisystemic therapy and a statutory therapeutic intervention for young offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011; 50(12): 12201235.Google Scholar
Hindley, N, Lengua, C, White, O. Forensic mental health services for children and adolescents: rationale and development. B J Psych Adv. 2017; 23(1): 3643.Google Scholar
Völlm, B, Konappa, N. The dangerous and severe personality disorder experiment – review of empirical research. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2012; 22(3): 165180.Google Scholar
Joseph, N, Benefield, N. A joint offender personality disorder pathway strategy: an outline summary. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2012; 22(3): 210217.Google Scholar
Bubb, S. Winterbourne View – time for change. Transforming the commissioning of services for people with learning disabilities and/or autism. 2014.Google Scholar
Lindsay, WR, Steele, L, Smith, AH, et al. A community forensic intellectual disability service: twelve year follow up of referrals, analysis of referral patterns and assessment of harm reduction. Legal Criminol Psychol. 2006; 11(1): 113130.Google Scholar
James, DV, Kerrigan, TR, Forfar, R, et al. The fixated threat assessment centre: preventing harm and facilitating care. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2010; 21(4): 521536.Google Scholar
Yakeley, J, Taylor, R, Cameron, A. MAPPA and mental health – 10 years of controversy. Psychiatrist. 2012; 36(6): 201204.Google Scholar
Taylor, R, Yakeley, J. Working with MAPPA: guidance for psychiatrists in England and Wales (faculty report FR/FP/01). London: Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2013.Google Scholar
Bryant, S, Peck, M, Lovbakke, J. Reoffending analysis of MAPPA eligible offenders. Ministry of Justice; 2015.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. Restricted Patients 2017 England and Wales. Ministry of Justice Statistics Bulletin. London, UK. 2018.Google Scholar
Maughan, D, Molodynski, A, Rugkasa, J, Burns, T. A systematic review of the effect of community treatment orders on service use. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014; 49(4): 651663.Google Scholar
Gupta, S, Akyuz, EU, Baldwin, T, et al. Community treatment orders in England: review of usage from national data. B J Psych Bull. 2018; 42(3): 119122.Google Scholar
Criminal Justice Act 2003Google Scholar
Khanom, H, Samele, C, Rutherford, MA. A missed opportunity? Community sentences and the mental health treatment requirement. Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health; 2009.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Fiminska, Z, Cocks, C, et al. Patient outcomes following discharge from secure psychiatric hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016; 208(1): 1725.Google Scholar
Coid, JW, Hickey, N, Yang, M. Comparison of outcomes following after-care from forensic and general adult psychiatric services. Br J Psychiatry. 2007; 190(6): 509514.Google Scholar
Wilson, S, James, D, Forrester, A. The medium-secure project and criminal justice mental health. Lancet. 2011; 378(9786): 110111.Google Scholar
Turner, T, Salter, M. Forensic psychiatry and general psychiatry: re-examining the relationship. Psychiatr Bull. 2008; 32(1): 26.Google Scholar
Turner, T, Salter, M. What is the role of a community forensic mental health team? Psychiatr Bull. 2005; 29(9): 352.Google Scholar
NHS England. NHS Mental Health Implementation Plan 2019/20–2023/24. July 2019.Google Scholar

References

Dusky v. United States, 362 402, 1960.Google Scholar
Bonnie, R, Grisso, T. Adjudicative competency and youthful offenders. In: Grisso, T, Schwartz, R, eds. Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2000: 73103.Google Scholar
Vitacco, MJ, Rogers, R, Gabel, J. An investigation of the ECST-R in male pretrial patients: evaluating the effects of feigning on competency evaluations. Assessment. 2009; 16(3): 249257.Google Scholar
Melton, G, Petrila, J, Poythress, N, Slobogin, C. Psychological Evaluation for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals. 3rd edn. New York: Guilford; 2007.Google Scholar
Trueblood v. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. 2016.Google Scholar
Phillips, N. Lawyers take Colorado DHS back to court over mental competency exam backlog. The Denver Post. June 14, 2018. www.denverpost.com/2018/06/14/colorado-competency-backlog/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Sewell, A. LA County supervisors order report on unexplained surge in mental competency cases. Los Angeles Times. March 8, 2016. www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-mental-competency-cases-20160308-story.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Gowensmith, WN, Frost, LE, Speelman, DW, Therson, DE. Lookin’ for beds in all the wrong places: outpatient competency restoration as a promising approach to modern challenges. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2016; 22(3): 293305.Google Scholar
Hinkley, JA. Despite improvements, hundreds of criminal mental health evaluations still take too long. Lansing State J. 2018. www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/local/watchdog/2018/02/22/short-staffed-michiganpsychiatric-hospitals-delay-criminal-cases/323504002/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Brand-Williams, O. Competency exam increase strains system in Detroit area. The Detroit News. June 16, 2017. https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/06/16/competency-exams-detroit-courts-mental-evaluations/102938466/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Lowder, J. Personal communication, 2017.Google Scholar
Pirelli, G, Gottdiener, WH, Zapf, PA. A meta-analytic review of competency to stand trial research. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2011; 17(1): 153.Google Scholar
McDermott, BE, Newman, WJ, Meyer, J, Scott, CL, Warburton, K. The utility of an admission screening procedure for patients committed to a state hospital as incompetent to stand trial. Int J Forensic Ment Health. 2017; 16(4): 281292.Google Scholar
Wik, A, Hollen, V, Fisher, WH. Forensic Patients in State Psychiatric Hospitals: 1999–2016. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; 2017.Google Scholar
Miller, RD. Hospitalization of criminal defendants for evaluation of competence to stand trial or for restoration of competence: clinical and legal issues. Behav Sci Law. 2003; 21(3): 369391.Google Scholar
Bartos, BJ, Renner, M, Newark, C, McCleary, R, Scurich, N. Characteristics of forensic patients in California with dementia/Alzheimer’s disease. J Forensic Nurs. 2017; 13(2): 7780.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF, Kennard, AD, Eslinger, D, Lamb, R, Pavle, J. More Mentally Ill Persons are in Jails and Prisons than Hospitals: A Survey of the States. Arlington County, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center; 2010.Google Scholar
Lamb, HR, Weinberger, LE. The shift of psychiatric inpatient care from hospitals to jails and prisons. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005; 33(4): 529534.Google Scholar
Bondurant, SR, Lindo, JM, Swenson, ID. Substance abuse treatment centers and local crime. J Urban Econ. 2018; 104: 124133.Google Scholar
Stafford, KP, Sellbom, MO. Assessment of competence to stand trial. In: Weiner, I, Otto, R, eds. Handbook of Psychology, Volume 11. Forensic Psychology, 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2012: 412439.Google Scholar
Sewell, A. Report on increase in mental competency cases leaves many unanswered questions. Los Angeles Times. May 25, 2016. www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-mental-competency-cases-20160525-snap-story.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Vitacco, MJ, Rogers, R, Gabel, J, Munizza, J. An evaluation of malingering screens with competency to stand trial patients: a known-groups comparison. Law Hum Behav. 2007; 31(3): 249260.Google Scholar
Homsy, S, McDermott, BE, Woofter, C. Competence to Stand Trial Reports Conducted by Community Psychiatrists and Psychologists: Does Quality Matter? Seattle, Washington: American Psychology and Law Society; 2017.Google Scholar
Cooper, VG, Zapf, PA. Predictor variables in competency to stand trial decisions. Law Hum Behav. 2003; 27(4): 423436.Google Scholar
Frierson, RL, Shea, SJ, Shea, ME. Competence-to-stand-trial evaluations of geriatric defendants. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002; 30(2): 252256.Google Scholar
Hubbard, KL, Zapf, PA, Ronan, KA. Competency restoration: an examination of the differences between defendants predicted restorable and not restorable to competency. Law Hum Behav. 2003; 27(2): 127139.Google Scholar
Warren, JI, Murrie, DC, Stejskal, W, et al. Opinion formation in evaluating the adjudicative competence and restorability of criminal defendants: a review of 8,000 evaluations. Behav Sci Law. 2006; 24(2): 113132.Google Scholar
Kois, L, Pearson, J, Chauhan, P, Goni, M, Saraydarian, L. Competency to stand trial among female inpatients. Law Hum Behav. 2013; 37(4): 231240.Google Scholar
Pinals, DA, Packer, IK, Fisher, W, Roy-Bujnowski, K. Relationship between race and ethnicity and forensic clinical triage dispositions. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55(8): 873878.Google Scholar
Caldwell, RM, Mandracchia, SA, Ross, SA, Silver, NC. Competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility: an examination of racial and gender differences among African American and Caucasian pretrial defendants. Am J Forensic Psychol. 2003; 21(3): 519.Google Scholar
Minsky, S, Vega, W, Miskimen, T, Gara, M, Escobar, J. Diagnostic patterns in Latino, African American, and European American psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60(6): 637644.Google Scholar
Viljoen, JL, Zapf, PA. Fitness to stand trial evaluations: a comparison of referred and non-referred defendants. Int J Forensic Ment Health. 2002; 1(2): 127138.Google Scholar
Gay, J, Vitacco, M, Ragatz, L. Mental health symptoms predict competency to stand trial and competency restoration success. Legal Criminol Psychol. 2017; 22: 288301.Google Scholar
Cochrane, RE, Grisso, T, Frederick, RI. The relationship between criminal charges, diagnoses, and psycholegal opinions among federal pretrial defendants. Behav Sci Law. 2001; 19(4): 565582.Google Scholar
Lewis, CF, Fields, C, Rainey, E. A study of geriatric forensic evaluees: who are the violent elderly? J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2006; 34(3): 324332.Google Scholar
Mossman, D. Predicting restorability of incompetent criminal defendants. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007; 35(1): 3443.Google Scholar
Morris, DR, Parker, GF. Effects of advanced age and dementia on restoration of competence to stand trial. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2009; 32(3): 156160.Google Scholar
Colwell, LH, Gianesini, J. Demographic, criminogenic, and psychiatric factors that predict competency restoration. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2011; 39(3): 297306.Google Scholar
Morris, DR, DeYoung, NJ. Psycholegal abilities and restoration of competence to stand trial. Behav Sci Law. 2012; 30(6): 710728.Google Scholar
Anderson, SD, Hewitt, J. The effect of competency restoration training on defendants with mental retardation found not competent to proceed. Law Hum Behav. 2002; 26(3): 343351.Google Scholar
Advokat, CD, Guidry, D, Burnett, DMR, Manguno-Mire, G, Thompson, JW, Jr. Competency restoration treatment: differences between defendants declared competent or incompetent to stand trial. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2012; 40(1): 8997.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, B, Ritchie, K. Competence to stand trial: clinician reliability and the role of offense severity. J Forensic Sci. 1998; 43(1): 151157.Google Scholar
Warren, JI, Rosenfeld, B, Fitch, WL, Hawk, G. Forensic mental health clinical evaluation: an analysis of interstate and intersystemic differences. Law Hum Behav. 1997; 21(4): 377390.Google Scholar
Miller, HA. Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychologial Assessment Resources; 2001.Google Scholar
Overall, JE, Gorham, DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep. 1962; 10: 799812.Google Scholar
Johnson, WG, Mullett, N. Georgia Court Competency Test. In: Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques. New York: Pergamon Press; 1988.Google Scholar
Becker’s Hospital Review. Amid shortage, number of psychiatric beds in US down 13% from 2010. www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-flow/amid-shortage-number-of-psychiatric-beds-in-us-down-13-from-2010.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Bastiampillai, T, Sharfstein, SS, Allison, S. Increase in US suicide rates and the critical decline in psychiatric beds. J Am Med Assoc. 2016; 316(24): 25912592.Google Scholar
Torrey, EF. Jails and prisons – America’s new mental hospitals. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85(12): 16111613.Google Scholar
Belcher, JR. Are jails replacing the mental health system for the homeless mentally ill? Community Ment Health J. 1988; 24(3): 185195.Google Scholar
Steadman, HJ, Osher, FC, Robbins, PC, Case, B, Samuels, S. Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psychiatr Serv. 2009; 60(6): 761765.Google Scholar
Trestman, RL, Ford, J, Zhang, W, Wiesbrock, V. Current and lifetime psychiatric illness among inmates not identified as acutely mentally ill at intake in Connecticut’s jails. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007; 35(4): 490500.Google Scholar
Wilper, AP, Woolhandler, S, Boyd, JW, et al. The health and health care of US prisoners: results of a nationwide survey. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99(4): 666672.Google Scholar
Ford, M. America’s largest mental hospital is a jail. The Atlantic. June 8, 2015. www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/americas-largest-mental-hospital-is-a-jail/395012/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar
Markowitz, FE. Psychiatric hospital capacity, homelessness, and crime and arrest rates. Criminology. 2006; 44(1): 4572.Google Scholar
Martell, DA, Rosner, R, Harmon, RB. Base-rate estimates of criminal behavior by homeless mentally ill persons in New York City. Psychiatr Serv. 1995; 46(6): 596601.Google Scholar
Roy, L, Crocker, AG, Nicholls, TL, Latimer, EA, Ayllon, AR. Criminal behavior and victimization among homeless individuals with severe mental illness: a systematic review. Psychiatr Serv. 2014; 65(6): 739750.Google Scholar
Koegel, P, Burnam, MA, Farr, RK. The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among homeless individuals in the inner city of Los Angeles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988; 45(12): 10851092.Google Scholar
Iglehart, JK. Decriminalizing mental illness – the Miami model. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374(18): 17011703.Google Scholar
Carson, E. Prisoners in 2014. Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2015.Google Scholar
Teplin, LA, Abram, KM, McClelland, GM. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women. I. Pretrial jail detainees. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996; 53(6): 505512.Google Scholar
Peralta, V, Cuesta, MJ. Delusional disorder and schizophrenia: a comparative study across multiple domains. Psychol Med. 2016; 46(13): 28292839.Google Scholar
Hui, CL, Lee, EH, Chang, WC, et al. Delusional disorder and schizophrenia: a comparison of the neurocognitive and clinical characteristics in first-episode patients. Psychol Med. 2015; 45(14): 30853095.Google Scholar
Marneros, A, Pillmann, F, Wustmann, T. Delusional disorders – are they simply paranoid schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 2012; 38(3): 561568.Google Scholar
Herbel, BL, Stelmach, H. Involuntary medication treatment for competency restoration of 22 defendants with delusional disorder. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007; 35(1): 4759.Google Scholar
Harrison, PJ, Cipriani, A, Harmer, CJ, et al. Innovative approaches to bipolar disorder and its treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016; 1366(1): 7689.Google Scholar
McKetin, R, Gardner, J, Baker, AL, et al. Correlates of transient versus persistent psychotic symptoms among dependent methamphetamine users. Psychiatry Res. 2016; 238: 166171.Google Scholar
McKetin, R, Dawe, S, Burns, RA, et al. The profile of psychiatric symptoms exacerbated by methamphetamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016; 161: 104109.Google Scholar
De Luca, SM, Blosnich, JR, Hentschel, EAW, King, E, Amen, S. Mental health care utilization: how race, ethnicity and veteran status are associated with seeking help. Community Ment Health J. 2016; 52(2): 174179.Google Scholar
Fusaro, VA, Levy, HG, Shaefer, HL. Racial and ethnic disparities in the lifetime prevalence of homelessness in the United States. Demography. 2018; 55(6): 21192128.Google Scholar
Scott, CL, McDermott, BE, Kile, S. Intoxication and Insanity: A Study of 500 NGRI Acquittees. San Antonio, TX: American Academy of Psychiatry Law; 2003.Google Scholar
Hides, L, Dawe, S, McKetin, R, et al. Primary and substance-induced psychotic disorders in methamphetamine users. Psychiatry Res. 2015; 226(1): 9196.Google Scholar
McKetin, R, Baker, AL, Dawe, S, Voce, A, Lubman, DI. Differences in the symptom profile of methamphetamine-related psychosis and primary psychotic disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 251: 349354.Google Scholar
Fraser, S, Hides, L, Philips, L, Proctor, D, Lubman, DI. Differentiating first episode substance induced and primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance use in young people. Schizophr Res. 2012; 136(1–3): 110115.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×