2 results
14 - Young people, gender, and science
-
- By Anna Bagnoli, Wolfson College, Cambridge, Dieter Demey, University of Southampton, Jacqueline Scott, University of Cambridge
- Edited by Ingrid Schoon, Institute of Education, University of London, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
-
- Book:
- Gender Differences in Aspirations and Attainment
- Published online:
- 05 October 2014
- Print publication:
- 25 September 2014, pp 321-345
-
- Chapter
- Export citation
-
Summary
Abstract
This chapter examines the role of teenage career aspirations in predicting later outcomes. In particular we focus on young adolescent males and females who show an interest in SET (science, engineering, and technology) careers. We present the results of secondary analysis that we carried out on the British Youth Survey, which is part of the British Household Panel Survey. Looking at data from a recent cohort, we investigate trends in aspirations over time. Our analysis focuses on four research questions: first, identifying young people’s future aspirations, more specifically their aspirations to get into SET, and the ways in which these relate to family background and gender; second, looking at whether an early interest in science leads to having a SET job as an adult; third, investigating the extent to which young people who aspire to a career in SET may be seeking to reproduce family patterns by following in the footsteps of their parents; and fourth, looking at how those young people who express an interest in SET speak of their career ambitions in relation to family aspirations. Before presenting the results of the analysis we clarify the different working definitions for SET occupations that we adopt in this study. We first present the quantitative cross-sectional and longitudinal results that link youth and adult data in the sample. Second, we present results of the qualitative analysis of future aspirations. Finally, we draw some policy implications concerning possible ways of improving the image of science to reduce the gender gap and encourage more young people to aspire to SET careers.
Determinants of Nosocomial Infection in 6 Neonatal Intensive Care Units: An Italian Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
- Cinzia Auriti, Maria Paola Ronchetti, Patrizio Pezzotti, Gabriella Marrocco, Anna Quondamcarlo, Giulio Seganti, Francesco Bagnoli, Claudio De Felice, Giuseppe Buonocore, Cesare Arioni, Giovanni Serra, Gianfranco Bacolla, Giovanna Corso, Savino Mastropasqua, Annibale Mari, Carlo Corchia, Domenico Di Lallo, Lucilla Ravà, Marcello Orzalesi, Vincenzo Di Ciommo
-
- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 31 / Issue 9 / September 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 926-933
- Print publication:
- September 2010
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
Background.
Nosocomial infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
Objective.To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in NICUs and to assess the risk of nosocomial infection related to the therapeutic procedures performed and to the clinical characteristics of the neonates at birth and at admission to the NICU, taking into account the time between the exposure and the onset of infection.
Design.A multicenter, prospective cohort study.
Patients and Setting.A total of 1,692 neonates admitted to 6 NICUs in Italy were observed and monitored for the development of nosocomial infection during their hospital stay.
Methods.Data were collected on the clinical characteristics of the neonates admitted to the NICUs, their therapeutic interventions and treatments, their infections, and their mortality rate. The cumulative probability of having at least 1 infection and the cumulative probability of having at least 1 infection or dying were estimated. The hazard ratio (HR) for the first infection and the HR for the first infection or death were also estimated.
Results.A total of 255 episodes of nosocomial infection were diagnosed in 217 neonates, yielding an incidence density of 6.9 episodes per 1,000 patient-days. The risk factors related to nosocomial infection in very-low-birth-weight neonates were receipt of continuous positive airway pressure (HR, 3.8 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.7-8.1]), a Clinical Risk Index for Babies score of 4 or greater (HR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.4-3.4]), and a gestational age of less than 28 weeks (HR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.2-3.8]). Among heavier neonates, the risk factors for nosocomial infection were receipt of parenteral nutrition (HR, 8.1 [95% CI, 3.2-20.5]) and presence of malformations (HR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.5-3.5]).
Conclusions.Patterns of risk factors for nosocomial infection differ between very-low-birth-weight neonates and heavier neonates. Therapeutic procedures appear to be strong determinants of nosocomial infection in both groups of neonates, after controlling for clinical characteristics.
![](/core/cambridge-core/public/images/lazy-loader.gif)