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Chapter 3 - Direct Solar Energy
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- By Dan Arvizu, Palani Balaya, Luisa F. Cabeza, K.G. Terry Hollands, Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, Michio Kondo, Charles Konseibo, Valentin Meleshko, Wesley Stein, Yutaka Tamaura, Honghua Xu, Roberto Zilles, Armin Aberle, Andreas Athienitis, Shannon Cowlin, Don Gwinner, Garvin Heath, Thomas Huld, Ted James, Lawrence Kazmerski, Margaret Mann, Koji Matsubara, Anton Meier, Arun Mujumdar, Takashi Oozeki, Oumar Sanogo, Matheos Santamouris, Michael Sterner, Paul Weyers, Eduardo Calvo, Jürgen Schmid
- Edited by Ottmar Edenhofer, Ramón Pichs-Madruga, Youba Sokona, Kristin Seyboth, Susanne Kadner, Timm Zwickel, Patrick Eickemeier, Gerrit Hansen, Steffen Schlömer, Christoph von Stechow, Patrick Matschoss
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- Book:
- Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
- Published online:
- 05 December 2011
- Print publication:
- 21 November 2011, pp 333-400
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Summary
Executive Summary
Solar energy is abundant and offers significant potential for near-term (2020) and long-term (2050) climate change mitigation. There are a wide variety of solar technologies of varying maturities that can, in most regions of the world, contribute to a suite of energy services. Even though solar energy generation still only represents a small fraction of total energy consumption, markets for solar technologies are growing rapidly. Much of the desirability of solar technology is its inherently smaller environmental burden and the opportunity it offers for positive social impacts. The cost of solar technologies has been reduced significantly over the past 30 years and technical advances and supportive public policies continue to offer the potential for additional cost reductions. Potential deployment scenarios range widely—from a marginal role of direct solar energy in 2050 to one of the major sources of energy supply. The actual deployment achieved will depend on the degree of continued innovation, cost reductions and supportive public policies.
Solar energy is the most abundant of all energy resources. Indeed, the rate at which solar energy is intercepted by the Earth is about 10,000 times greater than the rate at which humankind consumes energy. Although not all countries are equally endowed with solar energy, a significant contribution to the energy mix from direct solar energy is possible for almost every country. Currently, there is no evidence indicating a substantial impact of climate change on regional solar resources.
11 - Drying of particulate solids
- Edited by Norman Epstein, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, John R. Grace, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- Book:
- Spouted and Spout-Fluid Beds
- Published online:
- 04 February 2011
- Print publication:
- 23 December 2010, pp 187-205
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Summary
This chapter focuses on analyzing the design of spouted bed dryers for particulate solids whose drying curve is characterized by the falling rate period only (Figure 11.1a), as well as those displaying both constant and falling-rate drying periods (Figure 11.1.b).
Because compromise among costs, efficiency, product quality, and a clean environment is required in the design and operation of any process equipment, simulation and optimization of the drying process are the best ways to obtain the appropriate dimensions and operating conditions for a dryer and its ancillary equipment. This chapter starts with a brief review of recent developments in the drying of particulate solids in spouted beds (SBs). A concise analysis of various possible dryer design models follows. Three different model levels, which have been used for modeling SB drying of particulate solids, are considered.
Various spouted bed dryers for particulate solids
The SB technique, originally developed by Mathur and Gishler for drying wheat, has found numerous applications, not only for drying of particulate solids, but also in combined operations, such as drying–powdering, drying–granulation, drying–coating, and drying–extraction. Therefore this chapter also provides information for the design of such combined operations, which are considered elsewhere in this book.