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A note on interpreting damn expressives: transferring the blame*
- LYN FRAZIER, BRIAN DILLON, CHARLES CLIFTON, JR
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- Journal:
- Language and Cognition / Volume 7 / Issue 2 / June 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 September 2014, pp. 291-304
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Expressives like damn convey a negative attitude toward an entity or toward a situation. What is particularly interesting about such expressions is the looseness of the relation between their syntax, which is the syntax of normal attribute adjectives, and their interpretation (Potts 2005, 2007). An experiment on various negative expressives manipulated the placement of the expressive as a prior utterance, or inside the subject or inside an object of the verb or preposition. Experimental participants were asked what the speaker was most likely to have a negative attitude towards − the subject, the object, or the entire situation. The test items were of two types, ‘non-causal’ and ‘causal’, exemplified by The holiday is on the damn weekend and The dog is on the damn couch. In the non-causal items, the subject (holiday) cannot plausibly be taken as being responsible for the state of affairs described. However, in the causal items, the subject might be responsible for the state of affairs described. The same range of interpretations was observed for all placements of damn. The prior utterance condition (Damn. The dog is on the couch.) yielded more entire situation interpretations than the sentence-internal damn items. Overall, subject damn items yielded more subject interpretations than object damn items. However, as predicted by the hypothesis that blame would devolve on a potentially responsible agent (the culprit hypothesis), there were more subject interpretations in the causal items than in the non-causal items. The results suggest that considerable pragmatic inferencing is involved in the interpretation of expressives, consistent with a proposal that an expressive constitutes a separate speech act.
Radiation-induced toxicity in cancer patients with low plasma fibronectin levels
- Roxana G. Baluna, Clifton D. Fuller, Tony Y. Eng, Federico L. Ampil, Charles R. Thomas, Jr.
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- Journal:
- Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / March 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 November 2010, pp. 27-33
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The present study was carried out to evaluate the levels of plasma fibronectin (Fn) in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT) in correlation with outcomes in terms of radiation toxicity. A total of 26 patients with lung and gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, treated with RT were enrolled in this study. Plasma Fn levels were determined before and following a course of RT. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria were used to determine the grade of RT toxicity. Statistical analysis utilised the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test as well as bivariate linear regression. Pre-RT Fn levels were significantly higher in cancer patients without toxicity (median ± SE) (485.0 ± 87 μg/ml) as compared with the levels of plasma Fn in patients with grade I–II RTOG acute toxicity (354.0 ± 74 μg/ml, p = 0.01). No significant difference in Fn levels was found in patients with grade I toxicity compared with patients with grade II toxicity. In addition, low baseline Fn levels (148 and 299 μg/ml) were observed in two lung cancer patients who developed symptomatic pneumonitis during the first 2 months after RT. These preliminary results suggest that low baseline Fn may have potential as a predictive marker for development of RT-induced toxicity.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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The processing of inflected forms
- Charles Clifton,, Anne Cutler, James M. McQueen, Brit van Ooijen
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- Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 22 / Issue 6 / December 1999
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- 01 December 1999, pp. 1018-1019
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Clahsen proposes two distinct processing routes, for regularly and irregularly inflected forms, respectively, and thus is apparently making a psychological claim. We argue that his position, which embodies a strictly linguistic perspective, does not constitute a psychological processing model.
Preface
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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- Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
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Summary
The chapters in the present volume constitute a selection from the papers presented at AMLaP-95, the first conference on “Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing.” AMLaP-95 came about when members of the Human Communication Research Centre at the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow decided to have a small workshop in which a few psycholinguists from the United States could get together with a few European researchers and share research ideas. These organisers envisioned a meeting of researchers who are particularly interested in interdisciplinary approaches to psycholinguistics, researchers who could discuss their progress in bringing techniques of experimental psychology, linguistics, and computer science to bear on questions of how people understand and produce language.
An announcement of the workshop resulted in an unexpectedly large number of enthusiastic responses and requests to participate, and the small workshop grew into a two-day conference in Edinburgh, with invited and presented papers and two poster sessions. It quickly became clear that there was a demand in Europe for a meeting like AMLaP-95, a need similar to that met by the annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing in the United States.
The AMLaP meeting emphasises bringing computational, linguistic, and psychological perspectives to bear on questions of language processing. Its scope covers a broader range of topics, from word recognition to discourse comprehension, in addition to sentence processing.
Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Martin Pickering, Charles Clifton
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- 28 November 1999
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The architectures and mechanisms underlying language processing form one important part of the general structure of cognition. This book, written by leading experts in the field, brings together linguistic, psychological and computational perspectives on some of the fundamental issues. Several general introductory chapters offer overviews on important psycholinguistic research frameworks and highlight both shared assumptions and controversial issues. Subsequent chapters explore syntactic and lexical mechanisms; statistical and connectionist models of language understanding; the crucial importance of linguistic representations in explaining behavioural phenomena; evidence from a variety of studies and methodologies concerning the interaction of syntax and semantics; and the implications for cognitive architecture. The book concludes with a set of contributions on select issues of interpretation, including quantification, focus and anaphora in language understanding. Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing will appeal to students and scholars alike as a comprehensive and timely survey of recent work in this interdisciplinary area.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Contents
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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- Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
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2 - Evaluating Models of Human Sentence Processing
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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The field of sentence parsing is currently blessed with intriguing theories of human sentence processing and with theorists who defend their theories with enthusiasm and dedication. This is far better than it was at the beginning of serious research into sentence parsing. The theory of derivational complexity was the best thing going, but it was a constantly moving target, whipping from one position to another as linguistic theory changed, and it always seemed possible to shoot it down wherever it went (see Gough & Diehl, 1978).
Things didn't get much better in the early 1970s, with the development of detective models of human sentence parsing (Fodor, Bever, & Garrett, 1914). Parsing theory was reduced to a list of “clues” that the parser might search for, and from which it might, in an associationistic fashion, project what kind of sentence it might be processing. Experimental research was dull, little more than the demonstration that this or that surface feature of sentences had something to do with comprehension (see Clark & Clark, 1977).
A turn for the better came in the mid-1970's with Kimball's principles (Kimball, 1973). Here were some explicit, economical statements of parsing preferences and decision rules that might have some broad applicability – something better than “look for a noun phrase after a transitive verb.” Frazier (1979) brought this approach to a new maturity with her proposal that a pair of strategies could account for a wide range of the phenomena that had previously been accounted for in only an ad hoc fashion.
Part I - Frameworks
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Subject Index
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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- Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
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Part III - Syntax and Semantics
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- Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
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Part II - Syntactic and Lexical Mechanisms
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Author Index
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Contributors
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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- Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
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- 28 November 1999, pp vii-viii
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1 - Architectures and Mechanisms in Sentence Comprehension
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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- Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
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- 28 November 1999, pp 1-28
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Summary
The architectures and mechanisms underlying language processing form one important part of the general architectures and mechanisms underlying cognition. In this book, the contributors largely focus on the question of what architectures and mechanisms underlie sentence comprehension, but it is our belief that their contributions illuminate the general nature of human language processing in the context of cognition as a whole. Because of the scope of these contributions, this introduction primarily concentrates on sentence comprehension. However, our perspective is to try to use evidence from sentence comprehension to understand the overall nature of language processing.
Let us first try to explain what we mean by architectures and mechanisms, and why these are important. We assume that the human language processor is a particular kind of computational device, and as such needs an organisation that we call its architecture. For instance, the processor might have two components, one dealing with word recognition, and one dealing with putting different words together into sentences. These processes might be completely distinct, in that the second processor could employ the output of the first processor, but have no impact on its internal workings. If so, we would know something about the architecture of the language processor. Architecture, therefore, refers to the static arrangement of components.
In contrast, the mechanisms are the dynamic workings of the language processor.
Part IV - Interpretation
- Edited by Matthew W. Crocker, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany, Martin Pickering, University of Glasgow, Charles Clifton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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- Book:
- Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
- Published online:
- 03 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 28 November 1999, pp 301-302
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