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Delivering 21st century Antarctic and Southern Ocean science
- M.C. Kennicutt II, Y.D. Kim, M. Rogan-Finnemore, S. Anandakrishnan, S.L. Chown, S. Colwell, D. Cowan, C. Escutia, Y. Frenot, J. Hall, D. Liggett, A.J. Mcdonald, U. Nixdorf, M.J. Siegert, J. Storey, A. Wåhlin, A. Weatherwax, G.S. Wilson, T. Wilson, R. Wooding, S. Ackley, N. Biebow, D. Blankenship, S. Bo, J. Baeseman, C.A. Cárdenas, J. Cassano, C. Danhong, J. Dañobeitia, J. Francis, J. Guldahl, G. Hashida, L. Jiménez Corbalán, A. Klepikov, J. Lee, M. Leppe, F. Lijun, J. López-Martinez, M. Memolli, Y. Motoyoshi, R. Mousalle Bueno, J. Negrete, M.A. Ojeda Cárdenes, M. Proaño Silva, S. Ramos-Garcia, H. Sala, H. Shin, X. Shijie, K. Shiraishi, T. Stockings, S. Trotter, D.G. Vaughan, J. Viera Da Unha De Menezes, V. Vlasich, Q. Weijia, J.-G. Winther, H. Miller, S. Rintoul, H. Yang
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- Journal:
- Antarctic Science / Volume 28 / Issue 6 / December 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 October 2016, pp. 407-423
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- Article
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The Antarctic Roadmap Challenges (ARC) project identified critical requirements to deliver high priority Antarctic research in the 21st century. The ARC project addressed the challenges of enabling technologies, facilitating access, providing logistics and infrastructure, and capitalizing on international co-operation. Technological requirements include: i) innovative automated in situ observing systems, sensors and interoperable platforms (including power demands), ii) realistic and holistic numerical models, iii) enhanced remote sensing and sensors, iv) expanded sample collection and retrieval technologies, and v) greater cyber-infrastructure to process ‘big data’ collection, transmission and analyses while promoting data accessibility. These technologies must be widely available, performance and reliability must be improved and technologies used elsewhere must be applied to the Antarctic. Considerable Antarctic research is field-based, making access to vital geographical targets essential. Future research will require continent- and ocean-wide environmentally responsible access to coastal and interior Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Year-round access is indispensable. The cost of future Antarctic science is great but there are opportunities for all to participate commensurate with national resources, expertise and interests. The scope of future Antarctic research will necessitate enhanced and inventive interdisciplinary and international collaborations. The full promise of Antarctic science will only be realized if nations act together.
Interactive effects of temperature and pollutant stress
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- By S.D. Reid, Okanagan University College, D.G. McDonald, McMaster University, C.M. Wood, McMaster University
- Edited by C. M. Wood, McMaster University, Ontario, D. G. McDonald, McMaster University, Ontario
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- Book:
- Global Warming
- Published online:
- 05 November 2011
- Print publication:
- 13 May 1997, pp 325-350
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Summary
Introduction
The prediction of the global warning scenario is a 1–5 °C increase in the mean global temperature as a result of a doubling of the so-called greenhouse gases; methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide (Schneider, 1990; Mohnen & Wang, 1992). A variety of physiological parameters of poikiliothermic fish are directly and indirectly impacted by changes in environmental temperature, including metabolism (O2 consumption), growth, cardiac output, ventilation and excretory processes. Specifically, environmental temperature determines the rate of chemical reactions such that, in general, a 10 °C increase in temperature enhances reaction rates by 2–3-fold (Q10 = 2–3). It is well established that fish do have some capacity to compensate for changes in environmental temperature (see Hazel, 1993). However, in many natural situations the predicted change in the temperature will not be the only environmental stressor with which the fish must cope because many environments are no longer pristine. The metabolic cost of living in polluted environments has yet to be clearly established, though it is likely to be substantial (Calow, 1991). Therefore, the anticipated alterations in fish physiology associated with global warming have the potential to increase the burden of stress already experienced by fish living in marginalized environments.
The study of the relationship between environmental temperature and pollutant toxicity in fish is not a new endeavour, but the literature describing temperature effects on toxicity affords little in terms of reliable generalization.
The combined effects of pH and trace metals on fish ionoregulation
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- By D.G. McDonald, McMaster University, J.P. Reader, University of Nottingham, T.R.K. Dalziel, University of Nottingham
- Edited by R. Morris, E. W. Taylor, D. J. A. Brown, J. A. Brown
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- Book:
- Acid Toxicity and Aquatic Animals
- Published online:
- 05 February 2012
- Print publication:
- 16 March 1989, pp 221-242
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Summary
Introduction
In freshwater fish the physiological regulation of the major electrolytes is very sensitive to environmental stressors. Low pH environments in both the laboratory and field cause electrolyte losses in a number of fish species and, indeed, plasma electrolytes have proven to be a fairly reliable indicator of sublethal acid stress (e.g. Leivestad & Muniz, 1976). Similarly, there are now several studies on the toxic trace metals showing that disturbances to ion regulation are either a primary or at least a secondary consequence of exposure to a particular metal. Our objective then is to examine how mixtures of trace metals and H+ might toxically interact to cause ionic disturbances. We have placed emphasis on sublethal effects upon gill function rather than toxicity per se. We first examine the chemical and biological bases for metal and H+ interactions and then present some examples which illustrate the nature of these interactions. It is not our intention to review exhaustively metal and H+ toxicity but rather to point out how one might examine or even predict the interactions of untested metal/H+ mixtures. For a more general and thorough treatment of metal and acid toxicity to aquatic biota the reader is referred to the recent review by Campbell & Stokes (1985).
In terrestrial animals, the toxicity of a particular metal is mainly related to its dose; if a metal is not absorbed then it is not toxic, irrespective of its reactivity in aqueous solution.