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Continuities in maternal substance use from early adolescence to parenthood: findings from the intergenerational cohort consortium
- Kimberly C. Thomson, Christopher J. Greenwood, Primrose Letcher, Elizabeth A. Spry, Jacqui A. Macdonald, Helena M. McAnally, Lindsey A. Hines, George J. Youssef, Jennifer E. McIntosh, Delyse Hutchinson, Robert J. Hancox, George C. Patton, Craig A. Olsson
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 5 / April 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 October 2021, pp. 2136-2145
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Background
This study assessed the extent to which women's preconception binge drinking, tobacco use and cannabis use, reported prospectively in adolescence and young adulthood, predicted use of these substances during pregnancy and at 1 year postpartum.
MethodsData were pooled from two intergenerational cohort studies: the Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study (395 mothers, 691 pregnancies) and the Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study (398 mothers, 609 pregnancies). Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use were assessed in adolescence (13–18 years), young adulthood (19–29 years) and at ages 29–35 years for those transitioning to parenthood. Exposures were weekly or more frequent preconception binge drinking (5 + drinks in one session), tobacco use and cannabis use. Outcomes were any alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use prior to awareness of the pregnancy, after awareness of pregnancy (up to and including the third trimester pregnancy) and at 1 year postpartum.
ResultsFrequent preconception binge drinking, tobacco use and cannabis use across both adolescence and young adulthood were strong predictors of continued use post-conception, before and after awareness of the pregnancy and at 1 year postpartum. Substance use limited to young adulthood also predicted continued use post-conception.
ConclusionsPersistent alcohol, tobacco use and cannabis use that starts in adolescence has a strong continuity into parenthood. Reducing substance use in the perinatal period requires action well before pregnancy, commencing in adolescence and continuing into the years before conception and throughout the perinatal period.
Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder
- Janos L. Kalman, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Annabel Vreeker, Andrew McQuillin, Eli A. Stahl, Douglas Ruderfer, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Stephan Ripke, Tim B. Bigdeli, Frederike Stein, Tina Meller, Susanne Meinert, Helena Pelin, Fabian Streit, Sergi Papiol, Mark J. Adams, Rolf Adolfsson, Kristina Adorjan, Ingrid Agartz, Sofie R. Aminoff, Heike Anderson-Schmidt, Ole A. Andreassen, Raffaella Ardau, Jean-Michel Aubry, Ceylan Balaban, Nicholas Bass, Bernhard T. Baune, Frank Bellivier, Antoni Benabarre, Susanne Bengesser, Wade H Berrettini, Marco P. Boks, Evelyn J. Bromet, Katharina Brosch, Monika Budde, William Byerley, Pablo Cervantes, Catina Chillotti, Sven Cichon, Scott R. Clark, Ashley L. Comes, Aiden Corvin, William Coryell, Nick Craddock, David W. Craig, Paul E. Croarkin, Cristiana Cruceanu, Piotr M. Czerski, Nina Dalkner, Udo Dannlowski, Franziska Degenhardt, Maria Del Zompo, J. Raymond DePaulo, Srdjan Djurovic, Howard J. Edenberg, Mariam Al Eissa, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Bruno Etain, Ayman H. Fanous, Frederike Fellendorf, Alessia Fiorentino, Andreas J. Forstner, Mark A. Frye, Janice M. Fullerton, Katrin Gade, Julie Garnham, Elliot Gershon, Michael Gill, Fernando S. Goes, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Paul Grof, Jose Guzman-Parra, Tim Hahn, Roland Hasler, Maria Heilbronner, Urs Heilbronner, Stephane Jamain, Esther Jimenez, Ian Jones, Lisa Jones, Lina Jonsson, Rene S. Kahn, John R. Kelsoe, James L. Kennedy, Tilo Kircher, George Kirov, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Farah Klöhn-Saghatolislam, James A. Knowles, Thorsten M. Kranz, Trine Vik Lagerberg, Mikael Landen, William B. Lawson, Marion Leboyer, Qingqin S. Li, Mario Maj, Dolores Malaspina, Mirko Manchia, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L. McElroy, Melvin G. McInnis, Andrew M. McIntosh, Helena Medeiros, Ingrid Melle, Vihra Milanova, Philip B. Mitchell, Palmiero Monteleone, Alessio Maria Monteleone, Markus M. Nöthen, Tomas Novak, John I. Nurnberger, Niamh O'Brien, Kevin S. O'Connell, Claire O'Donovan, Michael C. O'Donovan, Nils Opel, Abigail Ortiz, Michael J. Owen, Erik Pålsson, Carlos Pato, Michele T. Pato, Joanna Pawlak, Julia-Katharina Pfarr, Claudia Pisanu, James B. Potash, Mark H Rapaport, Daniela Reich-Erkelenz, Andreas Reif, Eva Reininghaus, Jonathan Repple, Hélène Richard-Lepouriel, Marcella Rietschel, Kai Ringwald, Gloria Roberts, Guy Rouleau, Sabrina Schaupp, William A Scheftner, Simon Schmitt, Peter R. Schofield, K. Oliver Schubert, Eva C. Schulte, Barbara Schweizer, Fanny Senner, Giovanni Severino, Sally Sharp, Claire Slaney, Olav B. Smeland, Janet L. Sobell, Alessio Squassina, Pavla Stopkova, John Strauss, Alfonso Tortorella, Gustavo Turecki, Joanna Twarowska-Hauser, Marin Veldic, Eduard Vieta, John B. Vincent, Wei Xu, Clement C. Zai, Peter P. Zandi, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) Bipolar Disorder Working Group, International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen), Colombia-US Cross Disorder Collaboration in Psychiatric Genetics, Arianna Di Florio, Jordan W. Smoller, Joanna M. Biernacka, Francis J. McMahon, Martin Alda, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Nikolaos Koutsouleris, Peter Falkai, Nelson B. Freimer, Till F.M. Andlauer, Thomas G. Schulze, Roel A. Ophoff
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 219 / Issue 6 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 August 2021, pp. 659-669
- Print publication:
- December 2021
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Background
Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools.
AimsTo examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics.
MethodGenome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts.
ResultsEarlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = −0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = −0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO.
ConclusionsAAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses.
Adolescent antecedents of maternal and paternal perinatal depression: a 36-year prospective cohort
- Kimberly C Thomson, Helena Romaniuk, Christopher J Greenwood, Primrose Letcher, Elizabeth Spry, Jacqui A Macdonald, Helena M McAnally, George J Youssef, Jennifer McIntosh, Delyse Hutchinson, Robert J Hancox, George C Patton, Craig A Olsson
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 51 / Issue 12 / September 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 April 2020, pp. 2126-2133
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Background
Rates of common mental health problems (depression/anxiety) rise sharply in adolescence and peak in young adulthood, often coinciding with the transition to parenthood. Little is known regarding the persistence of common mental health problems from adolescence to the perinatal period in both mothers and fathers.
MethodsA total of 393 mothers (686 pregnancies) and 257 fathers (357 pregnancies) from the intergenerational Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study completed self-report assessments of depression and anxiety in adolescence (ages 13–14, 15–16, 17–18 years) and young adulthood (ages 19–20, 23–24, 27–28 years). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess depressive symptoms at 32 weeks pregnancy and 12 months postpartum in mothers, and at 12 months postpartum in fathers.
ResultsMost pregnancies (81%) in which mothers reported perinatal depression were preceded by a history of mental health problems in adolescence or young adulthood. Similarly, most pregnancies (83%) in which fathers reported postnatal depression were preceded by a preconception history of mental health problems. After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds of self-reporting perinatal depression in both women and men were consistently higher in those with a history of persistent mental health problems across adolescence and young adulthood than those without (ORwomen 5.7, 95% CI 2.9–10.9; ORmen 5.5, 95% CI 1.03–29.70).
ConclusionsPerinatal depression, for the majority of parents, is a continuation of mental health problems with onsets well before pregnancy. Strategies to promote good perinatal mental health should start before parenthood and include both men and women.
Maternal mental health and infant emotional reactivity: a 20-year two-cohort study of preconception and perinatal exposures
- Elizabeth Spry, Margarita Moreno-Betancur, Denise Becker, Helena Romaniuk, John B. Carlin, Emma Molyneaux, Louise M. Howard, Joanne Ryan, Primrose Letcher, Jennifer McIntosh, Jacqui A. Macdonald, Christopher J. Greenwood, Kimberley C. Thomson, Helena McAnally, Robert Hancox, Delyse M. Hutchinson, George J. Youssef, Craig A. Olsson, George C. Patton
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 5 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 April 2019, pp. 827-837
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Background
Maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum predicts later emotional and behavioural problems in children. Even though most perinatal mental health problems begin before pregnancy, the consequences of preconception maternal mental health for children's early emotional development have not been prospectively studied.
MethodsWe used data from two prospective Australian intergenerational cohorts, with 756 women assessed repeatedly for mental health problems before pregnancy between age 13 and 29 years, and during pregnancy and at 1 year postpartum for 1231 subsequent pregnancies. Offspring infant emotional reactivity, an early indicator of differential sensitivity denoting increased risk of emotional problems under adversity, was assessed at 1 year postpartum.
ResultsThirty-seven percent of infants born to mothers with persistent preconception mental health problems were categorised as high in emotional reactivity, compared to 23% born to mothers without preconception history (adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.1). Ante- and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were similarly associated with infant emotional reactivity, but these perinatal associations reduced somewhat after adjustment for prior exposure. Causal mediation analysis further showed that 88% of the preconception risk was a direct effect, not mediated by perinatal exposure.
ConclusionsMaternal preconception mental health problems predict infant emotional reactivity, independently of maternal perinatal mental health; while associations between perinatal depressive symptoms and infant reactivity are partially explained by prior exposure. Findings suggest that processes shaping early vulnerability for later mental disorders arise well before conception. There is an emerging case for expanding developmental theories and trialling preventive interventions in the years before pregnancy.
Devonian cladid crinoids: Families Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923, and Rutkowskicrinidae new family
- George C. McIntosh
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- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 75 / Issue 4 / July 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 May 2016, pp. 783-807
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The cladid crinoid order Poteriocrinida Jaekel, 1918 is a polyphyletic group that includes a variety of independent lineages united solely by the presence of ramulate or pinnulate arms. One of these lineages is the Rutkowskicrinidae new family herein assigned to the order Dendrocrinida, Bather 1899. Genera assigned to this new family include Rutkowskicrinus new genus, Decorocrinus new genus, Iteacrinus, Nassoviocrinus, Quantoxocrinus, Sacrinus, Sostronocrinus, ?Propoteriocrinus, and ?Schmidtocrinus. Members of this family are characterized by low conical cups with ridged thecal plates, U-shaped peneplenary radial facets bearing faint transverse ridges, a proximal median ridge on the posterior side of a long, narrow, predominantly straight anal sac, and pentagonal columns with one to two cirri per nodal. Arms in this family are highly variable, ranging from isotomous to heterotomous and pinnulate. The arms in the type specimen of Rutkowskicrinus patriciae n. sp. preserve all these various arm stages. The oldest presently known rutkowskicrinids occur in the Late Silurian (Ludlovian) of Australia and the Early Devonian (Pragian) of western Europe. The family diversified during the Middle Devonian (Givetian) in northeastern North America, and declined in numbers and diversity throughout the Late Devonian before going extinct in the Early Mississippian (Tournaisian).
The Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923, containing Glossocrinus, Charientocrinus, Catactocrinus, and Liparocrinus, is also reviewed. This family, distinguished by a strongly recumbent anal sac in the B-E plane and a prominent median ridge extending the entire length of the anal sac, was derived from the Rutkowskicrinidae during the Middle Devonian (Givetian) and diversified in the Late Devonian before going extinct at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary.
The previously described rutkowskicrinid and glossocrinid genera listed above were assigned by Moore et al. (1978) to the dendrocrinid family Mastigocrinidae and poteriocrinid families Rhenocrinidae, Poteriocrinitidae, and Scytalocrinidae. Studied taxa include Rutkowskicrinus patriciae new genus and species, Rutkowskicrinus collieri new genus and species, Nassoviocrinus costatus (Goldring, 1954) new combination, Nassoviocrinus schultzei (Haarmann, 1921) new combination, Nassoviocrinus? duluki (Kesling, 1969) new combination, Nassoviocrinus? ornatus (Goldring, 1954) new combination, Nassoviocrinus? chilmanae new species, Decorocrinus arkonensis (Goldring, 1950) new combination, Decorocrinus cooperi (Goldring, 1926) new combination, Quantoxocrinus clarkei (Williams, 1882) new combination, Glossocrinus halli (Goldring, 1923) new combination, and Charientocrinus bellitubatus (Kesling, 1973) new combination.
Review of the camerate crinoid Closterocrinus elongatus Hall from the Silurian of New York
- George C. McIntosh
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- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 61 / Issue 6 / November 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 July 2015, pp. 1216-1221
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Closterocrinus elongatus Hall, 1852, long assigned to the cladid inadunate crinoid family Ampheristocrinidae (=Euspirocrinidae), has been found to possess pinnulate biserial arms and a cup composed of four exsert basals, five radials, a primanal above the radial circlet, and fixed primibrachials and secundibrachials. Accordingly, this species is herein reassigned to the monobathrid camerate crinoid family Paramelocrinidae.
Review of the Devonian camerate crinoid Bogotacrinus scheibei Schmidt from Colombia
- George C. Mcintosh
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- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 61 / Issue 4 / July 1987
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- 14 July 2015, pp. 750-757
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Two recently collected specimens of Bogotacrinus scheibei Schmidt, 1937, from the Devonian (Emsian–Eifelian) Floresta Formation of Colombia reveal that Bogotacrinus is a dicyclic camerate crinoid genus closely related to Pterinocrinus Goldring, 1923 (Lower–Upper Devonian of eastern North America and western Europe), and Ampurocrinus McIntosh, 1981 (Lower Devonian of Bolivia). The new diplobathrid camerate crinoid family Pterinocrinidae, characterized by species with low conical dicyclic cups and rami composed of compound, bipinnulate brachials, is herein proposed to accommodate these three genera. This family originated in western Europe and migrated into the Malvinokaffric and southern Eastern Americas Realms during the Early Devonian and into the northeastern Appalachian Basin by the Late Devonian.