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Head and Neck Cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines, Sixth Edition
- Jarrod J Homer, Stuart C Winter, Elizabeth C Abbey, Hiba Aga, Reshma Agrawal, Derfel ap Dafydd, Takhar Arunjit, Patrick Axon, Eleanor Aynsley, Izhar N Bagwan, Arun Batra, Donna Begg, Jonathan M Bernstein, Guy Betts, Colin Bicknell, Brian Bisase, Grainne C Brady, Peter Brennan, Aina Brunet, Val Bryant, Linda Cantwell, Ashish Chandra, Preetha Chengot, Melvin L K Chua, Peter Clarke, Gemma Clunie, Margaret Coffey, Clare Conlon, David I Conway, Florence Cook, Matthew R Cooper, Declan Costello, Ben Cosway, Neil J A Cozens, Grant Creaney, Daljit K Gahir, Stephen Damato, Joe Davies, Katharine S Davies, Alina D Dragan, Yong Du, Mark R D Edmond, Stefano Fedele, Harriet Finze, Jason C Fleming, Bernadette H Foran, Beth Fordham, Mohammed M A S Foridi, Lesley Freeman, Katherine E Frew, Pallavi Gaitonde, Victoria Gallyer, Fraser W Gibb, Sinclair M Gore, Mark Gormley, Roganie Govender, J Greedy, Teresa Guerrero Urbano, Dorothy Gujral, David W Hamilton, John C Hardman, Kevin Harrington, Samantha Holmes, Jarrod J Homer, Deborah Howland, Gerald Humphris, Keith D Hunter, Kate Ingarfield, Richard Irving, Kristina Isand, Yatin Jain, Sachin Jauhar, Sarra Jawad, Glyndwr W Jenkins, Anastasios Kanatas, Stephen Keohane, Cyrus J Kerawala, William Keys, Emma V King, Anthony Kong, Fiona Lalloo, Kirsten Laws, Samuel C Leong, Shane Lester, Miles Levy, Ken Lingley, Gitta Madani, Navin Mani, Paolo L Matteucci, Catriona R Mayland, James McCaul, Lorna K McCaul, Pádraig McDonnell, Andrew McPartlin, Valeria Mercadante, Zoe Merchant, Radu Mihai, Mufaddal T Moonim, John Moore, Paul Nankivell, Sonali Natu, A Nelson, Pablo Nenclares, Kate Newbold, Carrie Newland, Ailsa J Nicol, Iain J Nixon, Rupert Obholzer, James T O'Hara, S Orr, Vinidh Paleri, James Palmer, Rachel S Parry, Claire Paterson, Gillian Patterson, Joanne M Patterson, Miranda Payne, L Pearson, David N Poller, Jonathan Pollock, Stephen Ross Porter, Matthew Potter, Robin J D Prestwich, Ruth Price, Mani Ragbir, Meena S Ranka, Max Robinson, Justin W G Roe, Tom Roques, Aleix Rovira, Sajid Sainuddin, I J Salmon, Ann Sandison, Andy Scarsbrook, Andrew G Schache, A Scott, Diane Sellstrom, Cherith J Semple, Jagrit Shah, Praveen Sharma, Richard J Shaw, Somiah Siddiq, Priyamal Silva, Ricard Simo, Rabin P Singh, Maria Smith, Rebekah Smith, Toby Oliver Smith, Sanjai Sood, Francis W Stafford, Neil Steven, Kay Stewart, Lisa Stoner, Steve Sweeney, Andrew Sykes, Carly L Taylor, Selvam Thavaraj, David J Thomson, Jane Thornton, Neil S Tolley, Nancy Turnbull, Sriram Vaidyanathan, Leandros Vassiliou, John Waas, Kelly Wade-McBane, Donna Wakefield, Amy Ward, Laura Warner, Laura-Jayne Watson, H Watts, Christina Wilson, Stuart C Winter, Winson Wong, Chui-Yan Yip, Kent Yip
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 138 / Issue S1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2024, pp. S1-S224
- Print publication:
- April 2024
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- Article
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4 - Genetic Susceptibility to Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Edited by Muntaser E. Ibrahim, University of Khartoum, Charles N. Rotimi
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- Book:
- The Genetics of African Populations in Health and Disease
- Published online:
- 02 December 2019
- Print publication:
- 19 December 2019, pp 71-85
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Summary
The leishmaniases are a group of related diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania (Order Kinetoplastidae, family Trypansomatidae). The clinical presentations of leishmaniasis include visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). These different clinical patterns of infection are principally related to the species of Leishmania. All species of Leishmania are transmitted by sand flies; Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World and Lutzomyia longipalpis in the New World. Humans, wild animals, and domestic animals are known to act as reservoir hosts. Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with infection by members of the L. donovani species complex, including L. donovani sensu strictu, L. infantum, and L. aethiopica, and is characterized by fever, weight loss, epistaxis, pancytopenia, anorexia, abdominal pain, cough, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, weakness, fatigue, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Other clinical signs of VL can include edema, neurological changes, and, less frequently, psychosis and jaundice (Zijlstra and el-Hassan 2001b). As well as being a severe systemic infection, a proportion of patients treated for VL go on to present with cutaneous disease, termed PKDL (Zijlstra and el-Hassan 2001a; Zijlstra et al. 1994). Recent analysis by the WHO estimates that 200,000–400,000 new cases occur annually, 90 percent of which are in India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Brazil (Alvar et al. 2012). In Africa, the highest incidence rate was reported in the East African region, with estimated annual incidence of 29,400–56,700. The reported VL cases per year in the region is 8560, of which Sudan, South Sudan, and Ethiopia have the highest incidence rates, in that order. A small number of cases have been reported from Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, and Eritrea. Visceral leishmaniasis is also present in other foci in Africa, such as Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, with estimated annual incidence rate of 300, 130, and 110 cases, respectively (Alvar et al. 2012).