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Chapter 33 - Disorders of Bile Acid Synthesis and Metabolism in Children
- from Section IV - Metabolic Liver Disease
- Edited by Frederick J. Suchy, Ronald J. Sokol, William F. Balistreri
- Edited in association with Jorge A. Bezerra, Cara L. Mack, Benjamin L. Shneider
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- Book:
- Liver Disease in Children
- Published online:
- 19 January 2021
- Print publication:
- 18 March 2021, pp 593-610
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Summary
The importance of bile acid synthesis and metabolism to normal physiology and their role in pathophysiological states is well recognized. For such small and relatively simple molecules, bile acids have amazingly diverse properties and functions. Bile acid biosynthesis represents one of the major pathways for regulating cholesterol homeostasis – each day approximately 0.5 g of cholesterol is metabolized to bile acids [1]. These molecules are essential for providing the major driving force for the promotion and secretion of bile and therefore are key elements in the development and maintenance of an efficient enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids are essential for facilitating the solubilization and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the small bowel, although in the large bowel these molecules if in excess are potentially harmful in that they are carthartic, membrane damaging, and promoters of colonic disease. More recently, bile acids have become of interest because of their hormone-like actions of relevance to obesity, glucose and insulin regulation where they are now regarded as important molecules that signal through orphan receptors to regulate metabolism. With regard to bile acid biosynthesis, comprehensive reviews on the topic have been published previously [1, 2], and in the fourth edition of this textbook a detailed description of the pathways for bile acid synthesis was described.
14 - Taking Stock and Moving Forward
- from Part IV - Future Directions
- Edited by Frank Biermann, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands, Rakhyun E. Kim, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
-
- Book:
- Architectures of Earth System Governance
- Published online:
- 17 April 2020
- Print publication:
- 07 May 2020, pp 299-321
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Summary
There is a growing consensus in the literature that governance architectures matter. However, we lack sufficient knowledge about their emergence, dynamics and impacts. This concluding chapter summarizes all insights in the book Architectures of Earth System Governance, and emphasizes how this book has made a scientific contribution by enhancing conceptual clarity, synthesizing a decade of intense research, and charting directions for future research. The book has made at least one point clear: the ‘architecture lens’ offers a bird’s-eye view on the global governance landscape that is highly valuable in explaining outcomes of world politics. The architectures matter in how institutions interact with others, how institutions are entangled with others in larger regime complexes and how institutions are affected by broader architectures that are more or less fragmented or polycentric. In this concluding chapter, we also illustrate how such key insights gained could inform a set of transformative policy proposals regarding the architecture of earth system governance.
Slowed Temporal and Parietal Cerebrovascular Response in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
- Kenneth R. Holmes, David Tang-Wai, Kevin Sam, Larissa McKetton, Julien Poublanc, Adrian P. Crawley, Olivia Sobczyk, Melanie Cohn, James Duffin, Maria Carmela Tartaglia, Sandra E. Black, Joseph A. Fisher, Bruce Wasserman, David J. Mikulis
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 47 / Issue 3 / May 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 February 2020, pp. 366-373
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Background:
Recent investigations now suggest that cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may underpin part of the disease’s neurovascular component. However, our understanding of the relationship between the magnitude of CVR, the speed of cerebrovascular response, and the progression of AD is still limited. This is especially true in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is recognized as an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia. The purpose of this study was to investigate AD and MCI patients by mapping repeatable and accurate measures of cerebrovascular function, namely the magnitude and speed of cerebrovascular response (τ) to a vasoactive stimulus in key predilection sites for vascular dysfunction in AD.
Methods:Thirty-three subjects (age range: 52–83 years, 20 males) were prospectively recruited. CVR and τ were assessed using blood oxygen level-dependent MRI during a standardized carbon dioxide stimulus. Temporal and parietal cortical regions of interest (ROIs) were generated from anatomical images using the FreeSurfer image analysis suite.
Results:Of 33 subjects recruited, 3 individuals were excluded, leaving 30 subjects for analysis, consisting of 6 individuals with early AD, 11 individuals with MCI, and 13 older healthy controls (HCs). τ was found to be significantly higher in the AD group compared to the HC group in both the temporal (p = 0.03) and parietal cortex (p = 0.01) following a one-way ANCOVA correcting for age and microangiopathy scoring and a Bonferroni post-hoc correction.
Conclusion:The study findings suggest that AD is associated with a slowing of the cerebrovascular response in the temporal and parietal cortices.
Quantitative Relief Models of Rock Surfaces on Mars at Sub-millimeter Scales from Mars Curiosity Rover Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Observations: Geologic Implications
- James B. Garvin, Kenneth S. Edgett, Ryan Dotson, Deirdra M. Fey, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, Bernard J. Hallet, Megan R. Kennedy
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 23 / Issue S1 / July 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2017, pp. 2146-2147
- Print publication:
- July 2017
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Curiosity Rover Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Views of the Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks of Gale Crater, Mars
- Kenneth S. Edgett, R. Aileen Yingst, Michelle E. Minitti, Megan R. Kennedy, Gillian M. Krezoski, Deirdra M. Fey, Stephane Le Mouelic, Scott K. Rowland, Linda C. Kah, Ezat Heydari, James B. Garvin, Scott J. VanBommel
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 23 / Issue S1 / July 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2017, pp. 2142-2143
- Print publication:
- July 2017
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Investigating the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium ridigum)
- Scott R. Baerson, Damian J. Rodriguez, Nancy A. Biest, Minhtien Tran, Jinsong You, Roger W. Kreuger, Gerald M. Dill, James E. Pratley, Kenneth J. Gruys
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 50 / Issue 6 / December 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 721-730
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Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that has been used extensively for more than 20 yr. The first glyphosate-resistant weed biotype appeared in 1996; it involved a rigid ryegrass population from Australia that exhibited an LD50 value approximately 10-fold higher than that of sensitive biotypes. We have characterized gene expression levels and glyphosate sensitivity of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), the target enzyme for glyphosate inhibition, in sensitive and resistant lines derived from this population. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses were also performed to examine the distribution of EPSPS gene variants and the gene copy number. A two- to threefold increase in basal EPSPS messenger RNA (mRNA) and enzyme activity levels was observed in the most resistant lines analyzed; however, differences among lines in the sensitivity of EPSPS to glyphosate were not apparent. Induction of EPSPS was observed within 48 h after application of 1.5 kg ae ha−1 of glyphosate. This was reflected in elevated levels of both EPSPS mRNA and enzyme activity. Similarly, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase mRNA levels increased after glyphosate treatment; however, basal and induced transcript levels were comparable for sensitive and resistant lines in this case. The restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses showed no evidence for gene amplification or cosegregation of a specific EPSPS gene variant with glyphosate resistance. EPSPS expression in lines exhibiting an intermediate level of resistance was indistinguishable from that in glyphosate-sensitive lines, suggesting that the mechanism could, at least in part, be non–target-based.
Tephrochronologic Constraints on the Late Pleistocene History of the Southern Margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, Western Washington
- James E. Begét, Mary J. Keskinen, Kenneth P. Severin
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 47 / Issue 2 / March 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 140-146
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An ash layer that appears geochemically correlative with Mt. St. Helens tephra set S occurs in a sequence of Pleistocene lake sediments in the Ohop Valley of the southern Puget Lowland, below Vashon till deposited during the maximum late Pleistocene advance (Fraser Glaciation) of the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The Puget Lobe reached its maximum southern extent ca. 14,000–14,500 yr B.P., and at least part of set S is evidently somewhat older. Previous radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates for set S have ranged from 13,000 to 16,000 yr B.P.
Geochemically correlative deposits of set S tephra occur in slackwater sediments coeval with the Missoula Floods in eastern Washington, produced by jökulhlaups through the Purcell Trench Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. These relationships suggest that advances of glacier lobes on the southern margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet were nonsynchronous, as the Pucell Trench lobe east of the Cascade Range advanced to its maximum southern extent prior to the time of the eruption of set S, before the Puget Lobe west of the Cascades reached its maximum southern extent.
Early Jurassic climate change and the radiation of organic-walled phytoplankton in the Tethys Ocean
- Bas van de Schootbrugge, Trevor R. Bailey, Yair Rosenthal, Miriam E. Katz, James D. Wright, Kenneth G. Miller, Susanne Feist-Burkhardt, Paul G. Falkowski
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- Journal:
- Paleobiology / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / Winter 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2016, pp. 73-97
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During the Early Jurassic, cyst-forming dinoflagellates began a long-term radiation that would portend ecological importance of these taxa in the pelagic plankton community throughout the rest of the Mesozoic era. The factors that contributed to the evolutionary success of dinoflagellates are poorly understood. Here we examine the relationship between oceanographic and climatic conditions during the Hettangian–Toarcian interval in relation to the radiation of dinoflagellates and other organic-walled phytoplankton taxa in the Tethys Ocean. Our analysis is based on two data sets. The first includes δ13Ccarb, δ13Corg, total organic carbon (TOC), and quantitative palynological observations derived from the Mochras Core (Wales, U.K.), which spans the complete Early Jurassic. The second is a coupled Mg/Ca and δ18O record derived from analyses of belemnite calcite obtained from three sections in northern Spain, covering the upper Sinemurian to Toarcian. From these two data sets we reconstructed the influence of sea level, trophism, temperature, and salinity on dinoflagellate cyst abundance and diversity in northwest Europe. Our results suggest that organic-walled phytoplankton (acritarchs, prasinophytes, and dinoflagellates) diversity increased through the Early Jurassic. The radiation coincides with a long-term eustatic rise and overall increase in the areal extent of continental shelves, a factor critical to cyst germination. On shorter timescales, we observed short bursts of dinoflagellate diversification during the late Sinemurian and late Pliensbachian. The former diversification is consistent with the opening of the Hispanic Corridor during the late Sinemurian, which apparently allowed the pioneer dinoflagellate, Liasidium variabile, to invade the Tethys from the Paleo-Pacific. A true radiation pulse during the late Pliensbachian, with predominantly cold-water taxa, occurred during sea level fall, suggesting that climate change was critical to setting the evolutionary tempo. Our belemnite δ18O and Mg/Ca data indicate that late Pliensbachian water masses cooled (ΔT ≈ −6°C) and became more saline (ΔS ≈ +2 psu). Cooling episodes during generally warm and humid Early Jurassic climate conditions would have produced stronger winter monsoon northeast trade winds, resulting in hydrographic instability, increased vertical mixing, and ventilation of bottom waters. During the late Pliensbachian, dinoflagellates replaced green algae, including prasinophytes and acritarchs, as primary producers. By producing benthic resting cysts, dinoflagellates may have been better adapted to oxidized ocean regimes. This hypothesis is supported by palynological data from the early Toarcian ocean anoxic event, which was marked by highly stratified anoxic bottom water overlain by low-salinity, warm surface waters. These conditions were advantageous to green algae, while cyst-producing dinoflagellates temporarily disappeared. Our results suggest that the rise in dinoflagellate diversity later in the Jurassic appears to correspond to deep water ventilation as a result of the opening of the Atlantic seaway, conditions that appear to have simultaneously led to a loss of prasinophyte dominance in the global oceans.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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State of the literature on the economic impacts of climate change in the United States
- James E. Neumann, Kenneth Strzepek
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- Journal:
- Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / December 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 April 2015, pp. 411-443
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This paper discusses the current literature on impacts and adaptation costs at the sectoral level. The focus is primarily the US, but includes examples on international applications that highlight key differences or other relevant demonstrations of method and data use. The paper provides an overall framework that addresses the components of economic impacts, including definitions of impacts, adaptation costs, and residual damages. The paper then focuses on understanding the current breadth and depth of the literature that exists to characterize what we know about economic sectors studied in the recent literature (agriculture, coastal resources, water resources, infrastructure, health, crime, energy, labor productivity, and ecosystems), how the methodologies differ, what the gaps and challenges are, and offers a sense of the impacts at the US national level. A new generation of impact studies, including the U.S. EPA’s ongoing Climate Impacts and Risk Analysis (CIRA) project; the new Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 Working Group II report; the U.S. National Climate Assessment; and the Risky Business Project led by the Next Generation Foundation, provide the motivation for this review. These efforts, taken together, have advanced the state of US economic impact assessment work along two critical frontiers, both of which support benefit-cost analyses of climate change: assessment of the risk and economic consequences of extreme climatic events; and assessment of ecosystem effects. Yet, the latest work also highlights gaps in the lack of comprehensive sectoral coverage; more complete incorporation of adaptation opportunities in impact assessment; and critical cross- and multi-sectoral effects that remain poorly understood.
Contributors
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- By Agoston T. Agoston, Syed Z. Ali, Mahul B. Amin, Daniel A. Arber, Pedram Argani, Sylvia L. Asa, Rebecca N. Baergen, Zubair W. Baloch, Andrew M. Bellizzi, Kurt Benirschke, Allen Burke, Kenneth B. Calder, Karen L. Chang, Rebecca D. Chernock, Wang Cheung, Thomas V. Colby, Byron P. Croker, Ronald A. DeLellis, Edward F. DiCarlo, Ralph C. Eagle, Hormoz Ehya, Brett M. Elicker, Tarik M. Elsheikh, Robert E. Fechner, Linda D. Ferrell, Melina B. Flanagan, Douglas B. Flieder, Christopher S. Foster, Lillian Gaber, Karuna Garg, Kim R. Geisinger, Ryan M. Gill, Eric F. Glassy, David J. Glembocki, Zachary D. Goodman, Robert O. Greer, David J. Grignon, Gerardo E. Guiter, Kymberly A. Gyure, Ian S. Hagemann, Michael R. Henry, Jason L. Hornick, Ralph H. Hruban, Phyllis C. Huettner, Peter A. Humphrey, Olga B. Ioffe, Edward C. Klatt, Michael J. Klein, Ernest E. Lack, James N. Lampros, Lester J. Layfield, Robin D. LeGallo, Kevin O. Leslie, James S. Lewis, Virginia A. LiVolsi, Alberto M. Marchevsky, Anne Marie McNicol, Mitra Mehrad, Elizabeth Montgomery, Cesar A. Moran, Christopher A. Moskaluk, George J. Netto, G. Petur Nielsen, Robert D. Odze, Arthur S. Patchefsky, James W. Patterson, Elizabeth N. Pavlisko, John D. Pfeifer, Celeste N. Powers, Richard A. Prayson, Anja C. Roden, Victor L. Roggli, Andrew E. Rosenberg, Sherif Said, Margie A. Scott, Raja R. Seethala, Carlie S. Sigel, Jan F. Silverman, Bruce R. Smoller, Edward B. Stelow, Nora C. J. Sun, Mark W. Teague, Satish K. Tickoo, Thomas M. Ulbright, Paul E. Wakely, Jun Wang, Lawrence M. Weiss, Mark R. Wick, Howard H. Wu, Rhonda K. Yantiss, Charles Zaloudek, Yaxia Zhang, Xiaohui Sheila Zhao
- Edited by Mark R. Wick, University of Virginia, Virginia A. LiVolsi, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, John D. Pfeifer, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Edward B. Stelow, University of Virginia, Paul E. Wakely, Jr
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- Silverberg's Principles and Practice of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology
- Published online:
- 13 March 2015
- Print publication:
- 26 March 2015, pp vii-x
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- By Timothy Beach, Steven Bozarth, Palma J. Buttles, Christopher Carr, Dana Cavallaro, James Doyle, Jonathan Flood, Lee Florea, Thomas G. Garrison, Liwy Grazioso Sierra, Robert E. Griffin, Angela Hood, Stephen Houston, Gerald Islebe, John G. Jones, Brian Lane, Zachary Larsen, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, Kevin Magee, Timothy Murtha, Carmen E. Ramos, Edwin Román, Payson Sheets, Kenneth B. Tankersley, Richard E. Terry, Kim M. Thompson, Fred Valdez, Eric Weaver, David Webster
- Edited by David L. Lentz, University of Cincinnati, Nicholas P. Dunning, University of Cincinnati, Vernon L. Scarborough, University of Cincinnati
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- Book:
- Tikal
- Published online:
- 05 February 2015
- Print publication:
- 23 February 2015, pp xiii-xvi
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- By Lenard A. Adler, Pinky Agarwal, Rehan Ahmed, Jagga Rao Alluri, Fawaz Al-Mufti, Samuel Alperin, Michael Amoashiy, Michael Andary, David J. Anschel, Padmaja Aradhya, Vandana Aspen, Esther Baldinger, Jee Bang, George D. Baquis, John J. Barry, Jason J. S. Barton, Julius Bazan, Amanda R. Bedford, Marlene Behrmann, Lourdes Bello-Espinosa, Ajay Berdia, Alan R. Berger, Mark Beyer, Don C. Bienfang, Kevin M. Biglan, Thomas M. Boes, Paul W. Brazis, Jonathan L. Brisman, Jeffrey A. Brown, Scott E. Brown, Ryan R. Byrne, Rina Caprarella, Casey A. Chamberlain, Wan-Tsu W. Chang, Grace M. Charles, Jasvinder Chawla, David Clark, Todd J. Cohen, Joe Colombo, Howard Crystal, Vladimir Dadashev, Sarita B. Dave, Jean Robert Desrouleaux, Richard L. Doty, Robert Duarte, Jeffrey S. Durmer, Christyn M. Edmundson, Eric R. Eggenberger, Steven Ender, Noam Epstein, Alberto J. Espay, Alan B. Ettinger, Niloofar (Nelly) Faghani, Amtul Farheen, Edward Firouztale, Rod Foroozan, Anne L. Foundas, David Elliot Friedman, Deborah I. Friedman, Steven J. Frucht, Oded Gerber, Tal Gilboa, Martin Gizzi, Teneille G. Gofton, Louis J. Goodrich, Malcolm H. Gottesman, Varda Gross-Tsur, Deepak Grover, David A. Gudis, John J. Halperin, Maxim D. Hammer, Andrew R. Harrison, L. Anne Hayman, Galen V. Henderson, Steven Herskovitz, Caitlin Hoffman, Laryssa A. Huryn, Andres M. Kanner, Gary P. Kaplan, Bashar Katirji, Kenneth R. Kaufman, Annie Killoran, Nina Kirz, Gad E. Klein, Danielle G. Koby, Christopher P. Kogut, W. Curt LaFrance, Patrick J.M. Lavin, Susan W. Law, James L. Levenson, Richard B. Lipton, Glenn Lopate, Daniel J. Luciano, Reema Maindiratta, Robert M. Mallery, Georgios Manousakis, Alan Mazurek, Luis J. Mejico, Dragana Micic, Ali Mokhtarzadeh, Walter J. Molofsky, Heather E. Moss, Mark L. Moster, Manpreet Multani, Siddhartha Nadkarni, George C. Newman, Rolla Nuoman, Paul A. Nyquist, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Odi Oguh, Denis Ostrovskiy, Kristina Y. Pao, Juwen Park, Anastas F. Pass, Victoria S. Pelak, Jeffrey Peterson, John Pile-Spellman, Misha L. Pless, Gregory M. Pontone, Aparna M. Prabhu, Michael T. Pulley, Philip Ragone, Prajwal Rajappa, Venkat Ramani, Sindhu Ramchandren, Ritesh A. Ramdhani, Ramses Ribot, Heidi D. Riney, Diana Rojas-Soto, Michael Ronthal, Daniel M. Rosenbaum, David B. Rosenfield, Durga Roy, Michael J. Ruckenstein, Max C. Rudansky, Eva Sahay, Friedhelm Sandbrink, Jade S. Schiffman, Angela Scicutella, Maroun T. Semaan, Robert C. Sergott, Aashit K. Shah, David M. Shaw, Amit M. Shelat, Claire A. Sheldon, Anant M. Shenoy, Yelizaveta Sher, Jessica A. Shields, Tanya Simuni, Rajpaul Singh, Eric E. Smouha, David Solomon, Mehri Songhorian, Steven A. Sparr, Egilius L. H. Spierings, Eve G. Spratt, Beth Stein, S.H. Subramony, Rosa Ana Tang, Cara Tannenbaum, Hakan Tekeli, Amanda J. Thompson, Michael J. Thorpy, Matthew J. Thurtell, Pedro J. Torrico, Ira M. Turner, Scott Uretsky, Ruth H. Walker, Deborah M. Weisbrot, Michael A. Williams, Jacques Winter, Randall J. Wright, Jay Elliot Yasen, Shicong Ye, G. Bryan Young, Huiying Yu, Ryan J. Zehnder
- Edited by Alan B. Ettinger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Deborah M. Weisbrot, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
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- 05 June 2014
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- 17 April 2014, pp xi-xx
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Contributors
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- By C. Alan Anderson, Celso Arango, David B. Arciniegas, Igor Bombin, Robert W. Buchanan, C. Robert Cloninger, Joshua Cosman, C. Munro Cullum, Felipe DeBrigard, Steven L. Dubovsky, Robert Feinstein, Lynne Fenton, Christopher M. Filley, Laura A. Flashman, Morris Freedman, Oliver Freudenreich, Kimberly L. Frey, Lauren C. Frey, Kelly S. Giovanello, Deborah A. Hall, John Hart, Kenneth M. Heilman, Katherine L. Howard, Robin A. Hurley, Daniel I. Kaufer, Sita Kedia, James P. Kelly, B. K. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, Benzi M. Kluger, David G. Lichter, Deborah M. Little, Deborah M. Lucas, Thomas W. McAllister, Mario F. Mendez, Doron Merims, Steven G. Ojemann, Fred Ovsiew, Brian D. Power, Bruce H. Price, Gila Z. Reckess, Martin L. Reite, Matthew Rizzo, Donald C. Rojas, Michael Henry Rosenbloom, Elliott D. Ross, Jeremy D. Schmahmann, Stuart A. Schneck, Jonathan M. Silver, Mark C. Spitz, Sergio E. Starkstein, Katherine H. Taber, Robert L. Trestman, Hal S. Wortzel
- Edited by David B. Arciniegas, C. Alan Anderson, Christopher M. Filley
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- Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry
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- 05 February 2013
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- 24 January 2013, pp vii-x
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Endnotes
- Archie B. Carroll, University of Georgia, Kenneth J. Lipartito, Florida International University, James E. Post, Boston University, Patricia H. Werhane, DePaul University, Chicago
- General editor Kenneth E. Goodpaster, University of St Thomas, Minnesota
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- Corporate Responsibility
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- 05 November 2012
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- 30 August 2012, pp 425-462
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List of Plates
- Archie B. Carroll, University of Georgia, Kenneth J. Lipartito, Florida International University, James E. Post, Boston University, Patricia H. Werhane, DePaul University, Chicago
- General editor Kenneth E. Goodpaster, University of St Thomas, Minnesota
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- Corporate Responsibility
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- 05 November 2012
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- 30 August 2012, pp 507-512
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Chapter 10 - Corporate Responsibility Institutionalizes and Globalizes (1989–2001)
- Archie B. Carroll, University of Georgia, Kenneth J. Lipartito, Florida International University, James E. Post, Boston University, Patricia H. Werhane, DePaul University, Chicago
- General editor Kenneth E. Goodpaster, University of St Thomas, Minnesota
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- Corporate Responsibility
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- 05 November 2012
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- 30 August 2012, pp 337-375
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Summary
The story of corporate social responsibility in the 1990s takes place on two fronts, at home and abroad, as US-based multinational corporations extended their businesses internationally. On the domestic front, social responsibility became more deeply institutionalized as companies continued to integrate social considerations and requirements into their strategies, policies, and operations. During this period, responsibility became further normalized, systematized, standardized, and assimilated into the everyday functioning of business enterprises.
At the same time, corporate social responsibility was exported abroad as global capitalism expanded rapidly during the decade. The challenge for corporate managers was to identify and respond to social issues abroad by applying both accepted and novel practices and policies that would meet the needs of host countries, which were increasingly interested in some of the same social issues that businesses were facing in the United States. With the increasingly global nature of business competition in the 1990s, reputational risk increased dramatically. The new global visibility, and vulnerability of companies’ international images and brand reputations, gave them a strong incentive to carefully plan responsibility and ethics initiatives around the world. Multinational companies became responsible, not only for their behavior on the ground in foreign countries, but also for verifying and ensuring responsible practices (fair labor practices, health and safety issues, and more) all along their supply chains located abroad. The questions to whom, for what and how to be socially responsible required new answers and took on new dimensions.
Chapter 3 - The Progressive Era and a New Business–Government Relationship (1900–1918)
- Archie B. Carroll, University of Georgia, Kenneth J. Lipartito, Florida International University, James E. Post, Boston University, Patricia H. Werhane, DePaul University, Chicago
- General editor Kenneth E. Goodpaster, University of St Thomas, Minnesota
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- Corporate Responsibility
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- 05 November 2012
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- 30 August 2012, pp 90-123
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Summary
Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office in a nation that was bitterly divided on the economy and big business. Although the Democratic-Populist challenge had failed, farm belt discontent was hardly over. Populists would run candidates for several more elections. Meanwhile, a growing socialist movement led by union organizer Eugene Debs was doing even better. Debs had run on a socialist ticket in 1900, receiving a scant 88,000 votes. His total grew in the next three presidential races, however, topping 900,000 votes in 1912, or 6 percent of the electorate. It wasn’t socialism or populism or any third-party challenge that changed the relationship of business to society. It was a new movement captained by mainstream figures such as Theodore Roosevelt. By the end of his first term in office, Roosevelt would define, at a national level, a new relationship between the state and private business. In this movement government would lead, and business would follow, though with numerous opportunities to cooperate across the public and private sectors.
In the decade after 1900, many of the existing ideas about the relationship between business and society were overturned. Defense of corporate autonomy through doctrines such as Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics fell or were seriously pushed back in the wake of a social reform critique of corporate power. Although labor was still at the center of the social problems associated with industrialization, unions played only one part in this counteraction against corporate autonomy. Middle-class social workers, professionals such as lawyers, and a new breed of professional managers within big firms all were major contributors to the “progressive” corporation. Key political figures included Republican and Democratic presidents and congressmen, as well as a large number of state and local politicians who had a close-up view of the social costs of urban and industrial society. A new, more tamed, corporation with explicitly social goals emerged out of this era by 1920. The once clear lines between the public sector and the private sector blurred as it became harder to separate private decisions made by large-scale corporations from the public issues that those decisions affected. Businessmen, and indeed most Americans, did not choose to abandon markets, but came to see that a healthy market that was open and competitive, yet also promoted a good society, often needed government intervention to protect the public interest from being overwhelmed by private interests.
Introduction - The Corporation in the Public Square
- Archie B. Carroll, University of Georgia, Kenneth J. Lipartito, Florida International University, James E. Post, Boston University, Patricia H. Werhane, DePaul University, Chicago
- General editor Kenneth E. Goodpaster, University of St Thomas, Minnesota
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- Corporate Responsibility
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- 05 November 2012
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- 30 August 2012, pp 1-28
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Summary
For two centuries, Americans have tried to reconcile two realities of modern capitalism. Corporations – capitalism's dominant organizational form – are very efficient mechanisms for producing wealth, meeting consumer needs, and building industries that employ millions. Yet corporations also often impose costly externalities on communities and the natural environment and cause unwanted transformational change. Government, citizens, and often business leaders themselves, have responded by insisting that corporations – individually and as a group – assume responsibility for more than their narrow economic results.
Corporate responsibility remains, however, a controversial concept. Should businesses have responsibility for providing society with health care, racial equality, support for education, arts and culture, while also minimizing climate change, promoting social optimism, participating in national politics, and effecting economic redistribution of wealth? Or should these “public goods” be the domain of government? Do corporations represent a progressive or regressive force in society? How has the debate over the appropriate degree of corporate responsibility evolved during different eras of American history, and how have corporations responded? The debate has grown broader and more complex as corporations have expanded their commercial influence, technological advances, and geographical reach. Where is it heading in the next few decades? When the revenues of our largest corporations exceed the gross domestic product of nations, and corporate profits set new records while vast segments of the population remain unemployed, people are prone to question the role, responsibility, and power of business.
About the Authors
- Archie B. Carroll, University of Georgia, Kenneth J. Lipartito, Florida International University, James E. Post, Boston University, Patricia H. Werhane, DePaul University, Chicago
- General editor Kenneth E. Goodpaster, University of St Thomas, Minnesota
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- Book:
- Corporate Responsibility
- Published online:
- 05 November 2012
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- 30 August 2012, pp xi-xiii
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