17 results
9 - Global Networks over Time
- from Part III - The Coming Instability
- Hilton L. Root, George Mason University, Virginia
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- Network Origins of the Global Economy
- Published online:
- 17 March 2020
- Print publication:
- 19 March 2020, pp 227-255
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Summary
Metrics of network structure are applied to critical global networks representing military, political, and economic power over multiple decades to highlight the dynamics of interstate relations. Densely constructed networks continually transform international relations, flows of influence, and network properties. Globalization’s dense interconnectivity and heightened competition inherently weaken hierarchical control structures in an environment of many powerful forces jostling for influence. The strategic designs of various agents matter, but the patterns of self-organizing regularities of the wider ecology matter even more. In the absence of hierarchical structures or consensus on global governance, state actors will be drawn to nationalism for methods of conflict resolution. The administration of a “grand strategy” is insufficient in a complex, densely networked world whose various agents trade and communicate according to their own self-interests. What happens on any one scale will depend on interacting, self-organizing processes at scales above and below. This makes determining what threats are of greatest importance fruitless. Their interconnectedness is the dilemma we now face.
Chapter 4 - Imaging and Cognition in Children with New-Onset Epilepsies
- from Part I - Imaging the Development and Early Phase of the Disease
- Edited by Andrea Bernasconi, Neda Bernasconi, Matthias Koepp
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- Imaging Biomarkers in Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 07 January 2019
- Print publication:
- 10 January 2019, pp 31-47
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Electron Microscopy Imaging of Zinc Soaps Nucleation in Oil Paint
- Part of
- Joen Hermans, Gillian Osmond, Annelies van Loon, Piet Iedema, Robyn Chapman, John Drennan, Kevin Jack, Ronald Rasch, Garry Morgan, Zhi Zhang, Michael Monteiro, Katrien Keune
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 24 / Issue 3 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 June 2018, pp. 318-322
- Print publication:
- June 2018
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Using the recently developed techniques of electron tomography, we have explored the first stages of disfiguring formation of zinc soaps in modern oil paintings. The formation of complexes of zinc ions with fatty acids in paint layers is a major threat to the stability and appearance of many late 19th and early 20th century oil paintings. Moreover, the occurrence of zinc soaps in oil paintings leading to defects is disturbingly common, but the chemical reactions and migration mechanisms leading to large zinc soap aggregates or zones remain poorly understood. State-of-the-art scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy techniques, primarily developed for biological specimens, have enabled us to visualize the earliest stages of crystalline zinc soap growth in a reconstructed zinc white (ZnO) oil paint sample. In situ sectioning techniques and sequential imaging within the SEM allowed three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of sample morphology. Improvements in the detection and discrimination of backscattered electrons enabled us to identify local precipitation processes with small atomic number contrast. The SEM images were correlated to low-dose and high-sensitivity TEM images, with high-resolution tomography providing unprecedented insight into the structure of nucleating zinc soaps at the molecular level. The correlative approach applied here to study phase separation, and crystallization processes specific to a problem in art conservation creates possibilities for visualization of phase formation in a wide range of soft materials.
The catch characteristics and population structure of the brown crab (Cancer pagurus) fishery in the Isle of Man, Irish Sea
- Fikret Öndes, Jack A. Emmerson, Michel J. Kaiser, Lee G. Murray, Kevin Kennington
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- Journal:
- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 99 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 December 2017, pp. 119-133
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Brown crab contributes to small-scale fisheries in the Isle of Man and landings (495 t) were worth in excess of £0.5 million in 2012. The present study sought to fill evidence gaps needed to improve the scientific understanding of this fishery. Observer data were collected to examine the spatial and temporal variations in the size distribution and sex ratio of crabs around the Isle of Man. This study also aimed to evaluate the catch characteristics of brown crab using logbook data (2007–2012), observer data (2012–2013) and questionnaire survey data (2013). The sex ratio is highly variable in different areas across seasons and was perhaps indicative of migration patterns in relation to mating. This change was most notable with a strong increase in the proportion of females to the south and west of the Isle of Man in the autumn months. The depth and pot volume were important factors that influenced the catch per unit effort (CPUE). Future survey designs would need to ensure adequate spatial coverage of the east and west coast of the Isle of Man together with a seasonal sampling regime that captures the spatial change in the distribution and abundance of male and female crabs.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Socio-economic status, neighbourhood food environments and consumption of fruits and vegetables in New York City
- Darby Jack, Kathryn Neckerman, Ofira Schwartz-Soicher, Gina S Lovasi, James Quinn, Catherine Richards, Michael Bader, Christopher Weiss, Kevin Konty, Peter Arno, Deborah Viola, Bonnie Kerker, Andrew Rundle
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 16 / Issue 7 / July 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 February 2013, pp. 1197-1205
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Objective
Recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption are largely unmet. Lower socio-economic status (SES), neighbourhood poverty and poor access to retail outlets selling healthy foods are thought to predict lower consumption. The objective of the present study was to assess the interrelationships between these risk factors as predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption.
DesignCross-sectional multilevel analyses of data on fruit and vegetable consumption, socio-demographic characteristics, neighbourhood poverty and access to healthy retail food outlets.
SettingSurvey data from the 2002 and 2004 New York City Community Health Survey, linked by residential zip code to neighbourhood data.
SubjectsAdult survey respondents (n 15 634).
ResultsOverall 9·9 % of respondents reported eating ≥5 servings of fruits or vegetables in the day prior to the survey. The odds of eating ≥5 servings increased with higher income among women and with higher educational attainment among men and women. Compared with women having less than a high-school education, the OR was 1·12 (95 % CI 0·82, 1·55) for high-school graduates, 1·95 (95 % CI 1·43, 2·66) for those with some college education and 2·13 (95 % CI 1·56, 2·91) for college graduates. The association between education and fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly stronger for women living in lower- v. higher-poverty zip codes (P for interaction < 0·05). The density of healthy food outlets did not predict consumption of fruits or vegetables.
ConclusionsHigher SES is associated with higher consumption of produce, an association that, in women, is stronger for those residing in lower-poverty neighbourhoods.
Contributors
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- By Chittima Aryuthaka, William J. Baker, Chris Banks, David R. Bellwood, David Bickford, Rafe M. Brown, Mark de Bruyn, Patrick Campbell, Charles H. Cannon, Gary R. Carvalho, Craig M. Costion, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, Ben J. Evans, Nicholas J. Evans, Matthias Glaubrecht, David J. Gower, Robert Hall, Fabian Herder, Aljosja Hooijer, Agata Hoscilo, Chawaporn Jittanoon, Kenneth G. Johnson, Michael A. Kendall, Peter B. Mather, Yaowaluk Monthum, Robert J. Morley, Alexandra N. Muellner, Vincent Nijman, Les R. Noble, Kevin M. O’Neill, Susan Page, Gordon L. J. Paterson, Sinlan Poo, Mary Rose C. Posa, Richard Ree, Willem Renema, James E. Richardson, Jack Rieley, Kristina von Rintelen, Thomas von Rintelen, Brian R. Rosen, Lukas Rüber, Christoph D. Schubart, Chris R. Shepherd, Bryan L. Stuart, Matthew Todd, Campbell O. Webb, Suzanne T. Williams, John van Wyhe
- Edited by David Gower, Natural History Museum, London, Kenneth Johnson, Natural History Museum, London, James Richardson, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Brian Rosen, Natural History Museum, London, Lukas Rüber, Suzanne Williams, Natural History Museum, London
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- Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 19 July 2012, pp vii-x
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Contributors
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- By Siegfried Berninghaus, Henry Brighton, Maxwell Burton-Chellew, Claire El Mouden, Andy Gardner, Gerd Gigerenzer, Herbert Gintis, Natalie Gold, Werner Güth, Peter Hammerstein, Alasdair I. Houston, Simon M. Huttegger, Julian Jamison, Hartmut Kliemt, Kim Sterelny, Jack Vromen, Stuart A. West, David H. Wolpert, Kevin J. S. Zollman
- Edited by Samir Okasha, University of Bristol, Ken Binmore, University of Bristol
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- Evolution and Rationality
- Published online:
- 05 July 2012
- Print publication:
- 21 June 2012, pp ix-x
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Parasite management in translocations: lessons from a threatened New Zealand bird
- John G. Ewen, Doug P. Armstrong, Raewyn Empson, Sandra Jack, Troy Makan, Kate McInnes, Kevin A. Parker, Kate Richardson, Maurice Alley
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Awareness of parasite risks in translocations has prompted the development of parasite management protocols, including parasite risk assessment, parasite screening and treatments. However, although the importance of such measures seems obvious it is difficult to know whether the measures taken are effective, especially when working with wild populations. We review current methods in one extensively researched case study, the endemic New Zealand passerine bird, the hihi Notiomystis cincta. Our review is structured around four of the 10 questions proposed by Armstrong & Seddon (Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2008: 23, 20–25) for reintroduction biology. These four questions can be related directly to parasites and parasite management and we recommend using this framework to help select and justify parasite management. Our retrospective study of recent disease and health screening in hihi reveals only partial overlap with these questions. Current practice does not focus on, or aim to reduce, the uncertainty in most steps of the risk assessment process or on evaluating whether the measures are effective. We encourage targeted parasite management that builds more clearly on available disease risk assessment methodologies and integrates these tools within a complete reintroduction plan.
10 - The scaling of spatial turnover: pruning the thicket
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- By Kevin J. Gaston, University of Sheffield, Karl L. Evans, University of Sheffield, Jack J. Lennon, The Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen
- Edited by David Storch, Charles University, Prague, Pablo Marquet, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, James Brown, University of New Mexico
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- Scaling Biodiversity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 12 July 2007, pp 181-222
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Summary
Introduction
The level and pattern of spatial variation in the similarity (or dissimilarity) in composition of local or regional species assemblages is striking. Some pairs of areas have similar levels of richness but share no individual species in common (e.g. some local assemblages existing under similar environmental conditions on different continents), others have markedly different levels of richness but all the species in the less speciose area also occur in the other (e.g. some habitat patch or island systems), and there are all shades of patterns in between.
Such spatial turnover in species identities, or beta diversity (we will use the two terms interchangeably), lies at the heart of many important ecological issues and phenomena, including the magnitude of regional and global diversities, the determinants of those diversities, likely biotic responses to climate change, and the design of protected area networks (Cody, 1986; Magurran, 1988, 2004; Harrison, Ross & Lawton, 1992; Harrison, 1993; Oliver, Beattie & York, 1998; Groves, 2003; Koleff, Gaston & Lennon, 2003a). And yet, historically, spatial turnover has received notably less attention than has spatial variation in raw species numbers (i.e. species richness).
4 - Species distribution patterns, diversity scaling and testing for fractals in southern African birds
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- By Jack J. Lennon, The Macaulay Institute Aberdeen, William E. Kunin, University of Leeds, Stephen Hartley, Victoria University of Wellington, Kevin J. Gaston, University of Sheffield
- Edited by David Storch, Charles University, Prague, Pablo Marquet, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, James Brown, University of New Mexico
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- Scaling Biodiversity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 12 July 2007, pp 51-76
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Summary
Introduction
Describing and ultimately understanding species distribution and biodiversity patterns is undoubtedly one of the major goals in ecology (Gaston, 2000). Spatial scale is an extremely important issue here, and the topic is deservedly now getting more attention than hitherto (for example, Lomolino, 2000; Whittaker, Willis & Field, 2001). There is considerable interest in applying fractal and related cross-scale analytical methods to species distribution patterns, with a view to describing these patterns parsimoniously, connecting cross-scale species incidence with emergent properties such as the species–area relationship (Harte & Kinzig, 1997; Harte, Kinzig & Green, 1999; Plotkin et al., 2000; Harte, Blackburn & Ostling, 2001; Šizling & Storch, 2004; Kunin & Lennon, 2005), predicting abundance at fine scales from coarse scale information (Kunin, 1998; He & Gaston, 2000; Kunin, Hartley & Lennon, 2000; Gaston, 2003), identifying scaling regions and breakpoints (see Hartley et al., 2004) and detecting scale invariance in populations (Keitt et al., 2002). Although the roots of these cross-scale ideas lie partly in more familiar ecological pattern-analysis methods (for a good summary see Dale, 1998; Fortin & Dale, 2005), they offer exciting new ways of describing and thinking about species distribution patterns that may, ultimately, lead to a much better understanding of the ecological processes involved in their generation.
Despite this large and growing body of work, on the whole surprisingly little is known about the scaling properties of species distribution patterns.
Lessons from simulation regarding the control of synthetic self-assembly
- Jack F. Douglas, Kevin Van Workum
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- Journal:
- Journal of Materials Research / Volume 22 / Issue 1 / January 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2011, pp. 19-25
- Print publication:
- January 2007
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We investigated the role of particle potential symmetry on self-assembly by Monte Carlo simulation with a particular view toward synthetically creating structures of prescribed form and function. First, we established a general tendency for the rotational potential symmetries of the particles to be locally preserved upon self-assembly. Specifically, we found that a dipolar particle potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials (e.g., square quadrupole) having discrete rotational symmetries lead to the self-assembly of “random surface” polymers preserving the rotational symmetries of the particles within these sheet structures. Surprisingly, these changes in self-assembly geometry with the particle potential symmetry are also accompanied by significant changes in the thermodynamic character and in the kinetics of the self-assembly process. Linear chain growth involves a continuous chain growth process in which the chains break and reform readily, while the growth of the two-dimensional polymers only occurs after an “initiation” or “nucleation” time that fluctuates from run to run. We show that the introduction of artificial seeds provides an effective method for controlling the structure and growth kinetics of sheet-like polymers. The significance of these distinct modes of polymerization on the functional character of self-assembly growth is illustrated by constructing an artificial centrosome structure derived from particles having continuous and discrete rotational potential symmetries.
The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health†
- Jim Kaput, Jose M. Ordovas, Lynnette Ferguson, Ben van Ommen, Raymond L. Rodriguez, Lindsay Allen, Bruce N. Ames, Kevin Dawson, Bruce German, Ronald Krauss, Wasyl Malyj, Michael C. Archer, Stephen Barnes, Amelia Bartholomew, Ruth Birk, Peter van Bladeren, Kent J. Bradford, Kenneth H. Brown, Rosane Caetano, David Castle, Ruth Chadwick, Stephen Clarke, Karine Clément, Craig A. Cooney, Dolores Corella, Ivana Beatrice Manica da Cruz, Hannelore Daniel, Troy Duster, Sven O. E. Ebbesson, Ruan Elliott, Susan Fairweather-Tait, Jim Felton, Michael Fenech, John W. Finley, Nancy Fogg-Johnson, Rosalynn Gill-Garrison, Michael J. Gibney, Peter J. Gillies, Jan-Ake Gustafsson, John L. Hartman IV, Lin He, Jae-Kwan Hwang, Jean-Philippe Jais, Yangsoo Jang, Hans Joost, Claudine Junien, Mitchell Kanter, Warren A. Kibbe, Berthold Koletzko, Bruce R. Korf, Kenneth Kornman, David W. Krempin, Dominique Langin, Denis R. Lauren, Jong Ho Lee, Gilbert A. Leveille, Su-Ju Lin, John Mathers, Michael Mayne, Warren McNabb, John A. Milner, Peter Morgan, Michael Muller, Yuri Nikolsky, Frans van der Ouderaa, Taesun Park, Norma Pensel, Francisco Perez-Jimenez, Kaisa Poutanen, Matthew Roberts, Wim H.M. Saris, Gertrud Schuster, Andrew N. Shelling, Artemis P. Simopoulos, Sue Southon, E. Shyong Tai, Bradford Towne, Paul Trayhurn, Ricardo Uauy, Willard J. Visek, Craig Warden, Rick Weiss, John Wiencke, Jack Winkler, George L. Wolff, Xi Zhao-Wilson, Jean-Daniel Zucker
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 94 / Issue 5 / November 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 March 2007, pp. 623-632
- Print publication:
- November 2005
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Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene–nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient–genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries.
Lessons from Simulation Regarding the Control of Synthetic Self-Assembly
- Jack F. Douglas, Kevin Van Workum
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 897 / 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 February 2011, 0897-J01-01
- Print publication:
- 2005
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We investigate the role of particle potential symmetry on self-assembly by Monte Carlo simulation with the particular view towards synthetically creating structures of prescribed form and function. First, we establish a general tendency for the rotational potential symmetries of the particles to be locally preserved upon self-assembly. Specifically, we find that a dipolar particle potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials (e.g., square quadrupole) having discrete rotational symmetries led to the self-assembly of random surface polymers preserving the rotational symmetries of the particles within these sheet structures. Surprisingly, these changes in self-assembly geometry with the particle potential symmetry are also accompanied by significant changes in the thermodynamic character and in the kinetics of the self-assembly process. Linear chain growth involves a continuous chain growth process in which the chains break and reform readily, while the growth of the two-dimensional polymers only occurs after an ‘initiation’ or ‘nucleation’ time that fluctuates from run to run. We show that the introduction of artificial seeds provides an effective method for controlling the structure and growth kinetics of sheet-like polymers. The significance of these distinct modes of polymerization on the functional character of self-assembly growth is illustrated by constructing an artificial centrosome structure derived from particles having continuous and discrete rotational potential symmetries.
Cognitive speed in nondemented Parkinson's disease
- MARCIA C. SMITH, WILLIAM P. GOLDMAN, KEVIN W. JANER, JACK D. BATY, JOHN C. MORRIS
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 4 / Issue 6 / November 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 November 1998, pp. 584-592
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Studies of speed of cognitive processing in Parkinson's disease (PD) have yielded mixed results. This may relate in part to a differential effect on cognitive speed by the type of information to be processed. In the present study, we compared medication fasted, nondemented individuals with mild idiopathic PD (N = 26) with age-matched controls (N = 12) on a test requiring easy and hard same–different discriminations for verbal, quantitative, and spatial information, as well as on a traditional memory scanning paradigm. A voice-activated relay rather than a key press was used to eliminate the need for limb and finger movements. Simple reaction time and movement time were also measured in a task requiring subjects to move a hand held stylus to a designated target. The PD group performed as fast as the control group across all tasks except movement time. Thus, in our paradigm, the presence of PD alone does not predict cognitive slowing in the presence of motor slowing. (JINS, 1998, 4, 584–592.)
Longitudinal neuropsychological outcome in infants and preschoolers with traumatic brain injury
- LINDA EWING-COBBS, JACK M. FLETCHER, HARVEY S. LEVIN, DAVID J. FRANCIS, KEVIN DAVIDSON, MICHAEL E. MINER
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 3 / Issue 6 / November 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 November 1997, pp. 581-591
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Neuropsychological outcome was evaluated in a prospective, longitudinal follow-up study of children age 4 months to 7 years at injury with either mild-to-moderate (N = 35) or severe (N = 44) traumatic brain injury (TBI). Age-appropriate tests were administered at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after the injury. Performance was compared on (1) composite IQ and motor, (2) receptive and expressive language, and (3) Verbal and Perceptual–Performance IQ scores. In comparison to mild-to-moderate TBI, severe TBI in infants and preschoolers produced deficits in all areas. Interactions between task and severity of injury were obtained. Motor scores were lower than IQ scores, particularly after severe TBI. Both receptive and expressive scores were reduced following severe TBI. Expressive language scores were lower than receptive language scores for children sustaining mild-to-moderate TBI. While severe TBI lowered both Verbal and Perceptual– Performance IQ scores, Verbal IQ scores were significantly lower than Perceptual–Performance IQ scores after mild-to-moderate TBI. Mild injuries may produce subtle linguistic changes adversely impacting estimates of Verbal IQ and expressive language. Within the limited age range evaluated within this study, age at injury was unrelated to test scores: The impact of TBI was comparable in children ages 4 to 41 months versus 42 to 72 months at the time of injury. All neuropsychological scores improved significantly from baseline to the 6-month follow-up. However, no further change in scores was observed from 6 to 24 months after the injury. The persistent deficits and lack of catch-up over time suggest a reduction in the rate of acquisition of new skills after severe TBI. Methodological issues in longitudinal studies of young children were discussed. (JINS, 1997, 3, 581–591.)
Early Permian (Middle-Late Wolfcampian) phylloid algal/Tubiphytes bioherms and associated facies along the margin of the Orogrande Basin, Hueco Mountains, west Texas
- Gregory P. Wahlman, Douglas R. Tasker, St. John, W. Jack, Kevin J. Werle
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- Journal:
- The Paleontological Society Special Publications / Volume 6 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 July 2017, p. 301
- Print publication:
- 1992
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Middle-Late Wolfcampian phylloid algal/Tubiphytes biohermal complexes have been found exposed in western outliers of the Hueco Mountains of far west Texas. Paleogeographically, the bioherms are located along the fault-controlled shelf margin between the Late Paleozoic Diablo Platform and Orogrande Basin. Although Virgilian and Early Wolfcampian phylloid algal mounds are well-known from the Hueco and Sacramento Mountains, outcropping Middle-Late Wolfcampian bioherms have not been described previously from the Orogrande Basin area.
The biohermal complexes are exposed in three large outliers that lie about 3 miles west of the main Hueco Mountains and extend for about 12 miles in a north-south direction. The shelf margin complexes are in the Hueco Canyon Formation and correlate to well-bedded shelf facies in the main Hueco Mountains based on fusulinid biostratigraphy.
The phylloid algal/Tubiphytes shelf margin bioherms contain an upward shallowing facies succession, which consists of, in ascending order: (1) phylloid algal wackestone-bafflestone, (2) phylloid algal bafflestone-packstone, (3) phylloid algal-fusulinid bafflestone-packstone, and (4) Tubiphytes boundstones and Tubiphytes-fusulinid-phylloid algal packstones and grainstones. Unlike some previously described Wolfcampian phylloid algal buildups, the phylloid algal mound facies in these buildups contain only rare calcisponges, heliosponges, and marine radial fibrous cements. On the crest of the southern outlier there occurs a rather different type of bioherm, which contains nodular boundstones that are composed of encrusting red algae and bryozoans, and in which calcisponges are common. That bioherm is thought to be slightly younger in age than the phylloid algal/Tubiphytes bioherms, and it might also have been formed in a deeper-water setting.
Bordering the phylloid algal/Tubiphytes bioherms on the seaward side are overlapping tongues and channels of lithoclastic-skeletal debris and skeletal grainstones and packstones. Some of these forereef units extend seaward into slope facies, which consist of dark-gray cherty limestones that generally lack skeletal fossils, but contain a rich ichnofossil assemblage in the shallower upper slope beds. Backreef facies consist mainly of skeletal-peloidal packstones and wackstones.
The Hueco Mountains outlier exposures are significant because: (1) they establish the presence of a Middle-Late Wolfcampian shelf margin with distinct topographic relief in the southern Orogrande Basin, and (2) they provide an easily accessible field laboratory to study Middle-Late Wolfcampian shelf-to-basin facies relationships and shelf margin bioherms. Middle-Late Wolfcampian shelf margin bioherms are of particular interest because they represent an important transitional stage in the evolutionary history of Late Paleozoic reef communities, and because they form important petroleum reservoirs just to the east in the Delaware and Midland Basins.
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